Name: Forfatter Spotlight: Forstå mikrotubulinettverk i Drosophila nevromuskulære kryss
Uploaded: 2023-10-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Microtubule Network in Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

Vi takker Dr. Ying Xiong for diskusjoner og kommentarer til manuskriptet. Dette arbeidet støttes av et tilskudd fra National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) til CM (31500839).

1. Disseksjon av larver
MERK: Dissekeringsløsningen hemolymfelignende saltvann (HL3.1)18 og fikseringsløsningen 4% paraformaldehyd (PFA)19,20 brukes ved romtemperatur fordi mikrotubuli depolymeriseres når temperaturen er for lav.
<ol><li>Plukk ut envandrende 3 rd instar larve med lang, butt tang. Vask den med HL3.1 og legg den på disseksjonsfatet under stereomikroskopet. MERK...

Visning av mikrotubuli-nettverk i Drosophila nevromuskulære kryss og muskelceller

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+Tau+and+taxol+on+polymerization+of+MCF7+microtubules+in+vitro.">The effect of Tau and taxol on polymerization of MCF7 microtubules in vitro.</a> International journal of molecular sciences. 23 (2), 677 (2022).</li><li>Velasco, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+depolymerization+contributes+to+spontaneous+neurotransmitter+release+in+vitro.">Microtubule depolymerization contributes to spontaneous neurotransmitter release in vitro.</a> Communications biology. 6 (1), 488 (2023).</li><li>H&#246;&#246;g, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+tomography+reveals+a+flared+morphology+on+growing+microtubule+ends.">Electron tomography reveals a flared morphology on growing microtubule ends.</a> Journal of cell science. 124, 693-698 (2011).</li><li>Feng, Y., Ueda, A., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+minimal+hemolymph-like+solution,+HL3.1,+for+physiological+recordings+at+the+neuromuscular+junctions+of+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+larvae.">A modified minimal hemolymph-like solution, HL3.1, for physiological recordings at the neuromuscular junctions of normal and mutant Drosophila larvae.</a> Journal of neurogenetics. 18 (2), 377-402 (2004).</li><li>Broadie, K. S., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+embryonic+neuromuscular+synapse+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Development of the embryonic neuromuscular synapse of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 13 (1), 144-166 (1993).</li><li>Xiong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HDAC6+mutations+rescue+human+tau-induced+microtubule+defects+in+Drosophila.">HDAC6 mutations rescue human tau-induced microtubule defects in Drosophila.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (12), 4604-4609 (2013).</li><li>Sullivan, W., Ashburner, M., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila Protocols. , (2000).</li><li>Mao, C. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule-severing+protein+Katanin+regulates+neuromuscular+junction+development+and+dendritic+elaboration+in+Drosophila.">Microtubule-severing protein Katanin regulates neuromuscular junction development and dendritic elaboration in Drosophila.</a> Development. 141 (5), 1064-1074 (2014).</li><li>Jin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Tubulin-specific+chaperone+E+functions+at+neuromuscular+synapses+and+is+required+for+microtubule+network+formation.">Drosophila Tubulin-specific chaperone E functions at neuromuscular synapses and is required for microtubule network formation.</a> Development. 136 (9), 1571-1581 (2009).</li><li>Sarthi, J., Elefant, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=dTip60+HAT+activity+controls+synaptic+bouton+expansion+at+the+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction.">dTip60 HAT activity controls synaptic bouton expansion at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.</a> PloS one. 6 (10), 26202 (2011).</li><li>Weingarten, M. 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Her beskrives en protokoll for disseksjon og immunfarging av Drosophila larve, nevromuskulære veikryss og muskelceller. Det er flere viktige punkter å vurdere. For det første er det viktig å unngå skade på de observerte musklene under disseksjonsprosessen. Det kan være verdt å feste fileten før du fjerner indre organer for å hindre direkte kontakt mellom tangen og musklene. For å unngå muskelskade eller separasjon fra larveepidermis, er det viktig å sikre at shakerens hastighet ikke overstiger 15 o ...

Mikrotubuli (MT), som en av de strukturelle komponentene i cytoskelettet, spiller en viktig rolle i ulike biologiske prosesser, inkludert celledeling, cellevekst og motilitet, intracellulær transport og vedlikehold av celleform. Mikrotubuli dynamikk og funksjon moduleres av interaksjoner med andre proteiner, slik som MAP1, MAP2, Tau, Katanin og Kinesin 1,2,3,4,5.
I nevroner er mikrotubuli avgjørende for utvikling og vedlikehold av aksoner og dendritter. Abnormaliteter i mikrotubuli fører til dysfunksjon og til og med død av nevroner. For eksempel, i hjernen til Alzheimers pasienter, reduserer Tau-protein hyperfosforylering stabiliteten til mikrotubulinettverket, noe som forårsaker nevrologiske uregelmessigheter6. Dermed vil undersøkelse av mikrotubulinettverk bidra til en forståelse av nevroutvikling og patogenesen av nevrologiske sykdommer.
Det nevromuskulære veikrysset (NMJ) er den perifere synapsen dannet mellom en motorneuronaksonterminal og en muskelfiber, som er et utmerket og kraftig modellsystem for å studere synaptisk struktur og funksjoner7. Futsch er et protein i Drosophila som er homologt med det mikrotubulibindende proteinet MAP1B som finnes hos pattedyr8. Det uttrykkes bare i nevroner og spiller en rolle i utviklingen av NMJs synaptiske knapper 8,9. I villtype visualiseres filamentøse bunter som går langs midten av NMJ-prosesser ved immunfarging med anti-Futsch. Når den når NMJs ende, har denne bunten evnen til enten å danne en sløyfe bestående av mikrotubuli eller å miste sin trådformede struktur, noe som resulterer i et diffust og punktert utseende10. Mikrotubuli sløyfer er assosiert med pauset vekstkjegler, noe som antyder at mikrotubuli-matrisen er stabil11. Derfor kan vi indirekte bestemme den stabile mikrotubuliutviklingen i NMJ ved Futsch-farging. Den store størrelsen på muskelceller i Drosophila larven muliggjør klar visualisering av mikrotubulinettverket. Faktorene som påvirker stabiliteten til mikrotubuli-nettverket kan bli funnet ved å analysere tettheten og formen til mikrotubuli. Samtidig kan mikrotubuli nettverksstatus for muskelceller kryssverifiseres med resultatet av NMJ for å oppnå mer omfattende konklusjoner.
Mange protokoller har blitt brukt for å undersøke nettverket og dynamikken til mikrotubuli. Imidlertid har disse undersøkelsene ofte fokusert på in vitro-studier 12,13,14,15,16. Alternativt har noen in vivo-eksperimenter brukt elektronmikroskopi for å oppdage cytoskjelettet17. I henhold til den spesifikke bindingen av fluorescerende merkede antistoffer eller kjemiske fargestoffer til proteiner eller DNA, tillater metodene som presenteres her deteksjon av mikrotubulinettverk i NMJ på nivået av individuelle nevroner in vivo, med resultater bekreftet av observasjoner i muskelceller. Denne protokollen er enkel, stabil og repeterbar når den kombineres med de kraftige genetiske verktøyene som er tilgjengelige i Drosophila melanogaster, noe som muliggjør et mangfoldig utvalg av fenotypiske undersøkelser og genetiske screeninger for rollen som mikrotubulinettverksregulatoriske proteiner i nervesystemet in vivo.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor Plus 405 phalloidin</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>A30104</td>
			<td>dilute 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enhanced Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0128M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FV10-ASW confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser confocal microscope LSM 710</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Scissors</td>
			<td>66vision</td>
			<td>54138B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-Futsch antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>22C10</td>
			<td>dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-&#945;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5168</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>168-20955</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 4% in PB Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Minutien Pins</td>
			<td>Entomoravia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1mm Diam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope SMZ161</td>
			<td>Motic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereoscopic fluorescence microscope BX41</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Texas Red-conjugated goat anti-HRP</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>dilute 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TO-PRO(R) 3 iodide</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3605</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer decoloring shaker TS-8</td>
			<td>Kylin-Bell lab instruments</td>
			<td>E0018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TritonX-100</td>
			<td>BioFroxx</td>
			<td>1139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers&#160;</td>
			<td>dumont</td>
			<td>500342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using drosophila larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells to visualize microtubule network

Mikrotubulinettverket er en viktig komponent i nervesystemet. Mutasjoner i mange mikrotubuli regulatoriske proteiner er assosiert med nevrodevelopmental lidelser og nevrologiske sykdommer, slik som mikrotubuli-assosiert protein Tau til neurodegenerative sykdommer, mikrotubuli kutte protein Spastin og Katanin 60 forårsake arvelig spastisk paraplegi og nevrodevelopmental abnormiteter, henholdsvis. Deteksjon av mikrotubulære nettverk i nevroner er fordelaktig for å belyse patogenesen av nevrologiske lidelser. Den lille størrelsen på nevroner og det tette arrangementet av aksonale mikrotubulibunter gjør imidlertid visualisering av mikrotubuli-nettverkene utfordrende. I denne studien beskriver vi en metode for disseksjon av larvens nevromuskulære overgang og muskelceller, samt immunfarging av α-tubulin og mikrotubuli-assosiert protein Futsch for å visualisere mikrotubulinettverk i Drosophila melanogaster. Det nevromuskulære veikrysset tillater oss å observere både pre- og postsynaptiske mikrotubuli, og den store størrelsen på muskelceller i Drosophila-larven muliggjør klar visualisering av mikrotubulinettverket. Her, ved å mutere og overuttrykke Katanin 60 i Drosophila melanogaster, og deretter undersøke mikrotubuli-nettverkene i det nevromuskulære veikrysset og muskelcellene, avslører vi nøyaktig den regulatoriske rollen til Katanin 60 i nevroutvikling. Derfor, kombinert med de kraftige genetiske verktøyene til Drosophila melanogaster, letter denne protokollen i stor grad genetisk screening og mikrotubuli dynamikkanalyse for rollen som mikrotubuli nettverksregulerende proteiner i nervesystemet.

Microtubules (MTs), as one of the structural components of the cytoskeleton, play an important role in diverse biological processes, including cell division, cell growth and motility, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Microtubule dynamics and function are modulated by interactions with other proteins, such as MAP1, MAP2, Tau, Katanin, and Kinesin1,2,3,4,5.
In neurons, microtubules are essential for the development and maintenance of axons and dendrites. Abnormalities in microtubules lead to dysfunction and even the death of neurons. For instance, in the brain of Alzheimer&#39;s patients, Tau protein hyperphosphorylation reduces the stability of the microtubule network, causing neurological irregularities6. Thus, examining microtubule networks will contribute to a comprehension of neurodevelopment and the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse formed between a motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle fiber, which is an excellent and powerful model system for studying synaptic structure and functions7. Futsch is a protein in Drosophila that is homologous to the microtubule-binding protein MAP1B found in mammals8. It is expressed only in neurons and plays a role in the development of the NMJ&#39;s synaptic buttons8,9. In wild-type, filamentous bundles that run along the center of NMJ processes are visualized by immunostaining with anti-Futsch. When reaching NMJ&#39;s end, this bundle has the ability to either form a loop consisting of microtubules or to lose its filamentous structure, resulting in a diffuse and punctate appearance10. Microtubule loops are associated with paused growth cones, which suggests the microtubule array is stable11. Therefore, we can indirectly determine the stable microtubule development in NMJ by Futsch staining. The large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. The factors affecting the stability of the microtubule network can be found by analyzing the density and shape of microtubules. Simultaneously, the microtubule network status of muscle cells can be cross-verified with the result of NMJ to obtain more comprehensive conclusions.
Many protocols have been employed for investigating the network and dynamics of microtubules. However, these researches have often focused on in vitro studies12,13,14,15,16. Alternatively, some in vivo experiments have employed electron microscopy to detect the cytoskeleton17. According to the specific binding of fluorescently labeled antibodies or chemical dyes to proteins or DNA, the methods presented here allow the detection of microtubule networks in NMJ at the level of individual neurons in vivo, with results corroborated by observations in muscle cells. This protocol is simple, stable, and repeatable when combined with the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila melanogaster, enabling a diverse range of phenotypic examinations and genetic screenings for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system in vivo.

Forfatter Spotlight: Forstå mikrotubulinettverk i Drosophila nevromuskulære kryss 

Bruke Drosophila larver nevromuskulære veikryss og muskelceller for å visualisere mikrotubuli nettverk

Currently, microtubule dynamics are observed indirectly through microtubule-binding proteins such as EB1. Since alphabeta tubulin heterodimers are abundant in the cytoplasm, fold directly, neighboring tubulin heterodimers are lacking the dynamics of microtubule networks in vivo. Our protocol visualizes microtubules in neuromuscular synapses and muscle cells.When combined with the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila melanogaster, enabling a diverse range of phenotypic examinations and the genetic screening for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system in vivo. Our research focuses on the relationship between the cytoskeleton and the neurodevelopment, as well as its implications for neurological diseases. We hope to discover the mechanism of neurodevelopment and the parthenogenesis for neurological diseases by highlighting the effect of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins on neurons.

Vi demonstrerte en trinnvis prosedyre for visualisering av mikrotubulinettverket i både nevromuskulære veikryss (NMJ) og muskelceller. Etter disseksjon i henhold til skjematisk diagram (figur 1A-E) utføres immunfarging, og bilder observeres og samles deretter under et laserkonfokalmikroskop eller et stereoskopisk fluorescensmikroskop (figur 1F,G).
Både pre- og postsynaptisk mikrotubuli organiserin...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Microtubule Network in Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

Her presenterer vi en detaljert protokoll for å visualisere mikrotubuli-nettverkene i nevromuskulære veikryss og muskelceller. Kombinert med de kraftige genetiske verktøyene til Drosophila melanogaster, letter denne protokollen i stor grad genetisk screening og mikrotubuli-dynamikkanalyse for rollen som mikrotubulinettverksregulerende proteiner i nervesystemet.

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with ...

For tiden observeres mikrotubulidynamikk indirekte gjennom mikrotubulibindende proteiner som EB1. Siden alfabeta tubulinheterodimerer er rikelig i cytoplasma, fold direkte, mangler nærliggende tubulinheterodimerer dynamikken til mikrotubulinettverk in vivo. Vår protokoll visualiserer mikrotubuli i nevromuskulære synapser og muskelceller.Når det kombineres med de kraftige genetiske verktøyene som er tilgjengelige i Drosophila melanogaster, muliggjør et mangfoldig utvalg av fenotypiske undersøkelser og genetisk screening for rollen som mikrotubulinettverksregulatoriske proteiner i nervesystemet in vivo. Vår forskning fokuserer på forholdet mellom cytoskjelettet og nevroutviklingen, samt dens implikasjoner for nevrologiske sykdommer. Vi håper å oppdage mekanismen for nevroutvikling og parthenogenese for nevrologiske sykdommer ved å fremheve effekten av cytoskeletale regulatoriske proteiner på nevroner.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Using Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cells to Visualize Microtubule Network

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, such as microtubule-associated protein Tau to neurodegenerative diseases, microtubule severing protein Spastin and Katanin 60 cause hereditary spastic paraplegia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, respectively. Detection of microtubule networks in neurons is advantageous for elucidating the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. However, the small size of neurons and the dense arrangement of axonal microtubule bundles make visualizing the microtubule networks challenging. In this study, we describe a method for dissection of the larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, as well as immunostaining of &#945;-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein Futsch to visualize microtubule networks in Drosophila melanogaster. The neuromuscular junction permits us to observe both pre-and post-synaptic microtubules, and the large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. Here, by mutating and overexpressing Katanin 60 in Drosophila melanogaster,&#160;and then examining the microtubule networks in the neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, we&#160;accurately reveal the regulatory role of Katanin 60 in neurodevelopment. Therefore, combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila&#160;melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Here, we present a detailed protocol to visualize the microtubule networks in neuromuscular junctions and muscle cells. Combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule-dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Drosophila Larval Dissection and Fixation for Microtubule Visualization

Begin by picking out a wandering Drosophila third instar larva using long blunt forceps. Wash the larva with hemolymph-like saline, then dry it with a wipe. Next, position the larva dorsally or ventrally on a dissection dish under the stereo microscope.Depending on the tissue to be observed, opt for dorsal or ventral dissection. Pin the larva's mouth hooks and tail to maintain extended positioning. Next, add a drop of the hemolymph-like saline to prevent the larva from drying.Using dissection scissors, make a small transverse incision close to the posterior end without severing it completely. Proceed to cut along the ventral midline, moving toward the anterior end. Now insert four insect pins each into the corners of the larva.Make necessary adjustments to the insect pins to maximize the stretching of the larva. Use forceps to gently remove the internal organs while avoiding harm to the muscles. To fix the larva, immerse the carcasses in 100 L of 4%paraformaldehyde, while still affixed to the dissecting dish.After this, dismount the pins. Then transfer the sample into a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube filled with 0.2%PBST. Place the tube on a shaker for 10 minutes at 15 RPM.

Drosophila Larvedisseksjon og fiksering for mikrotubuli visualisering

Immunohistochemistry of Drosophila Larva for Microtubule Visualization

Remove the PBST and immerse the paraformaldehyde-fixed drosophila larval carcasses in a blocking agent for 40 minutes at room temperature. Replace the blocking agent with 200 microliters of the primary antibody diluted with 0.2%PBST. Leave the larvae to incubate at four degrees Celsius overnight.The next day, wash the larvae with 0.2%PBST for 10 minutes. Next, remove the PBST from the tube and add 200 microliters of diluted secondary antibody. Incubate it at ambient temperature for 1.5 hours in the dark.Introduce a nuclear dye such as TO-PRO R 3 iodide into the incubating tube for 30 minutes while staining the microtubules in the dark. Finally, rinse off the secondary antibody and the nuclear dye with 0.2%PBST for 10 minutes.

Immunhistokjemi av Drosophila larve for mikrotubuli visualisering

Mounting and Image Acquisition of Drosophila Larval Microtubules

Begin by placing the antibody labeled drosophila larval carcasses in 0.2%PBST on a glass slide. Adjusted under the stereo microscope, ensuring that the inner surface of the larval carcass is facing up. Absorb the excess PBST solution using a wipe.Then delicately add a drop of Anti-Fade mounting medium. Next place a cover slip on the slide covering the dissected larvae slowly and gently, avoiding bubble formation. Secure the cover slip in place by applying fingernail polish around its edges.Store the slide in a dark location to minimize fluorescent attenuation. For image acquisition, use the laser scanning confocal microscope with the 63x Oil immersion objective. Then adjust the wavelength and laser power to fit the requirements of the experiment best.To identify the neuromuscular junctions and capture images of muscle four in segment A three, select a 488 nanometer laser to activate alpha tubulin or Futsch, and 546 nanometers to activate the HRP imaging track. Modify the parameters to achieve a frame size of 1, 024 by 1, 024 pixels, a digital zoom of 1.0, and an imaging interval of 0.8 micrometers. To visualize microtubules in the muscle, capture images of muscle two in the segments A three to A five as it has fewer tracheal branches.Choose a 488 nanometer laser for activating alpha tubulin and a 633 nanometer laser for activating the T3605 imaging track. Adjust the imaging parameters to a frame size of 1, 024 by 1, 024 pixels, a digital zoom of 2.0, and an imaging interval of 0.4 micrometers. Both pre-and post-synaptic microtubule organizations of the neuromuscular junction were labeled with anti-alpha tubulin.Futsch staining reflected the abundance of stable microtubules in the pre-synaptic neurons. Decreased signal intensity of anti-Futsch was observed when microtubules severing protein Katanin 60 was overexpressed in the presynaptic neurons. The staining intensity of the axon trunk was stronger than that of the branches.Katanin 60 mutations resulted in increased microtubule loops. Overexpression of Katanin 60 caused short microtubule fragments within the terminal buttons. Alpha tubulin staining demonstrated a clear network of microtubules around the nucleus.Muscle cells had a significantly increased perinuclear microtubular intensity and exhibited stronger bundles in the Katanin 60 mutant. Overexpression resulted in fragmentation of the microtubule fibers.