Name: Författare i fokus: Att förstå mikrotubulinätverk i Drosophila neuromuskulära korsningar
Uploaded: 2023-10-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Microtubule Network in Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

Vi tackar Dr. Ying Xiong för diskussioner och kommentarer om manuskriptet. Detta arbete stöds av ett anslag från National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) till C. M. (31500839).

1. Dissektion av larver
OBS: Dissektionslösningen hemolymfliknande koksaltlösning (HL3.1)18 och fixeringslösningen 4% paraformaldehyd (PFA)19,20 används vid rumstemperatur eftersom mikrotubuli depolymeriseras när temperaturen är för låg.
<ol><li>Välj ut envandrande 3:e stjärnlarv med lång trubbig pincett. Tvätta den med HL3.1 och placera den på dissektionsskålen under ...

Visa mikrotubulinätverk i Drosophila neuromuskulära förbindelser och muskelceller

<ol>
	<li>Halpain, S., Dehmelt, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MAP1+family+of+microtubule-associated+proteins.">The MAP1 family of microtubule-associated proteins.</a> Genome biology. 7 (6), 224 (2006).</li><li>S&#225;nchez, C., D&#237;az-Nido, J., Avila, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorylation+of+microtubule-associated+protein+2+(MAP2)+and+its+relevance+for+the+regulation+of+the+neuronal+cytoskeleton+function.">Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and its relevance for the regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton function.</a> Progress in neurobiology. 61 (2), 133-168 (2000).</li><li>Dehmelt, L., Halpain, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MAP2/Tau+family+of+microtubule-associated+proteins.">The MAP2/Tau family of microtubule-associated proteins.</a> Genome biology. 6 (1), 204 (2005).</li><li>Roll-Mecak, A., McNally, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule-severing+enzymes.">Microtubule-severing enzymes.</a> Current opinion in cell biology. 22 (1), 96-103 (2010).</li><li>Walczak, C. E., Gayek, S., Ohi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule-depolymerizing+kinesins.">Microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins.</a> Annual review of cell and developmental biology. 29, 417-441 (2013).</li><li>Bramblett, G. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+tau+phosphorylation+at+Ser396+in+Alzheimer's+disease+recapitulates+development+and+contributes+to+reduced+microtubule+binding.">Abnormal tau phosphorylation at Ser396 in Alzheimer's disease recapitulates development and contributes to reduced microtubule binding.</a> Neuron. 10 (6), 1089-1099 (1993).</li><li>Van Vactor, D., Sigrist, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+morphogenesis,+active+zone+organization+and+structural+plasticity+in+Drosophila.">Presynaptic morphogenesis, active zone organization and structural plasticity in Drosophila.</a> Current opinion in neurobiology. 43, 119-129 (2017).</li><li>Hummel, T., Krukkert, K., Roos, J., Davis, G., Kl&#228;mbt, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Futsch/22C10+is+a+MAP1B-like+protein+required+for+dendritic+and+axonal+development.">Drosophila Futsch/22C10 is a MAP1B-like protein required for dendritic and axonal development.</a> Neuron. 26 (2), 357-370 (2000).</li><li>Roos, J., Hummel, T., Ng, N., Kl&#228;mbt, C., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Futsch+regulates+synaptic+microtubule+organization+and+is+necessary+for+synaptic+growth.">Drosophila Futsch regulates synaptic microtubule organization and is necessary for synaptic growth.</a> Neuron. 26 (2), 371-382 (2000).</li><li>Packard, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+Wnt,+wingless,+provides+an+essential+signal+for+pre-+and+postsynaptic+differentiation.">The Drosophila Wnt, wingless, provides an essential signal for pre- and postsynaptic differentiation.</a> Cell. 111 (3), 319-330 (2002).</li><li>Dent, E. W., Callaway, J. L., Szebenyi, G., Baas, P. W., Kalil, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reorganization+and+movement+of+microtubules+in+axonal+growth+cones+and+developing+interstitial+branches.">Reorganization and movement of microtubules in axonal growth cones and developing interstitial branches.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 19 (20), 8894-8908 (1999).</li><li>Tanaka, E. M., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+behavior+in+the+growth+cones+of+living+neurons+during+axon+elongation.">Microtubule behavior in the growth cones of living neurons during axon elongation.</a> The Journal of cell biology. 115 (2), 345-363 (1991).</li><li>Ahmad, F. J., Yu, W., McNally, F. J., Baas, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+essential+role+for+katanin+in+severing+microtubules+in+the+neuron.">An essential role for katanin in severing microtubules in the neuron.</a> The Journal of cell biology. 145 (2), 305-315 (1999).</li><li>Hu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fidgetin+regulates+cultured+astrocyte+migration+by+severing+tyrosinated+microtubules+at+the+leading+edge.">Fidgetin regulates cultured astrocyte migration by severing tyrosinated microtubules at the leading edge.</a> Molecular biology of the cell. 28 (4), 545-553 (2017).</li><li>Feizabadi, M. S., Castillon, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+Tau+and+taxol+on+polymerization+of+MCF7+microtubules+in+vitro.">The effect of Tau and taxol on polymerization of MCF7 microtubules in vitro.</a> International journal of molecular sciences. 23 (2), 677 (2022).</li><li>Velasco, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+depolymerization+contributes+to+spontaneous+neurotransmitter+release+in+vitro.">Microtubule depolymerization contributes to spontaneous neurotransmitter release in vitro.</a> Communications biology. 6 (1), 488 (2023).</li><li>H&#246;&#246;g, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+tomography+reveals+a+flared+morphology+on+growing+microtubule+ends.">Electron tomography reveals a flared morphology on growing microtubule ends.</a> Journal of cell science. 124, 693-698 (2011).</li><li>Feng, Y., Ueda, A., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+minimal+hemolymph-like+solution,+HL3.1,+for+physiological+recordings+at+the+neuromuscular+junctions+of+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+larvae.">A modified minimal hemolymph-like solution, HL3.1, for physiological recordings at the neuromuscular junctions of normal and mutant Drosophila larvae.</a> Journal of neurogenetics. 18 (2), 377-402 (2004).</li><li>Broadie, K. S., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+embryonic+neuromuscular+synapse+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Development of the embryonic neuromuscular synapse of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 13 (1), 144-166 (1993).</li><li>Xiong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HDAC6+mutations+rescue+human+tau-induced+microtubule+defects+in+Drosophila.">HDAC6 mutations rescue human tau-induced microtubule defects in Drosophila.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (12), 4604-4609 (2013).</li><li>Sullivan, W., Ashburner, M., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila Protocols. , (2000).</li><li>Mao, C. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule-severing+protein+Katanin+regulates+neuromuscular+junction+development+and+dendritic+elaboration+in+Drosophila.">Microtubule-severing protein Katanin regulates neuromuscular junction development and dendritic elaboration in Drosophila.</a> Development. 141 (5), 1064-1074 (2014).</li><li>Jin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Tubulin-specific+chaperone+E+functions+at+neuromuscular+synapses+and+is+required+for+microtubule+network+formation.">Drosophila Tubulin-specific chaperone E functions at neuromuscular synapses and is required for microtubule network formation.</a> Development. 136 (9), 1571-1581 (2009).</li><li>Sarthi, J., Elefant, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=dTip60+HAT+activity+controls+synaptic+bouton+expansion+at+the+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction.">dTip60 HAT activity controls synaptic bouton expansion at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.</a> PloS one. 6 (10), 26202 (2011).</li><li>Weingarten, M. D., Lockwood, A. H., Hwo, S. Y., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protein+factor+essential+for+microtubule+assembly.">A protein factor essential for microtubule assembly.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 72 (5), 1858-1862 (1975).</li><li>Kadavath, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tau+stabilizes+microtubules+by+binding+at+the+interface+between+tubulin+heterodimers.">Tau stabilizes microtubules by binding at the interface between tubulin heterodimers.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (24), 7501-7506 (2015).</li><li>Trotta, N., Orso, G., Rossetto, M. G., Daga, A., Broadie, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hereditary+spastic+paraplegia+gene,+spastin,+regulates+microtubule+stability+to+modulate+synaptic+structure+and+function.">The hereditary spastic paraplegia gene, spastin, regulates microtubule stability to modulate synaptic structure and function.</a> Current biology: CB. 14 (13), 1135-1147 (2004).</li></ol>

Här beskrivs ett protokoll för dissektion och immunfärgning av neuromuskulära neuromuskulära förbindelser och muskelceller hos Drosophila-larver . Det finns flera viktiga punkter att tänka på. För det första är det viktigt att undvika skador på de observerade musklerna under dissektionsprocessen. Det kan vara värt att fixa filén innan man tar bort inre organ för att förhindra direktkontakt mellan pincetten och musklerna. För att undvika muskelskador eller separation från larvepidermis är det v...

Mikrotubuli (MT), som en av de strukturella komponenterna i cytoskelettet, spelar en viktig roll i olika biologiska processer, inklusive celldelning, celltillväxt och motilitet, intracellulär transport och underhåll av cellform. Mikrotubulidynamik och funktion moduleras av interaktioner med andra proteiner, såsom MAP1, MAP2, Tau, Katanin och Kinesin 1,2,3,4,5.
I neuroner är mikrotubuli viktiga för utveckling och underhåll av axoner och dendriter. Avvikelser i mikrotubuli leder till dysfunktion och till och med neuronerdöd. Till exempel, i hjärnan hos Alzheimerspatienter, minskar Tau-proteinhyperfosforylering stabiliteten i mikrotubulinätverket, vilket orsakar neurologiska oregelbundenheter6. Således kommer undersökning av mikrotubulinätverk att bidra till en förståelse av neuroutveckling och patogenesen av neurologiska sjukdomar.
Den neuromuskulära korsningen (NMJ) är den perifera synapsen som bildas mellan en motorneuronaxonterminal och en muskelfiber, vilket är ett utmärkt och kraftfullt modellsystem för att studera synaptisk struktur och funktioner7. Futsch är ett protein i Drosophila som är homologt med det mikrotubulibindande proteinet MAP1B som finns hosdäggdjur8. Det uttrycks endast i neuroner och spelar en roll i utvecklingen av NMJ:s synaptiska knappar 8,9. I vildtyp visualiseras filamentösa buntar som löper längs mitten av NMJ-processer genom immunfärgning med anti-Futsch. När den når NMJ:s ände har denna bunt förmågan att antingen bilda en slinga bestående av mikrotubuli eller förlora sin trådformiga struktur, vilket resulterar i ett diffust och punkterat utseende10. Mikrotubulislingor är associerade med pausade tillväxtkoner, vilket tyder på att mikrotubulimatrisen är stabil11. Därför kan vi indirekt bestämma den stabila mikrotubuliutvecklingen i NMJ genom Futsch-färgning. Den stora storleken på muskelcellerna i Drosophila-larven möjliggör en tydlig visualisering av mikrotubulinätverket. De faktorer som påverkar stabiliteten i mikrotubulinätverket kan hittas genom att analysera mikrotubulis densitet och form. Samtidigt kan muskelcellernas mikrotubulinätverksstatus korsverifieras med resultatet av NMJ för att få mer omfattande slutsatser.
Många protokoll har använts för att undersöka nätverket och dynamiken hos mikrotubuli. Dessa undersökningar har dock ofta fokuserat på in vitro-studier 12,13,14,15,16. Alternativt har vissa in vivo-experiment använt elektronmikroskopi för att detektera cytoskelettet17. Enligt den specifika bindningen av fluorescerande märkta antikroppar eller kemiska färgämnen till proteiner eller DNA, möjliggör de metoder som presenteras här detektion av mikrotubulinätverk i NMJ på nivån av enskilda neuroner in vivo, med resultat som bekräftas av observationer i muskelceller. Detta protokoll är enkelt, stabilt och repeterbart när det kombineras med de kraftfulla genetiska verktyg som finns tillgängliga i Drosophila melanogaster, vilket möjliggör ett brett spektrum av fenotypiska undersökningar och genetiska screeningar för rollen av mikrotubulinätverkets reglerande proteiner i nervsystemet in vivo.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor Plus 405 phalloidin</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>A30104</td>
			<td>dilute 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enhanced Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0128M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FV10-ASW confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser confocal microscope LSM 710</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Scissors</td>
			<td>66vision</td>
			<td>54138B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-Futsch antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>22C10</td>
			<td>dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-&#945;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5168</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>168-20955</td>
			<td>Final concentration: 4% in PB Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Minutien Pins</td>
			<td>Entomoravia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1mm Diam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope SMZ161</td>
			<td>Motic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereoscopic fluorescence microscope BX41</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Texas Red-conjugated goat anti-HRP</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>dilute 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TO-PRO(R) 3 iodide</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3605</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer decoloring shaker TS-8</td>
			<td>Kylin-Bell lab instruments</td>
			<td>E0018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TritonX-100</td>
			<td>BioFroxx</td>
			<td>1139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers&#160;</td>
			<td>dumont</td>
			<td>500342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using drosophila larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells to visualize microtubule network

Mikrotubulinätverket är en viktig komponent i nervsystemet. Mutationer i många mikrotubuliregulatoriska proteiner är associerade med utvecklingsneurologiska funktionsnedsättningar och neurologiska sjukdomar, såsom mikrotubuli-associerat protein Tau till neurodegenerativa sjukdomar, mikrotubuliavskiljande protein Spastin och Katanin 60 orsakar ärftlig spastisk paraplegi respektive utvecklingsneurologiska avvikelser. Detektion av mikrotubulinätverk i nervceller är fördelaktigt för att belysa patogenesen av neurologiska sjukdomar. Den lilla storleken på neuroner och det täta arrangemanget av axonala mikrotubulibuntar gör det dock utmanande att visualisera mikrotubulinätverken. I denna studie beskriver vi en metod för dissektion av larvneuromuskulära förbindelser och muskelceller, samt immunfärgning av α-tubulin och mikrotubuli-associerat protein Futsch för att visualisera mikrotubulinätverk i Drosophila melanogaster. Den neuromuskulära förbindelsen gör det möjligt för oss att observera både pre- och postsynaptiska mikrotubuli, och den stora storleken på muskelcellerna i Drosophila-larven möjliggör tydlig visualisering av mikrotubulinätverket. Här, genom att mutera och överuttrycka Katanin 60 i Drosophila melanogaster, och sedan undersöka mikrotubulinätverken i den neuromuskulära förbindelsen och muskelcellerna, avslöjar vi exakt den reglerande rollen för Katanin 60 i neuroutveckling. Därför, i kombination med de kraftfulla genetiska verktygen hos Drosophila melanogaster, underlättar detta protokoll i hög grad genetisk screening och analys av mikrotubulidynamik för rollen som mikrotubulinätverkets reglerande proteiner i nervsystemet.

Microtubules (MTs), as one of the structural components of the cytoskeleton, play an important role in diverse biological processes, including cell division, cell growth and motility, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Microtubule dynamics and function are modulated by interactions with other proteins, such as MAP1, MAP2, Tau, Katanin, and Kinesin1,2,3,4,5.
In neurons, microtubules are essential for the development and maintenance of axons and dendrites. Abnormalities in microtubules lead to dysfunction and even the death of neurons. For instance, in the brain of Alzheimer&#39;s patients, Tau protein hyperphosphorylation reduces the stability of the microtubule network, causing neurological irregularities6. Thus, examining microtubule networks will contribute to a comprehension of neurodevelopment and the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse formed between a motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle fiber, which is an excellent and powerful model system for studying synaptic structure and functions7. Futsch is a protein in Drosophila that is homologous to the microtubule-binding protein MAP1B found in mammals8. It is expressed only in neurons and plays a role in the development of the NMJ&#39;s synaptic buttons8,9. In wild-type, filamentous bundles that run along the center of NMJ processes are visualized by immunostaining with anti-Futsch. When reaching NMJ&#39;s end, this bundle has the ability to either form a loop consisting of microtubules or to lose its filamentous structure, resulting in a diffuse and punctate appearance10. Microtubule loops are associated with paused growth cones, which suggests the microtubule array is stable11. Therefore, we can indirectly determine the stable microtubule development in NMJ by Futsch staining. The large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. The factors affecting the stability of the microtubule network can be found by analyzing the density and shape of microtubules. Simultaneously, the microtubule network status of muscle cells can be cross-verified with the result of NMJ to obtain more comprehensive conclusions.
Many protocols have been employed for investigating the network and dynamics of microtubules. However, these researches have often focused on in vitro studies12,13,14,15,16. Alternatively, some in vivo experiments have employed electron microscopy to detect the cytoskeleton17. According to the specific binding of fluorescently labeled antibodies or chemical dyes to proteins or DNA, the methods presented here allow the detection of microtubule networks in NMJ at the level of individual neurons in vivo, with results corroborated by observations in muscle cells. This protocol is simple, stable, and repeatable when combined with the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila melanogaster, enabling a diverse range of phenotypic examinations and genetic screenings for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system in vivo.

Författare i fokus: Att förstå mikrotubulinätverk i Drosophila neuromuskulära korsningar 

Användning av Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction och muskelceller för att visualisera mikrotubulinätverk

Currently, microtubule dynamics are observed indirectly through microtubule-binding proteins such as EB1. Since alphabeta tubulin heterodimers are abundant in the cytoplasm, fold directly, neighboring tubulin heterodimers are lacking the dynamics of microtubule networks in vivo. Our protocol visualizes microtubules in neuromuscular synapses and muscle cells.When combined with the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila melanogaster, enabling a diverse range of phenotypic examinations and the genetic screening for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system in vivo. Our research focuses on the relationship between the cytoskeleton and the neurodevelopment, as well as its implications for neurological diseases. We hope to discover the mechanism of neurodevelopment and the parthenogenesis for neurological diseases by highlighting the effect of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins on neurons.

Vi demonstrerade en steg-för-steg-procedur för att visualisera mikrotubulinätverket i både neuromuskulära korsningar (NMJ) och muskelceller. Efter dissektion enligt det schematiska diagrammet (Figur 1A-E) utförs immunfärgning och bilder observeras därefter och samlas in under ett laserkonfokalmikroskop eller ett stereoskopiskt fluorescensmikroskop (Figur 1F,G).
Både pre- och postsynaptisk mik...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Microtubule Network in Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

Här presenterar vi ett detaljerat protokoll för att visualisera mikrotubulinätverken i neuromuskulära korsningar och muskelceller. I kombination med de kraftfulla genetiska verktygen hos Drosophila melanogaster, underlättar detta protokoll i hög grad genetisk screening och mikrotubulidynamisk analys för rollen som mikrotubulinätverkets reglerande proteiner i nervsystemet.

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with ...

För närvarande observeras mikrotubulidynamik indirekt genom mikrotubulibindande proteiner som EB1. Eftersom alfabeta tubulinheterodimerer är rikligt förekommande i cytoplasman, veck direkt, saknar närliggande tubulinheterodimerer dynamiken i mikrotubulinätverk in vivo. Vårt protokoll visualiserar mikrotubuli i neuromuskulära synapser och muskelceller.I kombination med de kraftfulla genetiska verktyg som finns tillgängliga i Drosophila melanogaster, möjliggörs ett brett spektrum av fenotypiska undersökningar och genetisk screening för rollen av mikrotubulinätverksreglerande proteiner i nervsystemet in vivo. Vår forskning fokuserar på sambandet mellan cytoskelettet och den neurologiska utvecklingen, samt dess implikationer för neurologiska sjukdomar. Vi hoppas kunna upptäcka mekanismen för neuroutveckling och partenogenesen för neurologiska sjukdomar genom att belysa effekten av cytoskelettreglerande proteiner på nervceller.

using-drosophila-larval-neuromuscular-junction-muscle-cells-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Using Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cells to Visualize Microtubule Network

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, such as microtubule-associated protein Tau to neurodegenerative diseases, microtubule severing protein Spastin and Katanin 60 cause hereditary spastic paraplegia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, respectively. Detection of microtubule networks in neurons is advantageous for elucidating the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. However, the small size of neurons and the dense arrangement of axonal microtubule bundles make visualizing the microtubule networks challenging. In this study, we describe a method for dissection of the larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, as well as immunostaining of &#945;-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein Futsch to visualize microtubule networks in Drosophila melanogaster. The neuromuscular junction permits us to observe both pre-and post-synaptic microtubules, and the large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. Here, by mutating and overexpressing Katanin 60 in Drosophila melanogaster,&#160;and then examining the microtubule networks in the neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, we&#160;accurately reveal the regulatory role of Katanin 60 in neurodevelopment. Therefore, combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila&#160;melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Here, we present a detailed protocol to visualize the microtubule networks in neuromuscular junctions and muscle cells. Combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule-dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Drosophila Larval Dissection and Fixation for Microtubule Visualization

Begin by picking out a wandering Drosophila third instar larva using long blunt forceps. Wash the larva with hemolymph-like saline, then dry it with a wipe. Next, position the larva dorsally or ventrally on a dissection dish under the stereo microscope.Depending on the tissue to be observed, opt for dorsal or ventral dissection. Pin the larva's mouth hooks and tail to maintain extended positioning. Next, add a drop of the hemolymph-like saline to prevent the larva from drying.Using dissection scissors, make a small transverse incision close to the posterior end without severing it completely. Proceed to cut along the ventral midline, moving toward the anterior end. Now insert four insect pins each into the corners of the larva.Make necessary adjustments to the insect pins to maximize the stretching of the larva. Use forceps to gently remove the internal organs while avoiding harm to the muscles. To fix the larva, immerse the carcasses in 100 L of 4%paraformaldehyde, while still affixed to the dissecting dish.After this, dismount the pins. Then transfer the sample into a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube filled with 0.2%PBST. Place the tube on a shaker for 10 minutes at 15 RPM.

Drosophila Larvdissektion och fixering för visualisering av mikrotubuli

Immunohistochemistry of Drosophila Larva for Microtubule Visualization

Remove the PBST and immerse the paraformaldehyde-fixed drosophila larval carcasses in a blocking agent for 40 minutes at room temperature. Replace the blocking agent with 200 microliters of the primary antibody diluted with 0.2%PBST. Leave the larvae to incubate at four degrees Celsius overnight.The next day, wash the larvae with 0.2%PBST for 10 minutes. Next, remove the PBST from the tube and add 200 microliters of diluted secondary antibody. Incubate it at ambient temperature for 1.5 hours in the dark.Introduce a nuclear dye such as TO-PRO R 3 iodide into the incubating tube for 30 minutes while staining the microtubules in the dark. Finally, rinse off the secondary antibody and the nuclear dye with 0.2%PBST for 10 minutes.

Immunhistokemi hos Drosophila-larv för visualisering av mikrotubuli

Mounting and Image Acquisition of Drosophila Larval Microtubules

Begin by placing the antibody labeled drosophila larval carcasses in 0.2%PBST on a glass slide. Adjusted under the stereo microscope, ensuring that the inner surface of the larval carcass is facing up. Absorb the excess PBST solution using a wipe.Then delicately add a drop of Anti-Fade mounting medium. Next place a cover slip on the slide covering the dissected larvae slowly and gently, avoiding bubble formation. Secure the cover slip in place by applying fingernail polish around its edges.Store the slide in a dark location to minimize fluorescent attenuation. For image acquisition, use the laser scanning confocal microscope with the 63x Oil immersion objective. Then adjust the wavelength and laser power to fit the requirements of the experiment best.To identify the neuromuscular junctions and capture images of muscle four in segment A three, select a 488 nanometer laser to activate alpha tubulin or Futsch, and 546 nanometers to activate the HRP imaging track. Modify the parameters to achieve a frame size of 1, 024 by 1, 024 pixels, a digital zoom of 1.0, and an imaging interval of 0.8 micrometers. To visualize microtubules in the muscle, capture images of muscle two in the segments A three to A five as it has fewer tracheal branches.Choose a 488 nanometer laser for activating alpha tubulin and a 633 nanometer laser for activating the T3605 imaging track. Adjust the imaging parameters to a frame size of 1, 024 by 1, 024 pixels, a digital zoom of 2.0, and an imaging interval of 0.4 micrometers. Both pre-and post-synaptic microtubule organizations of the neuromuscular junction were labeled with anti-alpha tubulin.Futsch staining reflected the abundance of stable microtubules in the pre-synaptic neurons. Decreased signal intensity of anti-Futsch was observed when microtubules severing protein Katanin 60 was overexpressed in the presynaptic neurons. The staining intensity of the axon trunk was stronger than that of the branches.Katanin 60 mutations resulted in increased microtubule loops. Overexpression of Katanin 60 caused short microtubule fragments within the terminal buttons. Alpha tubulin staining demonstrated a clear network of microtubules around the nucleus.Muscle cells had a significantly increased perinuclear microtubular intensity and exhibited stronger bundles in the Katanin 60 mutant. Overexpression resulted in fragmentation of the microtubule fibers.