Name: Autor em destaque: Avaliação do fluxo de mitofagia em células β pancreáticas usando abordagens complementares eficazes e robustas
Uploaded: 2023-09-15T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Mitophagy Flux in Pancreatic β-Cells Using Effective and Robust Complementary Approaches at JoVE.com

E.L-D. reconhece o apoio dos NIH (T32-AI007413 e T32-AG000114). A SAS agradece o apoio do JDRF (COE-2019-861), do NIH (R01 DK135268, R01 DK108921, R01 DK135032, R01 DK136547, U01 DK127747), do Departamento de Assuntos de Veteranos (I01 BX004444), da família Brehm e da família Anthony.

Os estudos em animais apresentados neste protocolo foram revisados e aprovados pelo Comitê Institucional de Cuidados e Uso de Animais da Universidade de Michigan. Camundongos C57BL/6J machos de vinte semanas de idade, com dieta regular de gordura (RFD) ou dieta hiperlipídica (HFD), foram usados para este estudo.
1. Avaliação da mitofagia através da abordagem MtPhagy baseada em corantes (Método 1)
<ol><li>Preparação e tratamento de ilhotas de camundongos<ol><li>Realiz...

Análise quantitativa da mitofagia em células β pancreáticas murinas

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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+diabetes+susceptibility+gene+Clec16a+regulates+mitophagy.">The diabetes susceptibility gene Clec16a regulates mitophagy.</a> Cell. 157 (7), 1577-1590 (2014).</li><li>Pearson, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clec16a,+Nrdp1,+and+USP8+form+a+ubiquitin-dependent+tripartite+complex+that+regulates+&#946;-cell+mitophagy.">Clec16a, Nrdp1, and USP8 form a ubiquitin-dependent tripartite complex that regulates &#946;-cell mitophagy.</a> Diabetes. 67 (2), 265-277 (2018).</li><li>Hattori, N., Saiki, S., Imai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+by+mitophagy.">Regulation by mitophagy.</a> International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 53, 147-150 (2014).</li><li>Berezhnov, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+pH+modulates+autophagy+and+mitophagy.">Intracellular pH modulates autophagy and mitophagy.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (16), 8701-8708 (2016).</li><li>Sun, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+in+vivo+mitophagy.">Measuring in vivo mitophagy.</a> Molecular Cell. 60 (4), 685-696 (2015).</li><li>McWilliams, T. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mito-QC+illuminates+mitophagy+and+mitochondrial+architecture+in+vivo.">mito-QC illuminates mitophagy and mitochondrial architecture in vivo.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 214 (3), 333-345 (2016).</li><li>Aoyagi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+beta+cell-specific+mitophagy+reporter+mouse+shows+that+metabolic+stress+leads+to+accumulation+of+dysfunctional+mitochondria+despite+increased+mitophagy.">A new beta cell-specific mitophagy reporter mouse shows that metabolic stress leads to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria despite increased mitophagy.</a> Diabetologia. 66 (1), 147-162 (2023).</li><li>Ma, X., Ding, W. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluorescence+imaging+based-assay+to+monitor+mitophagy+in+cultured+hepatocytes+and+mouse+liver.">A fluorescence imaging based-assay to monitor mitophagy in cultured hepatocytes and mouse liver.</a> Liver Research. 5 (1), 16-20 (2021).</li><li>Sidarala, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitophagy+protects+&#946;+cells+from+inflammatory+damage+in+diabetes.">Mitophagy protects &#946; cells from inflammatory damage in diabetes.</a> JCI Insight. 5 (24), 141138 (2020).</li><li>Gingerich, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+intrinsically+disordered+protein+region+encoded+by+the+human+disease+gene+CLEC16A+regulates+mitophagy.">An intrinsically disordered protein region encoded by the human disease gene CLEC16A regulates mitophagy.</a> Autophagy. 19 (2), 525-543 (2023).</li><li>Sun, N., Malide, D., Liu, J., Rovira, I. I., Combs, C. A., Finkel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluorescence-based+imaging+method+to+measure+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+mitophagy+using+mt-Keima.">A fluorescence-based imaging method to measure in vitro and in vivo mitophagy using mt-Keima.</a> Nature Protocols. 12 (8), 1576-1587 (2017).</li><li>Zhao, J., Bertoglio, B. A., Gee, K. R., Kay, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+zinc+indicator+FluoZin-3+is+not+perturbed+significantly+by+physiological+levels+of+calcium+or+magnesium.">The zinc indicator FluoZin-3 is not perturbed significantly by physiological levels of calcium or magnesium.</a> Cell Calcium. 44 (4), 422-426 (2008).</li><li>Da Silva Xavier, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Cells+of+the+Islets+of+Langerhans.">The Cells of the Islets of Langerhans.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 7 (3), 54 (2018).</li><li>Thapa, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+&#946;-cell+function+using+a+zinc-responsive+MRI+contrast+agent+may+identify+first+responder+islets.">Imaging &#946;-cell function using a zinc-responsive MRI contrast agent may identify first responder islets.</a> Frontiers in Endocrinology. 12, 809867 (2022).</li><li>Iwashita, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+cell+imaging+of+mitochondrial+autophagy+with+a+novel+fluorescent+small+molecule.">Live cell imaging of mitochondrial autophagy with a novel fluorescent small molecule.</a> ACS Chemical Biology. 12 (10), 2546-2551 (2017).</li><li>Crowley, L. C., Christensen, M. E., Waterhouse, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+mitochondrial+transmembrane+potential+by+TMRE+staining.">Measuring mitochondrial transmembrane potential by TMRE staining.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2016 (12), 087361 (2016).</li><li>Klein, B., W&#246;rndl, K., L&#252;tz-Meindl, U., Kerschbaum, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perturbation+of+intracellular+K(+)+homeostasis+with+valinomycin+promotes+cell+death+by+mitochondrial+swelling+and+autophagic+processes.">Perturbation of intracellular K(+) homeostasis with valinomycin promotes cell death by mitochondrial swelling and autophagic processes.</a> Apoptosis. 16 (11), 1101-1117 (2011).</li><li>Ji, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptors+TLR2+and+TLR4+block+the+replication+of+pancreatic+&#946;+cells+in+diet-induced+obesity.">Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 block the replication of pancreatic &#946; cells in diet-induced obesity.</a> Nature Immunology. 20 (6), 677-686 (2019).</li><li>Sauvat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+cellular+viability+by+automated+microscopy+and+flow+cytometry.">Quantification of cellular viability by automated microscopy and flow cytometry.</a> Oncotarget. 6 (11), 9467-9475 (2015).</li><li>Liu, Y. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mt-Keima+detects+PINK1-PRKN+mitophagy+in+vivo+with+greater+sensitivity+than+mito-QC.">Mt-Keima detects PINK1-PRKN mitophagy in vivo with greater sensitivity than mito-QC.</a> Autophagy. 17 (11), 3753-3762 (2021).</li><li>Mauro-Lizcano, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+method+to+assess+mitophagy+flux+by+flow+cytometry.">New method to assess mitophagy flux by flow cytometry.</a> Autophagy. 11 (5), 833-843 (2015).</li></ol>

Este protocolo descreveu dois métodos complementares para quantificar o fluxo de mitofagia em ilhotas primárias dissociadas de camundongos. Usando o método mt-Keima, um aumento na mitofagia foi quantificado como um aumento da razão de células ácidas (561 nm)/neutras (405 nm), enquanto no método MtPhagy, o aumento do fluxo de mitofagia foi quantificado como um aumento na população de células baixas de MtPhagyaltaMtPhagy Fluozinalta. Esses métodos permitem avaliações rápidas,...

As células β pancreáticas produzem e secretam insulina para atender às demandas metabólicas, e a disfunção das células β é responsável pela hiperglicemia e pelo aparecimento de diabetes tanto no diabetes tipo 1 quanto no tipo 2. As células β acoplam o metabolismo da glicose à secreção de insulina via produção energética e metabólica mitocondrial, que dependem de uma reserva de massa mitocondrial funcional 1,2,3. Para manter a função ótima das células β, as células β dependem de mecanismos de controle de qualidade mitocondrial para remover mitocôndrias envelhecidas ou danificadas e preservar a massa mitocondrial funcional4. A autofagia mitocondrial seletiva, também conhecida como mitofagia, é um componente-chave da via de controle de qualidade mitocondrial.
Avaliações de mitofagia em células vivas geralmente dependem de mudanças no pH mitocondrial que ocorrem durante a mitofagia. As mitocôndrias têm um pH ligeiramente alcalino, e as mitocôndrias saudáveis normalmente residem no citosol neutro em pH. Durante a mitofagia, mitocôndrias danificadas ou disfuncionais são seletivamente incorporadas aos autofagossomos e, eventualmente, eliminadas dentro dos lisossomos ácidos5. Vários modelos de mitofagia transgênica in vivo em camundongos, como mt-Keima6, mitoQC7 e CMMR8, bem como sondas transfectáveis de mitofagia, como o plasmídeo Cox8-EGFP-mCherry9, utilizam essa mudança de pH para fornecer avaliações quantitativas da mitofagia. O uso de camundongos transgênicos expressando a sonda de dupla excitação mt-Keima-sensível ao pH foi otimizado para avaliações de mitofagia em ilhotas e células β por citometria de fluxo10,11. A razão entre as emissões ácidas/neutras do comprimento de onda mt-Keima (a razão entre a excitação ácida de 561 nm e a excitação neutra de 480 nm) pode ser usada para quantificar robustamente a mitofagia 6,12.
Este protocolo descreve uma abordagem otimizada para avaliar o fluxo de mitofagia em ilhotas primárias e células β isoladas de camundongos transgênicos mt-Keima10,11. Embora a mt-Keima seja uma sonda altamente sensível, ela requer esquemas complicados de melhoramento animal ou a transfecção de células, o que muitas vezes pode ser desafiador quando se trabalha em combinação com outros modelos genéticos ou com ilhotas humanas primárias. Além disso, o uso de múltiplos lasers e detectores de fluorescência para identificar populações de células neutras e ácidas pode limitar o uso combinatório de outros repórteres fluorescentes.
Para superar esses desafios, este protocolo também descreve um método complementar, de canal único fluorescente, baseado em corantes para detecção robusta de mitofagia em células-β de ilhotas isoladas de camundongos. Esta abordagem, conhecida como método MtPhagy, utiliza uma combinação de três corantes permeáveis a células para selecionar células β, quantificar as populações celulares ativamente submetidas à mitofagia e avaliar o potencial de membrana mitocondrial (MMP ou Δψm) simultaneamente.
O primeiro desses corantes é o Fluozin-3-AM, um indicador Zn2+ permeável a células com um Ex/Em 494/516 nm13. As ilhotas de camundongos compreendem uma população heterogênea de células funcionalmente distintas, incluindo células α, β, δ e PP. As células-β compreendem aproximadamente 80% das células dentro da ilhota de camundongo e podem ser distinguidas de outros tipos de ilhotas devido à sua alta concentração de Zn2+ dentro dos grânulos de insulina14,15, permitindo a identificação de células-β comoa alta população de Fluozina-3-AM. O corante MtPhagy, um corante sensível ao pH que é imobilizado na mitocôndria através de uma ligação química e emite fluorescência fraca, também é utilizado neste protocolo16. Após a indução da mitofagia, as mitocôndrias danificadas são incorporadas ao lisossomo ácido, e o corante MtPhagy aumenta sua intensidade de fluorescência dentro do ambiente de pH baixo (Ex/Em 561/570-700 nm).
Além disso, a tetrametilrodamina, éster etílico (TMRE), é usada para avaliar a MMP. TMRE é um corante permeável a células com carga positiva (Ex/Em 552/575 nm) que é sequestrado por mitocôndrias saudáveis devido à carga negativa relativa sustentada por seu potencial de membrana17. Mitocôndrias danificadas ou insalubres dissipam seu potencial de membrana, resultando na diminuição da capacidade de sequestrar TMRE. Utilizando esses corantes em conjunto, as células β submetidas à mitofagia podem ser identificadas como a população baixa de MtPhagyaltaFluozin MtPhagyatravésda citometria de fluxo. Como a mitofagia é um processo dinâmico e não estático, este protocolo foi otimizado para avaliar o fluxo mitofágico usando valinomicina, um ionóforo K+ que induz mitofagia após dissipação de MMP18. A comparação da mitofagia na presença e ausência de valinomicina permite avaliar o fluxo de mitofagia em diferentes grupos amostrais.
A natureza baseada em corantes da abordagem atual permite que ela seja extrapolada para ilhotas humanas e outros tipos de células difíceis de transfectar e contorna a necessidade de esquemas complicados de criação de animais, ao contrário do protocolo mt-Keima. O objetivo geral deste protocolo é quantificar a mitofagia em células β em nível de célula única através de dois métodos independentes baseados em citometria de fluxo. Em conjunto, este protocolo descreve dois métodos poderosos e complementares que permitem precisão e flexibilidade no estudo quantitativo do controle de qualidade mitocondrial.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Attune NxT Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A24858</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>DAPI reconstituted in ddH2O to reach 0.2 &#181;g/mL stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>317275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fatty Acid Free heat shock BSA powder</td>
			<td>Equitech</td>
			<td>BAH66</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio</td>
			<td>900-108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluozin-3AM&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>F24195</td>
			<td>100 &#956;g Fluozin-3AM powder reconstituted in 51 &#956;L DMSO and 51 &#956;L Pluronic F-127 to reach 1 mM stock.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibco&#160;RPMI 1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (1M)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MtPhagy dye</td>
			<td>Dojindo</td>
			<td>MT02-10</td>
			<td>5 &#956;g MtPhagy powder reconstituted with 50 &#956;L DMSO to reach 100 &#956;M stock.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MtPhagy dye</td>
			<td>Dojindo</td>
			<td>MT02-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (100x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>1x Solution used in procotol by diluting 1:10 in ddH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline, 10x</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP399-20</td>
			<td>1x Solution used in procotol by diluting 1:10 in ddH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate (100x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td>5 &#956;g MtPhagy powder reconstituted with 50 &#956;L DMSO to reach 100 &#956;M stock.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMRE [Tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester, perchlorate]</td>
			<td>Anaspec</td>
			<td>AS-88061</td>
			<td>TMRE powder reconstituted in DMSO to reach 100 &#956;M stock.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valinomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>V0627</td>
			<td>Valinomycin powder reconsituted in DMSO to reach 250 nM stock.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

complementary approaches to interrogate mitophagy flux in pancreatic &#946;-cells

A mitofagia é um mecanismo de controle de qualidade necessário para manter a função mitocondrial ideal. A mitofagia disfuncional de células β resulta em liberação insuficiente de insulina. Avaliações quantitativas avançadas de mitofagia geralmente requerem o uso de repórteres genéticos. O modelo de camundongo mt-Keima, que expressa uma sonda de dupla excitação sensível ao pH para quantificar a mitofagia via citometria de fluxo, foi otimizado em células β. A razão entre as emissões de comprimento de onda mt-Keima ácido-neutro pode ser usada para quantificar robustamente a mitofagia. No entanto, o uso de mitofagia genética pode ser um desafio ao trabalhar com modelos genéticos complexos de camundongos ou células difíceis de transfectar, como ilhotas humanas primárias. Este protocolo descreve um novo método complementar baseado em corantes para quantificar a mitofagia de células β em ilhotas primárias usando MtPhagy. A MtPhagy é um corante celular sensível ao pH que se acumula nas mitocôndrias e aumenta sua intensidade de fluorescência quando as mitocôndrias estão em ambientes de pH baixo, como os lisossomos durante a mitofagia. Combinando o corante MtPhagy com Fluozin-3-AM, um indicador de Zn2+ que seleciona para células β, e Tetrametilrodamina, éster etílico (TMRE) para avaliar o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, o fluxo de mitofagia pode ser quantificado especificamente em células β via citometria de fluxo. Essas duas abordagens são altamente complementares, permitindo flexibilidade e precisão na avaliação do controle de qualidade mitocondrial em inúmeros modelos de células β.

Pancreatic &#946;-cells produce and secrete insulin to meet metabolic demands, and &#946;-cell dysfunction is responsible for hyperglycemia and diabetes onset in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. &#946;-Cells couple glucose metabolism with insulin secretion via mitochondrial energetics and metabolic output, which depend on a reserve of functional mitochondrial mass1,2,3. To maintain optimal &#946;-cell function, &#946;-cells rely on mitochondrial quality control mechanisms to remove aged or damaged mitochondria and preserve functional mitochondrial mass4. Selective mitochondrial autophagy, also known as mitophagy, is a key component of the mitochondrial quality control pathway.
Assessments of mitophagy in live cells often rely on changes in mitochondrial pH that occur during mitophagy. Mitochondria have a slightly alkaline pH, and healthy mitochondria normally reside in the pH-neutral cytosol. During mitophagy, damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria are selectively incorporated into autophagosomes and eventually cleared within acidic lysosomes5. Several in vivo transgenic mitophagy reporter mouse models, such as mt-Keima6, mitoQC7, and CMMR8, as well as transfectable mitophagy probes, such as the Cox8-EGFP-mCherry plasmid9, utilize this pH change to provide quantitative assessments of mitophagy. Use of transgenic mice expressing the mt-Keima pH-sensitive dual-excitation ratiometric probe has been optimized for mitophagy assessments in islets and &#946;-cells via flow cytometry10,11. The ratio of acidic-to-neutral mt-Keima wavelength emissions (the ratio of acidic 561 nm to neutral 480 nm excitation) can be used to robustly quantify mitophagy6,12.
This protocol describes an optimized approach to assess mitophagy flux in primary islets and &#946;-cells isolated from mt-Keima transgenic mice10,11. While mt-Keima is a highly sensitive probe, it requires either complicated animal breeding schemes or the transfection of cells, which can often be challenging when working in combination with other genetic models or with primary human islets. Additionally, the use of multiple fluorescence lasers and detectors to identify neutral and acidic cell populations can limit the combinatorial use of other fluorescent reporters.
To overcome these challenges, this protocol also describes a complementary, single fluorescent channel, dye-based method for robust detection of mitophagy in &#946;-cells from isolated mouse islets. This approach, referred to as the MtPhagy method, utilizes a combination of three cell-permeable dyes to select for &#946;-cells, quantify the cell populations actively undergoing mitophagy, and assess mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP or &#916;&#968;m) simultaneously.
The first of these dyes is Fluozin-3-AM, a cell-permeable Zn2+ indicator with an Ex/Em 494/516 nm13. Mouse islets comprise a heterogeneous population of functionally distinct cells, including &#945;-, &#946;-, &#948;-, and PP cells. &#946;-Cells comprise approximately 80% of cells within the mouse islet and can be distinguished from other islet cell types due to their high Zn2+ concentration within insulin granules14,15, allowing for identification of &#946;-cells as the Fluozin-3-AMhigh population. The MtPhagy dye, a pH-sensitive dye that is immobilized on mitochondria via a chemical bond and emits weak fluorescence, is also utilized in this protocol16. Upon mitophagy induction, damaged mitochondria are incorporated into the acidic lysosome, and the MtPhagy dye increases its fluorescence intensity within the low pH environment (Ex/Em 561/570-700 nm).
Additionally, Tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester (TMRE), is used to assess MMP. TMRE is a cell-permeable positively charged dye (Ex/Em 552/575 nm) that is sequestered by healthy mitochondria due to the relative negative charge upheld by their membrane potential17. Damaged or unhealthy mitochondria dissipate their membrane potential, resulting in decreased ability to sequester TMRE. Utilizing these dyes together, &#946;-cells undergoing mitophagy can be identified as the FluozinhighMtPhagyhighTMRElow population via flow cytometry. Since mitophagy is a dynamic rather than static process, this protocol was optimized to assess mitophagy flux using valinomycin, a K+-ionophore that induces mitophagy following dissipation of MMP18. Comparison of mitophagy in the presence and absence of valinomycin allows for assessment of mitophagy flux in different sample groups.
The dye-based nature of the current approach allows it to be extrapolated to human islets and other difficult-to-transfect cell types and circumvents the need for complicated animal breeding schemes, unlike the mt-Keima protocol. The overarching goal of this protocol is to quantify mitophagy in &#946;-cells at the single-cell level via two independent flow cytometry-based methods. Taken together, this protocol describes two powerful and complementary methods that allow for both precision and flexibility in the quantitative study of mitochondrial quality control.

Autor em destaque: Avaliação do fluxo de mitofagia em células β pancreáticas usando abordagens complementares eficazes e robustas 

Abordagens Complementares para Interrogar o Fluxo de Mitofagia em Células β Pancreáticas

Our protocol describes two complementary methods to study beta-cell mitophagy flux at the single-cell resolution via flow cytometry. The mt-Keima protocol utilizes a genetic mitophagy reporter, whereas the MtPhagy protocol combines three fluorescent dyes, which makes it easy to extrapolate to difficult-to-transfect cells in human samples. Assessments of mitophagy using traditional biochemical approaches and imaging approaches are both time consuming and challenging.Thus, it's important to develop new, robust, and effective methods to study mitophagy flux in beta-cells. Both the mt-Keima and MtPhagy method are quantitative assessments that are efficient for studying mitophagy flux in pancreatic beta cells. So, the Soleimanpour lab focuses on the different mechanisms that drive pancreatic beta-cell failure and diabetes.And we specifically focus on the different aspects of mitochondrial lifecycle, including mitophagy, to understand how defects in mitochondrial function drive the development of diabetes.

Avaliação da mitofagia através da abordagem MtPhagy baseada em corantes Esta abordagem baseada em corante foi otimizada para analisar o fluxo de mitofagia dentro de células primárias de β de camundongos sem a necessidade de um repórter genético, usando Fluozin-3-AM, TMRE e MtPhagy, bem como DAPI para excluir células mortas. Ao emparelhar esses corantes com valinomicina para induzir mitofagia, este protocolo delineia um método baseado em corantes para medir seletivamente o fluxo de mitofagia ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Mitophagy Flux in Pancreatic β-Cells Using Effective and Robust Complementary Approaches at JoVE.com

Este protocolo descreve dois métodos para a análise quantitativa da mitofagia em células β pancreáticas: primeiro, uma combinação de corantes específicos para mitocôndrias permeáveis a células e, segundo, um repórter de mitofagia codificado geneticamente. Essas duas técnicas são complementares e podem ser empregadas com base em necessidades específicas, permitindo flexibilidade e precisão na abordagem quantitativa do controle de qualidade mitocondrial.

Mitophagy is a quality control mechanism necessary to maintain optimal mitochondrial function. Dysfunctional &#946;-cell mitophagy results in insufficient ...

Nosso protocolo descreve dois métodos complementares para estudar o fluxo de mitofagia de células beta na resolução de célula única via citometria de fluxo. O protocolo mt-Keima utiliza um repórter genético de mitofagia, enquanto o protocolo MtPhagy combina três corantes fluorescentes, o que facilita a extrapolação para células difíceis de transfectar em amostras humanas. As avaliações da mitofagia usando abordagens bioquímicas tradicionais e abordagens de imagem são demoradas e desafiadoras.Assim, é importante desenvolver métodos novos, robustos e eficazes para estudar o fluxo de mitofagia em células beta. Tanto o método mt-Keima quanto o método mtPhagy são avaliações quantitativas eficientes para estudar o fluxo de mitofagia em células beta pancreáticas. Assim, o laboratório de Soleimanpour se concentra nos diferentes mecanismos que conduzem a falência das células beta pancreáticas e o diabetes.E nos concentramos especificamente nos diferentes aspectos do ciclo de vida mitocondrial, incluindo a mitofagia, para entender como defeitos na função mitocondrial impulsionam o desenvolvimento do diabetes.

complementary-approaches-to-interrogate-mitophagy-flux-pancreatic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Complementary Approaches to Interrogate Mitophagy Flux in Pancreatic &#946;-Cells

Mitophagy is a quality control mechanism necessary to maintain optimal mitochondrial function. Dysfunctional &#946;-cell mitophagy results in insufficient insulin release. Advanced quantitative assessments of mitophagy often require the use of genetic reporters. The mt-Keima mouse model, which expresses a mitochondria-targeted pH-sensitive dual-excitation ratiometric probe for quantifying mitophagy via flow cytometry, has been optimized in &#946;-cells. The ratio of acidic-to-neutral mt-Keima wavelength emissions can be used to robustly quantify mitophagy. However, using genetic mitophagy reporters can be challenging when working with complex genetic mouse models or difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary human islets. This protocol describes a novel complementary dye-based method to quantify &#946;-cell mitophagy in primary islets using MtPhagy. MtPhagy is a pH-sensitive, cell-permeable dye that accumulates in the mitochondria and increases its fluorescence intensity when mitochondria are in low pH environments, such as lysosomes during mitophagy. By combining the MtPhagy dye with Fluozin-3-AM, a Zn2+ indicator that selects for &#946;-cells, and Tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester (TMRE) to assess mitochondrial membrane potential, mitophagy flux can be quantified specifically in &#946;-cells via flow cytometry. These two approaches are highly complementary, allowing for flexibility and precision in assessing mitochondrial quality control in numerous &#946;-cell models.

This protocol outlines two methods for the quantitative analysis of mitophagy in pancreatic &#946;-cells: first, a combination of cell-permeable mitochondria-specific dyes, and second, a genetically encoded mitophagy reporter. These two techniques are complementary and can be deployed based on specific needs, allowing for flexibility and precision in quantitatively addressing mitochondrial quality control.

Biologia

Single-Cell Dissociation of Murine Islets for Flow Cytometric Analysis of &#946;-Cell Mitophagy

Begin by culturing the eyelet samples isolated from regular fat diet or high fat diet mice overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. Design the desired experimental conditions for the study. For each experimental condition, using a pipette, pick 100 eyelets into a six centimeter Petri dish containing two milliliters of eyelet medium.To induce Mitophagy, treat the eyelets in the appropriate Petri dishes with two microliters of 250 nano molar Valinomycin stock for three hours. Isolate the eyelets and using a pipette, transfer the eyelets from each Petri dish to a separate micro centrifuge tube. Then, spin the eyelets at 350 G for one minute at 10 degrees Celsius and using a pipette, discard the supernatant.Wash the obtained sample twice with one milliliter of PBS. Between the washes, spin the sample and discard the supernatant as demonstrated previously. To dissociate eyelets into single cells, add 500 microliters of 0.05%Trypsin prewarmed to 37 degrees celsius, to one sample tube.Pipette the contents of the tube up and down repeatedly until the eyelets are visibly dispersed. Immediately add one milliliter of prewarmed eyelet medium to neutralize trypsin. Spin the samples at 500 G for five minutes at 10 degrees Celsius.Remove the supernatant carefully without disturbing the pellet. Then, wash the samples two times with eyelet flow medium. The cell samples are now ready to be stained for flow cytometric analysis of beta cell mitophagy.

Dissociação unicelular de ilhotas murinas para análise por citometria de fluxo de mitofagia de β células

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Mitophagy in Murine Pancreatic &#946;-Cells Using MtPhagy Dye

Proceed to perform flow cytometric analysis of beta cell mitophagy, with a single cell suspension of about 100 isolated mirroring islets prepared, corresponding to each desired experimental condition to be studied. First, resuspend the islet samples for each condition in 500 microliters of islet flow medium. Add 0.25 microliters of MtPhagy stock to tubes designated to receive the MtPhagy dye.Similarly, add 0.25 microliters of TMRE stock and fluozin-3-AM stock to the respective designated tubes. Wrap the tubes in aluminum foil and vortex each tube at low speed for five seconds to mix the contents. Then incubate the tubes at 37 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Halfway through incubation, vortex each sample at low speed for five to 10 seconds. After incubation, centrifuge the tubes at 350 G for one minute at 10 degrees Celsius. Discard the supernatant.And resuspend the samples in 500 microliters of islet flow medium. Add DAPI to the microcentrifuge tubes containing samples that require DAPI treatment. Centrifuge again and discard the supernatant as demonstrated previously.Resuspend the residue in 500 microliters of islet flow medium. Finally, place the samples on ice and then proceed with flow cytometry. Adjust the voltages for forward scatter or FSC and side scatter or SSC to ensure cell populations are at the center of the scatter plot.To exclude multiplets, at a rectangular gate on FSC height versus FSC width, followed by SSC height versus SSC width. Adjust voltages and compensation for DAPI to filter for live beta cells. Set fluorescence gates for each fluorophore used based on the unstained RFD sample.Once gates are established, collect 10, 000 events per sample. Beta cells with high utilization of mitophagy were defined as the fluozin high MtPhagy high TMRE low population in quadrant three or Q3.Basal and valinomycin-induced mitophagy levels were characterized in both RFD and HFD islets.

Análise por Citometria de Fluxo da Mitofagia em Células β Pancreáticas Murinas Utilizando o Corante MtPhagy

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Mitophagy in Murine Pancreatic &#946;-Cells Using the Genetically Encoded mt-Keima Reporter

To assess mitophagy in murine pancreatic beta cells using the genetically encoded mitophagy reporter, culture pancreatic islets isolated from wild type and Mt-Keima mice overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. The following day, add 100 islets into a six centimeter Petri dish containing two milliliters of islet medium for each experimental condition used in this protocol. Next, to dissociate the eyelets into single cells and stain with FluoZin-3-AM and DAPI as demonstrated previously for the Mt-Phagy dye based approach.Then proceed with the flow cytometric analysis of the samples. Adjust the forward scatter or FSC and side scatter or SSC voltages to attain an even distribution of cells on an SSCA versus FSCA plot. To select single cells and exclude multiplets, add a rectangular gate on FSC height versus FSC width, followed by SSC height versus SSE width.The multiplets are excluded due to their higher width signal values. Then set up a DAPI negative gate to exclude dead cells. After that, set up FluoZin-3-AM positive gates to filter for live beta cells.Set up a triangle gating scheme using the Mt-Keima positive sample to identify acidic and neutral cell populations. Once the primary and fluorescence gates were established, assess mitophagy flux using basal and valinomycin-induced changes in Mt-Keima fluorescence.