Name: Författare i fokus: Främja forskning inom mikrobiell autoaggregering med hjälp av avbildande flödescytometri
Uploaded: 2023-09-29T14:00:00
Description: Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Advancing Research in Microbial Auto Aggregation Using Imaging Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Detta arbete stöddes av Israeli Science Foundation (Grant 119/16) och IMoh grant (3-15656) till IKG. R.S. med stöd av Kreitman-stipendiet.

.ast-filen, med mallen för Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) som exempel, finns i Supplementary Coding File 1.
1. Förberedelse av media
<ol><li>Förbered Lactobacilli MRS-buljong enligt tillverkarens anvisningar (55 g i 1 l avjoniserat vatten) och Lactobacilli MRS-agarplattor med 1,5 % (w/v) agar (se Materialtabell). Efter autoklavsterilisering är mediet redo att användas direkt eller kan förvaras vid 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Förb...

Kvantitativ analys av mikrobiell autoaggregation med hjälp av avbildande flödescytometri

<ol>
	<li>Trunk, T., Khalil, H. S., Leo, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+autoaggregation.">Bacterial autoaggregation.</a> AIMS Microbiology. 4 (1), 140-164 (2018).</li><li>Ishikawa, M., Nakatani, H., Hori, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AtaA,+a+new+member+of+the+trimeric+autotransporter+adhesins+from+Acinetobacter+sp.+Tol+5+mediating+high+adhesiveness+to+various+abiotic+surfaces.">AtaA, a new member of the trimeric autotransporter adhesins from Acinetobacter sp. Tol 5 mediating high adhesiveness to various abiotic surfaces.</a> PLoS One. 7, e48830 (2012).</li><li>Inoue, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+characterization+of+low-molecular-weight+component+protein,+Flp,+in+Actinobacillus+actinomycetemcomitans+fimbriae.">Molecular characterization of low-molecular-weight component protein, Flp, in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans fimbriae.</a> Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 42 (4), 253-258 (1998).</li><li>Boddey, J. A., Flegg, C. P., Day, C. J., Beacham, I. R., Peak, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-regulated+microcolony+formation+by+Burkholderia+pseudomallei+requires+pilA+and+enhances+association+with+cultured+human+cells.">Temperature-regulated microcolony formation by Burkholderia pseudomallei requires pilA and enhances association with cultured human cells.</a> Infection and Immunity. 74 (9), 5374-5381 (2006).</li><li>Suissa, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Context-dependent+differences+in+the+functional+responses+of+Lactobacillaceae+strains+to+fermentable+sugars.">Context-dependent differences in the functional responses of Lactobacillaceae strains to fermentable sugars.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 13, 949932 (2022).</li><li>Isenring, J., Geirnaert, A., Lacroix, C., Stevens, M. J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bistable+auto-aggregation+phenotype+in+Lactiplantibacillus+plantarum+emerges+after+cultivation+in+in+vitro+colonic+microbiota.">Bistable auto-aggregation phenotype in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum emerges after cultivation in in vitro colonic microbiota.</a> BMC Microbiology. 21, 268 (2021).</li><li>Kos, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesion+and+aggregation+ability+of+probiotic+strain+Lactobacillus+acidophilus+M92.">Adhesion and aggregation ability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus M92.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 94 (6), 981-987 (2003).</li><li>Zommiti, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+assessment+of+the+probiotic+properties+and+bacteriocinogenic+potential+of+Pediococcus+pentosaceus+MZF16+isolated+from+artisanal+tunisian+meat+&amp;#34;Dried+Ossban&amp;#34;.">In vitro assessment of the probiotic properties and bacteriocinogenic potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus MZF16 isolated from artisanal tunisian meat &amp;#34;Dried Ossban&amp;#34;.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 9, 2607 (2018).</li><li>Suissa, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+rewiring+of+the+probiotic+bacterium+rhamnosus&lt;/em&gt;+GG+contributes+to+cell-wall+remodeling+and+antimicrobials+production.">Metabolic rewiring of the probiotic bacterium rhamnosus&lt;/em&gt; GG contributes to cell-wall remodeling and antimicrobials production.</a> bioRxiv. , (2023).</li><li>Connell, J. L., Kim, J., Shear, J. B., Bard, A. J., Whiteley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+monitoring+of+quorum+sensing+in+3D-printed+bacterial+aggregates+using+scanning+electrochemical+microscopy.">Real-time monitoring of quorum sensing in 3D-printed bacterial aggregates using scanning electrochemical microscopy.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (51), 18255-18260 (2014).</li><li>Misawa, N., Blaser, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+characterization+of+autoagglutination+activity+by+Campylobacter+jejuni.">Detection and characterization of autoagglutination activity by Campylobacter jejuni.</a> Infection and Immunity. 68 (11), 6168-6175 (2000).</li><li>Sherlock, O., Schembri, M. A., Reisner, A., Klemm, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+roles+for+the+AIDA+adhesin+from+diarrheagenic+Escherichia+coli:+cell+aggregation+and+biofilm+formation.">Novel roles for the AIDA adhesin from diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: cell aggregation and biofilm formation.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 186 (23), 8058-8065 (2004).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+flow+cytometry.">Imaging flow cytometry.</a> Nature Reviews Methods Primers. 2, 87 (2022).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+characteristics+of+lactic+acid+bacteria+and+the+expanding+applications+in+food+industry.">Metabolism characteristics of lactic acid bacteria and the expanding applications in food industry.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 9, 612285 (2021).</li><li>Turroni, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+dialogue+between+the+human+gut+microbiota+and+the+host:+a+Lactobacillus+and+Bifidobacterium+perspective.">Molecular dialogue between the human gut microbiota and the host: a Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium perspective.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71, 183-203 (2014).</li><li>Zuba-Surma, E. K., Kucia, M., Abdel-Latif, A., Lillard, J. W., Ratajczak, M. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ImageStream+System:+a+key+step+to+a+new+era+in+imaging.">The ImageStream System: a key step to a new era in imaging.</a> Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 45, 279-290 (2007).</li><li>Dashkova, V., Malashenkov, D., Poulton, N., Vorobjev, I., Barteneva, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+flow+cytometry+for+phytoplankton+analysis.">Imaging flow cytometry for phytoplankton analysis.</a> Methods. 112, 188-200 (2017).</li><li>Maan, H., Gilhar, O., Porat, Z., Kolodkin-Gal, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacillus+subtilis+colonization+of+arabidopsis+thaliana+roots+induces+multiple+biosynthetic+clusters+for+antibiotic+production.">Bacillus subtilis colonization of arabidopsis thaliana roots induces multiple biosynthetic clusters for antibiotic production.</a> Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 11, 722778 (2021).</li><li>Maan, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+flow+cytometry+reveals+a+dual+role+for+exopolysaccharides+in+biofilms:+To+promote+self-adhesion+while+repelling+non-self-community+members.">Imaging flow cytometry reveals a dual role for exopolysaccharides in biofilms: To promote self-adhesion while repelling non-self-community members.</a> Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 20, 15-25 (2022).</li><li>Konieczny, M., Rhein, P., Czaczyk, K., Bialas, W., Juzwa, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+flow+cytometry+to+study+biofilm-associated+microbial+aggregates.">Imaging flow cytometry to study biofilm-associated microbial aggregates.</a> Molecules. 26 (23), 7096 (2021).</li><li>Niederdorfer, R., Peter, H., Battin, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attached+biofilms+and+suspended+aggregates+are+distinct+microbial+lifestyles+emanating+from+differing+hydraulics.">Attached biofilms and suspended aggregates are distinct microbial lifestyles emanating from differing hydraulics.</a> Nature Microbiology. 1, 16178 (2016).</li></ol>

Flödescytometri är en allmänt använd metod för att kvantifiera fluorescensintensiteter i eukaryota celler, men den kanske inte ger exakta mätningar för bakterieceller på grund av deras större storlek eller små aggregat. Dessa faktorer kan avsevärt påverka den exakta kvantifieringen av autoaggregering och den basala nivån av aggregatbildning under olika förhållanden. För att ta itu med detta användes avbildande flödescytometri (IFC) för att få en bättre upplösning av hur kolhydrater påverkar aggrege...

Bakteriell autoaggregering anses vara ett primärt steg i biofilmbildningen. I denna process (ibland även kallad autoagglutination eller flockning) bildar bakterier av samma typ flercelliga klumpar som så småningom sätter sig på botten av odlingsrör eller fäster vid sin målvävnad eller yta1.
Autoaggregering är ett allmänt observerat fenomen och har hittills visats i gramnegativa patogener som den opportunistiska patogenen Acinetobacter baumannii2, dentalpatogenen Aggregobacter actinomycetemcomitans3 och den framväxande patogenen Burkholderia pseudomallei4. Autoaggregering har också beskrivits i flera probiotiska grampositiva stammar 5,6,7,8. Hos Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus medierades autoaggregeringen delvis av S-skiktsproteiner och korrelerade med en adhesion till xylan7. På samma sätt fann vi ett samband mellan glukosberoende autoaggregation och induktion av de vidhäftande egenskaperna (bedömda genom vidhäftning till mucin) hos den probiotiska arten Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, Lacticaseibacillus casei, L. acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei och Lactiplantibacillus plantarum5. Den ökade autoaggregeringen återspeglade sannolikt förändringar i uttrycket av cellulära adhesiner som svar på glukos och dess kataboliter9. Även om de molekylära mekanismerna för autoaggregering återstår att fastställa, har det visats att denna process förändrar fenotypen hos de aggregerade bakterierna och ger dem ökad tolerans mot miljöstressorer1, samt ökad känslighet för quorumavkännande molekyler10.
Flera metoder har använts för att mäta autoaggregering; Ett experimentellt tillvägagångssätt är att låta kulturer stå statiskt i smala odlingsrör under en given tid. Kontrollkulturer förblir grumliga, medan autoaggregeringskulturer kommer att lägga sig på botten av röret. En mer kvantitativ metod mäter autoaggregering genom sedimentation eller sedimenteringsanalys11.
Flödescytometri har också använts i allt större utsträckning under de senaste åren för att undersöka bakteriell autoaggregering. Denna metod är lämplig för att analysera partiklar mellan cirka 0,5 och 1000 μm i storlek. Den enskilda bakterien eller de bildade aggregaten suspenderas i vätska, matas in i en ström och kan detekteras en efter en11. Att registrera framåtspritt ljus gör det möjligt att mäta den relativa storleken på cellen eller aggregatet. Det är relativt snabbt och enkelt men kan inte upptäcka flera parametrar, till exempel aggregeringsstorlek eller det genomsnittliga antalet celler i aggregeringar. Därför kan detta tillvägagångssätt kompletteras mikroskopiskt, vilket gör det möjligt att kontrollera fler parametrar12. Traditionell mikroskopi är dock tidskrävande och begränsar därmed antalet testade prover och den statistiska styrkan i analysen. I allmänhet ger avbildande flödescytometri flera funktioner jämfört med traditionell flödescytometri, såsom samtidig analys av cellmorfologi och fenotyp, genomförande av bildbaserad analys, detektering av sällsynta händelser och validering av flödescytometridata13. Dessa fördelar förbättrar kapaciteten för flödescytometri och underlättar en mer detaljerad undersökning av cellpopulationer.
Denna studie ger ett värdefullt protokoll för avbildning av flödescytometri för att övervaka autoaggregation i mjölksyrabakterier (LAB). Dessa grampositiva stavar är fakultativa anaeroba och tillhör LAB-gruppen. Dessa effektiva glukosfermentorer genererar mjölksyra som sin huvudsakliga slutprodukt av kolhydratmetabolismen14. Dessa bakterier är nyttiga kärnmedlemmar i mikrobiomet och finns naturligt i mag-tarmkanalen (GIT) hos människor och djur, såväl som i urogenitala kanalen hos kvinnor15. Därför är den exakta karakteriseringen av deras autoaggregeringsegenskaper av stort biotekniskt och kliniskt intresse.
Våra tidigare fynd indikerade att den basala nivån av autoaggregation skiljer sig åt mellan olika probiotiska stammar. Denna heterogenitet påverkas av de olika kolhydrater som används som kolkälla5. För att övervinna denna grundläggande egenskap hos probiotiska bakterier övervakades effekterna av kolhydrater från kosten på autoaggregering på encellsnivå med hjälp av IFC. Detta IFC-baserade tillvägagångssätt kombinerar kraften och hastigheten hos traditionella flödescytometrar med mikroskopets upplösning. Därför tillåter den komplexa morfometriska mätningar med hög hastighet på ett fenotypiskt definierat sätt16,17. Detta tillvägagångssätt kan utvidgas till andra probiotiska och patogena bakterier, i kombination med fluorescerande rapportörer för att övervaka genuttryck, och fluorescerande märkta stammar för att övervaka närvaron och förekomsten av specifika bakteriearter i heterogena aggregat.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>14 mL culture tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>Baeton,Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Typtic Soy Broth</td>
			<td>Baeton,Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>211825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7021-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>83400-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Lactobacilli MRS broth</td>
			<td>Baeton,Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>288130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EASY-LOCK MICROPR. 1.5 mL (Eppendorf)</td>
			<td>FL medical</td>
			<td>23053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IDEAS Software</td>
			<td>Amnis/EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>&#160;Details available at: https://www.merckmillipore.com/INTL/en/20150212_144049?ReferrerURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&#38;bd=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageStream X Mark II</td>
			<td>Amnis/EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>&#160;Details available at: https://www.merckmillipore.com/INTL/en/20150121_205948?ReferrerURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP308-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, 174.18 g/mol</td>
			<td>BP363-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma, 136.09 g/mol</td>
			<td>P0662-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging flow cytometry to study microbial autoaggregation

Nyttiga och probiotiska bakterier spelar viktiga roller i sina värdar och ger olika hälsofördelar, inklusive immunitet mot infektionssjukdomar. Familjen Lactobacillaceae består av grampositiva bakterier med bekräftade probiotiska egenskaper. Denna studie använder Lactobacillaceae-arter som en modell för att visa effektiviteten av encellsanalys med hög genomströmning vid studier av cellulär aggregering. Fokus ligger på att analysera hur dessa nyttiga arter reagerar på enkla kolhydrater från kosten.
Studien visar hur Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) kan övervinna de grundläggande skillnaderna i sammansättningen av probiotiska bakterier i närvaro och frånvaro av kolhydrater. IFC kombinerar kraften och hastigheten hos konventionell flödescytometri med mikroskopins rumsliga upplösning, vilket möjliggör komplexa morfometriska mätningar med hög hastighet på ett fenotypiskt definierat sätt över ett bibliotek av fördelaktiga bakteriestammar och tillstånd. Detta protokoll ger insikter i autoaggregeringen av Lactobacillaceae-arter och belyser deras svar på kolhydrater i kosten, vilket bidrar till att förstå mekanismerna bakom de gynnsamma effekterna av dessa probiotiska bakterier.

Bacterial autoaggregation is considered a primary step in biofilm formation. In this process (sometimes also called autoagglutination or flocculation), bacteria of the same type form multicellular clumps that eventually settle at the bottom of culture tubes or attach to their target tissue or surface1.
Autoaggregation is a widely observed phenomenon and has been shown so far in Gram-negative pathogens such as the opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii2, the dental pathogen Aggregobacter actinomycetemcomitans3, and the emerging pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei4. Autoaggregation has also been described in several probiotic Gram-positive strains5,6,7,8. In Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus, autoaggregation was partially mediated by S-layer proteins and correlated with an adhesion to xylan7. Similarly, we found a correlation between glucose-dependent autoaggregation and induction of the adhesive properties (as judged by adhesion to mucin) of the probiotic species Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, Lacticaseibacillus casei, L. acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum5. The increased autoaggregation most likely reflected changes in the expression of cellular adhesins in response to glucose and its catabolites9. While the molecular mechanisms of autoaggregation remain to be determined, it has been shown that this process alters the phenotype of the aggregated bacteria and grants them enhanced tolerance to environmental stressors1, as well as increased sensitivity to quorum sensing molecules10.
Several approaches have been used to measure autoaggregation; one experimental approach is to let cultures stand statically in narrow culture tubes for a given time. Control cultures remain turbid, whereas autoaggregation cultures will settle at the bottom of the tube. A more quantitative approach measures autoaggregation by sedimentation or settling assay11.
Flow cytometry has also been increasingly employed in recent years to investigate bacterial autoaggregation. This method is appropriate for analyzing particles between approximately 0.5 and 1000 &#181;m in size. The single bacterium or formed aggregates are suspended in fluid, fed into a stream, and can be detected one by one11. Recording forward scattered light allows measuring the relative size of the cell or aggregate. It is relatively fast and straightforward but cannot detect several parameters, such as aggregate size or the average number of cells in aggregates. Therefore, this approach can be complemented microscopically, allowing more parameters to be checked12. However, traditional microscopy is time-consuming and thereby limits the number of tested samples and the statistical power of the analysis. In general, imaging flow cytometry provides several features compared to traditional flow cytometry, such as simultaneous analysis of cell morphology and phenotype, conducting image-based analysis, detecting rare events, and validating flow cytometry data13. These advantages enhance the capabilities of flow cytometry and facilitate a more detailed examination of cell populations.
This study provides a valuable protocol for imaging flow cytometry to monitor autoaggregation in lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These Gram-positive rods are facultative anaerobes and belong to the LAB group. These efficient glucose fermenters generate lactic acid as their main end-product of carbohydrate metabolism14. These bacteria are beneficial core members of the microbiome and are naturally found in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals, as well as in the urogenital tract of females15. Therefore, the exact characterization of their autoaggregation properties is of high biotechnological and clinical interest.
Our previous findings indicated that the basal level of autoaggregation differs between different probiotic strains. This heterogeneity is affected by the different carbohydrates used as a carbon source5. To overcome this fundamental property of probiotic bacteria, the effects of carbohydrates from the diet were monitored on autoaggregation on the single-cell level using IFC. This IFC-based approach combines the power and speed of traditional flow cytometers with the microscope&#39;s resolution. Therefore, it allows high-rate complex morphometric measurements in a phenotypically defined way16,17. This approach can be extended to other probiotic and pathogenic bacteria, combined with fluorescent reporters to monitor gene expression, and fluorescently labeled strains to monitor the presence and abundance of specific bacterial species in heterogeneous aggregates.

Författare i fokus: Främja forskning inom mikrobiell autoaggregering med hjälp av avbildande flödescytometri

Bildflödescytometri för att studera mikrobiell autoaggregation

This study utilized Lactobacillus species as a model to demonstrate the effectiveness of imaging flow cytometry analysis in studying microbial autoaggregation. The focus is on analyzing the response of autoaggregation of Lactobacillus species to simple carbohydrates from the diet. The most used methods for measuring autoaggregation are spectral photometry, which measures microbial suspensions, turbidity, or optical density, and traditional microscopy techniques, such as bright field, phase contrast, and fluorescent microscopy.When talking about hight-throughput imaging, one major experimental challenge is single event segmentation. In this protocol, it is a single aggregate. Imaging flow cytometry addresses this challenge elegantly and give researchers a powerful tool for studying autoaggregation.

Resultaten visar att denna metod enkelt kan mäta skillnaderna i autoaggregering som svar på sockerarter i kosten i LAB-bakterier. Genom att separera individer från aggregat gör metoden det möjligt att beräkna procentandelen av populationen av aggregeringshändelserna av alla händelser som svar på fermenterbara eller icke-fermenterbara sockerarter från kosten. Dessutom var det möjligt att mäta om det finns skillnader i medelstorleken på aggregatets population mellan behandlingarna.
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Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Advancing Research in Microbial Auto Aggregation Using Imaging Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Detta protokoll beskriver ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt för att mäta mikrobiell autoaggregation med hjälp av avbildningsflödescytometri.

Beneficial and probiotic bacteria play essential roles in their hosts, providing various health benefits, including immunity to infectious diseases. The ...

Denna studie använde Lactobacillus-arter som en modell för att visa effektiviteten av avbildande flödescytometrianalys för att studera mikrobiell autoaggregation. Fokus ligger på att analysera responsen av autoaggregering av Lactobacillus-arter på enkla kolhydrater från kosten. De mest använda metoderna för att mäta autoaggregation är spektral fotometri, som mäter mikrobiella suspensioner, turbiditet eller optisk densitet, och traditionella mikroskopitekniker, såsom ljusfält, faskontrast och fluorescerande mikroskopi.När man talar om avbildning med hög genomströmning är en stor experimentell utmaning segmentering av enskilda händelser. I det här protokollet är det en enda aggregering. Avbildande flödescytometri tar itu med denna utmaning på ett elegant sätt och ger forskare ett kraftfullt verktyg för att studera autoaggregering.

imaging-flow-cytometry-to-study-microbial-autoaggregation

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Flow Cytometry to Study Microbial Autoaggregation

Beneficial and probiotic bacteria play essential roles in their hosts, providing various health benefits, including immunity to infectious diseases. The Lactobacillaceae family consists of Gram-positive bacteria with confirmed probiotic properties. This study utilizes Lactobacillaceae species as a model to demonstrate the effectiveness of single-cell high throughput analysis in studying cellular aggregation. The focus is on analyzing the response of these beneficial species to simple carbohydrates from the diet.
The study showcases how Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) can overcome the fundamental differences in the assembly of probiotic bacteria in the presence and absence of carbohydrates. IFC combines the power and speed of conventional flow cytometry with the spatial resolution of microscopy, enabling high-rate complex morphometric measurements in a phenotypically defined manner across a library of beneficial bacterial strains and conditions. This protocol provides insights into the autoaggregation of Lactobacillaceae species and sheds light on their response to dietary carbohydrates, contributing to understanding the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of these probiotic bacteria.

This protocol describes a quantitative approach to measure microbial autoaggregation using imaging flow cytometry.

Lactobacillaceae Sample Preparation for Flow Cytometric Analysis

Start by inoculating five milliliters of lactobacilli MRS broth with a single colony of the lactobacilli strain, incubated at 37 degrees Celsius under static conditions overnight. Dilute the cell culture in a one-to-100 ratio in three milliliters of 50%supplemented tryptic soy broth, vortex the culture, and incubate it. Then invert the tube to mix the cells in the medium before transferring 200 to 300 microliters of the sample into a 1.5 milliliter micro centrifuge tube.

Lactobacillaceae (Lactobacillaceae) Provberedning för flödescytometrisk analys

Flow Cytometric Data Acquisition of Microbial Aggregates

To begin the flow cytometric analysis, first set the 785-nanometer laser to a power of five milliwatts for dark field measurements. Use a 60X lens with a numerical aperture of 0.9. Then select the high-sensitivity setting and set the speed to low.To ensure calibration bead stability, press the Play button in the fluidics box and examine the bead images, which should appear sharp and clear. Generate a new scatterplot in the workspace box by selecting New Scatterplot. Then select the area in the Brightfield channel that corresponds to the SSC channel intensity and exclude the calibration beads that are running concurrently within the sample.Next, press the Load button and position a tube containing the Lactobacilli sample in the holder. In the Acquisition Settings box, enter the sample name and specify the location for data storage. Set the number of events to be collected, typically within the range of 10, 000 to 20, 000 events.Now, begin the acquisition process by clicking the Record button located in the Acquisition box. The process will halt after reaching the specified volume of events. Press the Return button to unload the tube and remove it from the holder as prompted in the popup window.After repeating the process for all samples, save the template to maintain data acquisition uniformity. For data analysis, to load the raw file into the analysis software, click on File and open the rif file. In the opened window, select Use Acquisition Analysis and then click OK.Next, to create a histogram of the gradient root mean square, click the New Histogram button and choose the population from the acquisition to analyze.Under the X Axis feature, select Gradient RMS of the Brightfield channel. Next, place a gate to exclude non-focused events by clicking the Create Line Region button in the analysis area. Create a scatterplot of the area versus the aspect ratio by clicking the New Scatterplot button in the analysis area.Select the focused population in the New Scatterplot window. Then select the area of the Brightfield channel for the X-Axis feature. Choose the aspect ratio for the Y-Axis feature.Draw a gate on the scatterplot using the Create Rectangle button based on the area value for the aggregate events population. Similarly, draw another gate for the singles and small aggregates population. Save your data analysis as a template by clicking the File tab, choosing Save As Template ast, and then open the next sample file under the same template to create the data analysis file.To measure the aggregate size distribution, start by plotting a histogram of the area of the aggregation events population. Save the data analysis by clicking on the file and selecting the Save As Template option. After saving, open the next sample file under the same template for the data analysis file.Single cells, small aggregates, large aggregates, and chains were observed in LGG and L.paracasei but it was not possible to distinguish between chains and larger aggregates. Significant variations in the aggregation characteristics of different LAB strains were observed in response to fermentable or non-fermentable sugars.