Name: 作者聚焦：通过自动孔径测量推进气孔研究
Uploaded: 2024-02-09T13:55:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Advancing Stomatal Research with Automated Aperture Measurement at JoVE.com

我们感谢研究项目“通过组装植物-微生物全息生物共同创造植物适应性状”的所有成员进行了富有成效的讨论。这项工作得到了变革性研究领域的补助金（21H05151 和 21H05149 到 A.M. 和 21H05152 到 Y.T.）和挑战性探索性研究的补助金（22K19178 到 A.M.）的支持。

1. 种植植物
<ol><li>为了打破休眠，将 拟南芥 （Col-0）种子重悬于去离子水中，并在4°C下在黑暗中孵育4天。</li>
	<li>将种子播种在土壤上，并在装有白色荧光灯的房间中生长。保持以下生长条件：温度为22°C，光强度为6,000勒克斯（约100μmol /m 2 / s）10小时，相对湿度为60%。</li>
	<li>需要时，用液体肥料给植物浇水。接种前 1 周至 2 天不要浇水，接种前 1 天浇水。</li>
</ol...

拟南芥中细菌入侵的气孔反应自动测量

<ol>
	<li>Shimono, M., Higaki, T., Kaku, H., Shibuya, N., Hasezawa, S., Day, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+evaluation+of+stomatal+cytoskeletal+patterns+during+the+activation+of+immune+signaling+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Quantitative evaluation of stomatal cytoskeletal patterns during the activation of immune signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> PLoS One. 11, e0159291 (2016).</li><li>Bourdais, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+quantitative+imaging+to+investigate+regulators+of+membrane+trafficking+in+Arabidopsis+stomatal+closure.">The use of quantitative imaging to investigate regulators of membrane trafficking in Arabidopsis stomatal closure.</a> Traffic. 20 (2), 168-180 (2019).</li><li>Higaki, T., Kutsuna, N., Hasezawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CARTA-based+semi-automatic+detection+of+stomatal+regions+on+an+Arabidopsis+cotyledon+surface.">CARTA-based semi-automatic detection of stomatal regions on an Arabidopsis cotyledon surface.</a> Plant Morphology. 26 (1), 9-12 (2014).</li><li>Eisele, J. F., F&#228;&#223;ler, F., B&#252;rgel, F., Chaban, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+and+simple+method+for+microscopy-based+stomata+analyses.">A rapid and simple method for microscopy-based stomata analyses.</a> PLoS One. 11, e0164576 (2016).</li><li>Chitraker, R., Melotto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+stomatal+response+to+live+bacterial+cells+using+whole+leaf+imaging.">Assessing stomatal response to live bacterial cells using whole leaf imaging.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 44, 2185 (2010).</li><li>Sai, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=StomaAI:+an+efficient+and+user-friendly+tool+for+measurement+of+stomatal+pores+and+density+using+deep+computer+vision.">StomaAI: an efficient and user-friendly tool for measurement of stomatal pores and density using deep computer vision.</a> New Phytologist. 238 (2), 904-915 (2023).</li><li>Takagi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-based+quantification+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana+stomatal+aperture+from+leaf+images.">Image-based quantification of Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal aperture from leaf images.</a> Plant and Cell Physiology. pcad018, (2023).</li><li>Melotto, M., Zhang, L., Oblessuc, P. R., He, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stomatal+defense+a+decade+later.">Stomatal defense a decade later.</a> Plant Physiology. 174 (2), 561-571 (2017).</li><li>Melotto, M., Underwood, W., Koczan, J., Nomura, K., He, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+stomata+function+in+innate+immunity+against+bacterial+invasion.">Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion.</a> Cell. 126 (5), 969-980 (2006).</li><li>Zeng, W., He, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prominent+role+of+the+flagellin+receptor+FLAGELLIN-SENSING2+in+mediating+stomatal+response+to+Pseudomonas+syringae+pv+tomato+DC3000+in+Arabidopsis.">A prominent role of the flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 in mediating stomatal response to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Physiology. 153 (3), 1188-1198 (2010).</li><li>Zheng, X. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronatine+promotes+Pseudomonas+syringae+virulence+in+plants+by+activating+a+signaling+cascade+that+inhibits+salicylic+acid+accumulation.">Coronatine promotes Pseudomonas syringae virulence in plants by activating a signaling cascade that inhibits salicylic acid accumulation.</a> Cell Host and Microbe. 11 (6), 587-596 (2012).</li><li>Raffeiner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Xanthomonas+type-III+effector+XopS+stabilizes+CaWRKY40a+to+regulate+defense+responses+and+stomatal+immunity+in+pepper+(Capsicum+annuum).">The Xanthomonas type-III effector XopS stabilizes CaWRKY40a to regulate defense responses and stomatal immunity in pepper (Capsicum annuum).</a> The Plant Cell. 34 (5), 1684-1708 (2022).</li><li>Munemasa, S., Hauser, F., Park, J., Waadt, R., Brandt, B., Schroeder, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+abscisic+acid-mediated+control+of+stomatal+aperture.">Mechanisms of abscisic acid-mediated control of stomatal aperture.</a> Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 28, 154-162 (2015).</li><li>F&#246;rster, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wounding-induced+stomatal+closure+requires+jasmonate-mediated+activation+of+GORK+K++channels+by+a+Ca2++sensor-kinase+CBL1-CIPK5+complex.">Wounding-induced stomatal closure requires jasmonate-mediated activation of GORK K+ channels by a Ca2+ sensor-kinase CBL1-CIPK5 complex.</a> Developmental Cell. 48 (1), 87-99 (2018).</li><li>Cheng, Y. T., Zhang, L., He, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant-microbe+interactions+facing+environmental+challenge.">Plant-microbe interactions facing environmental challenge.</a> Cell Host and Microbe. 26 (2), 183-192 (2019).</li></ol>

以前的研究使用表皮剥离、叶盘或分离的叶子来研究气孔对细菌入侵的反应 9,11,12。相比之下，本研究提出的方法利用便携式气孔成像设备直接观察喷洒接种Pto后附着在植物上的叶子上的气孔，模拟细菌入侵的自然条件。此外，由于该方法不涉及破坏性的样品制备过程，例如叶片脱落、叶盘切除和表皮剥离，因此可以避?...

气孔是植物叶子和其他地上部分表面被一对保卫细胞包围的微观孔隙。在不断变化的环境中，气孔的调节是植物控制光合作用所需的二氧化碳吸收的核心，而代价是通过蒸腾作用流失水分。因此，气孔孔径的量化有助于了解植物的环境适应性。然而，量化气孔本质上是耗时和繁琐的，因为它需要人工来发现和测量显微镜捕获的叶片图像中的气孔。为了规避这些限制，已经开发了各种方法来促进拟南芥气孔的量化，拟南芥是一种广泛用于研究气孔生物学的模式植物1,2,3,4,5,6。例如，孔径计可用于测量蒸腾速率，作为气孔导度的指标。然而，该方法不能提供关于确定气孔导率的气孔数和孔径的直接信息。一些研究使用共聚焦显微镜技术，使用荧光肌动蛋白标记物、荧光染料或细胞壁自发荧光1、2、3、4、5 突出气孔。虽然这些方法有助于气孔的检测，但操作共聚焦显微镜设施和制备显微镜样品的成本可能会成为常规应用的障碍。在Sai等人的一项开创性工作中，开发了一种深度神经网络模型，用于从拟南芥表皮剥离的明场显微图像中自动测量气孔孔径6。然而，这项创新并没有免除研究人员为显微镜观察准备表皮剥离的任务。最近，通过开发一种便携式成像设备克服了这一障碍，该设备可以通过捏住拟南芥的叶子来观察气孔，以及基于深度学习的图像分析管道，该管道可以从设备捕获的叶子图像中自动测量气孔孔径7。
气孔有助于植物对细菌病原体的先天免疫力。这种免疫反应的关键是气孔闭合，它限制细菌通过微观孔进入叶片内部，细菌病原体在那里增殖并引起疾病8.通过质膜定位模式识别受体 （PRR） 识别微生物相关分子模式 （MAMP） 时，诱导气孔闭合，MAMP 是一类微生物通常共有的免疫原性分子9。细菌鞭毛蛋白的 22 个氨基酸表位称为 flg22，是一种典型的 MAMP，它通过被 PRR FLS210 识别来诱导气孔闭合。作为对策，细菌病原体如丁香假单胞菌pv。番茄DC3000 （Pto） 和 Xanthomonas campestris pv.囊泡已经进化出毒力机制来重新打开气孔 9,11,12。这些对细菌病原体的气孔反应已在测定中进行了常规分析，其中叶表皮皮、叶盘或分离的叶子漂浮在细菌悬浮液上，然后在显微镜下观察气孔，然后手动测量气孔孔径。然而，这些测定很麻烦，可能无法反映附着在植物上的叶子中发生的对自然细菌入侵的气孔反应。
在这里，提出了一种简单的方法，用于在密切模拟自然植物-细菌相互作用的条件下研究 Pto 入侵期间的气孔关闭和重新开放。该方法利用便携式成像设备直接观察附着在接种Pto的植物上的叶片上的拟南芥气孔，以及用于自动测量气孔孔径的图像分析管道。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Nakarai tesque</td>
			<td>01028-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Airbrush kits</td>
			<td>ANEST IWATA</td>
			<td>MX2900</td>
			<td>Accessory kits for SPRINT JET</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotron</td>
			<td>Nippon Medical &#38; Chemical Instruments</td>
			<td>LPH-411S</td>
			<td>Plant Growth Chamber with white fluorescent light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>072-00626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Half tray</td>
			<td>Sakata</td>
			<td>72000113</td>
			<td>A set of tray and lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyponex</td>
			<td>Hyponex</td>
			<td>No catalogue number available</td>
			<td>Dilute the solution of Hyponex at a ratio of 1:2000 in deionized water for watering plants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>Natinal Institute of Health</td>
			<td>Download at https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html</td>
			<td>Used for manual measurement of stomatal aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>164-04295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>163-03545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOH</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>168-21815</td>
			<td>For MES-KOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MES</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>343-01621</td>
			<td>For MES-KOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Portable stomatal imaging device</td>
			<td>Phytometrics</td>
			<td>Order at https://www.phytometrics.jp/</td>
			<td>Takagi et al.(2023) doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcad018.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rifampicin</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>185-01003</td>
			<td>Dissolve in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silwet-L77</td>
			<td>Bio medical science</td>
			<td>BMS-SL7755</td>
			<td>silicone surfactant used in spray inoculation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPRINT JET</td>
			<td>ANEST IWATA</td>
			<td>IS-800</td>
			<td>Airbrush used for spray inoculation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperMix A</td>
			<td>Sakata seed</td>
			<td>72000083</td>
			<td>Mix with Vermiculite G20 in equal proportions for preparing soil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Nakarai tesque</td>
			<td>35640-95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vermiculite G20</td>
			<td>Nittai</td>
			<td>No catalogue number available</td>
			<td>Mix with Super Mix A in equal proportions for preparing soil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White fluorescent light</td>
			<td>NEC</td>
			<td>FHF32EX-N-HX-S</td>
			<td>Used for Biotron</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

direct observation and automated measurement of stomatal responses to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in arabidopsis thaliana

气孔是在植物叶片表皮中发现的微小孔隙。气孔的调节不仅对于平衡光合作用和蒸腾水分损失的二氧化碳吸收至关重要，而且对于限制细菌入侵也至关重要。当植物在识别微生物时关闭气孔，致病细菌，如 丁香假单胞菌 pv。 番茄 DC3000 （Pto），重新打开闭合的气孔以进入叶片内部。在评估气孔对细菌入侵反应的常规测定中，将叶表皮皮、叶盘或分离的叶漂浮在细菌悬浮液上，然后在显微镜下观察气孔，然后手动测量气孔孔径。然而，这些测定很麻烦，可能无法反映附着在植物上的叶子对自然细菌入侵的气孔反应。最近，开发了一种便携式成像设备，可以通过捏住叶子而不将其从植物上分离来观察气孔，以及基于深度学习的图像分析管道，旨在从设备捕获的叶子图像中自动测量气孔孔径。在这里，在这些技术进步的基础上，介绍了一种评估 拟南芥 细菌入侵的气孔反应的新方法。该方法包括三个简单的步骤：模拟自然感染过程的 Pto 喷雾接种，使用便携式成像设备直接观察 Pto接种植物叶子上的气孔，以及通过图像分析管道自动测量气孔径。该方法成功地用于在 Pto 侵袭期间在密切模拟天然植物-细菌相互作用的条件下气孔关闭和重新开放。

Stomata are microscopic pores surrounded by a pair of guard cells on the surface of leaves and other aerial parts of plants. Under ever-changing environments, regulation of the stomatal aperture is central for plants to control the carbon dioxide uptake required for photosynthesis at the expense of water loss via transpiration. Thus, quantification of the stomatal aperture has been instrumental to understanding plant environmental adaptation. However, quantifying the stomatal aperture is inherently time-consuming and cumbersome as it requires human labor to spot and measure stomatal pores in a leaf image captured by a microscope. To circumvent these limitations, various methods have been developed to facilitate the quantification of stomatal aperture in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant extensively used to study stomatal biology1,2,3,4,5,6. For instance, a porometer can be used to measure transpiration rate as a metric of stomatal conductance. However, this method does not provide direct information on the stomatal number and aperture that determine stomatal conductance. Some studies have used confocal microscopy techniques highlighting stomatal pores using a fluorescent actin marker, a fluorescent dye, or cell wall autofluorescence1,2,3,4,5. While these approaches facilitate the detection of stomata, the cost of both operating a confocal microscopy facility and preparing microscopy samples can be an obstacle to routine application. In a ground-breaking work by Sai et al., a deep neural network model was developed to automatically measure stomatal aperture from bright-field microscopic images of A. thaliana epidermal peels6. Yet, this innovation does not exempt researchers from the task of preparing an epidermal peel for microscopic observation. Recently, this obstacle was overcome by developing a portable imaging device that can observe stomata by pinching a leaf of A. thaliana, together with a deep learning-based image analysis pipeline that automatically measures stomatal aperture from leaf images captured by the device7.
Stomata contribute to plant innate immunity against bacterial pathogens. The key to this immune response is stomatal closure that restricts bacterial entry through the microscopic pore into the leaf interior, where bacterial pathogens proliferate and cause diseases8. Stomatal closure is induced upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), immunogenic molecules that are often common to a class of microbes, by plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)9. A 22 amino acid epitope of bacterial flagellin known as flg22 is a typical MAMP that induces stomatal closure through its recognition by the PRR FLS210. As a countermeasure, bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria have evolved virulence mechanisms to reopen stomata9,11,12. These stomatal responses to bacterial pathogens have been conventionally analyzed in assays in which either leaf epidermal peels, leaf discs, or detached leaves are floated on bacterial suspension, and then stomata are observed under a microscope followed by manual measurement of stomatal aperture. However, these assays are cumbersome and may not reflect stomatal responses to natural bacterial invasion that occur in a leaf attached to the plant.
Here, a simple method is presented to investigate stomatal closure and reopening during Pto invasion under the condition that closely mimics the natural plant-bacteria interaction. This method leverages the portable imaging device for direct observation of A. thaliana stomata on a leaf attached to the plant inoculated with Pto, together with the image analysis pipeline for automated measurement of stomatal aperture.

作者聚焦：通过自动孔径测量推进气孔研究

直接观察和自动测量对丁香假单胞菌 pv 的气孔反应。番茄拟南芥中的DC3000

Plantal stomata play central roles in adaptation to stress conditions, so we need to measure stomata aperture to understand how plants respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, stomata aperture measurement is time-consuming and cumbersome. To measure stomata aperture, we peel the epidermis and observe stomata under a microscope.Then we manually measure stomata aperture, which takes a long time even for very experienced researchers. We challenged these barriers and developed a tool and a technique that can automatically measure stomata aperture in intact Arabidopsis leaves. So we strongly believe that stomata measuring device and deep-learning algorithm that we developed will facilitate functional analysis of stomata responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses because these technical advances significantly reduce time and human labor required for stomata aperture measurement.

喷洒接种Pto后，通过便携式气孔成像设备直接观察附着在接种植物上的叶子上的气孔。使用手动和自动测量，使用相同的叶片图像通过获取大约 60 个气孔的宽度与长度之比来计算气孔孔径。手动和自动测量一致表明，在接种后 1 小时 （hpi） 时，与模拟接种的植物相比，Pto 接种植物的气孔孔径减小（图 3A，B），表明拟南芥植物在响应 Pto 入侵<stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Advancing Stomatal Research with Automated Aperture Measurement at JoVE.com

在这里，我们提出了一种简单的方法，用于直接观察和自动测量 拟南芥对细菌入侵的气孔反应。该方法利用便携式气孔成像设备，以及专为设备捕获的叶片图像而设计的图像分析管道。

Stomata are microscopic pores found in the plant leaf epidermis. Regulation of stomatal aperture is pivotal not only for balancing carbon dioxide uptake ...

植物气孔在适应胁迫条件方面起着核心作用，因此我们需要测量气孔孔径，以了解植物如何响应生物和非生物胁迫。然而，气孔孔径测量既费时又繁琐。为了测量气孔孔径，我们剥离表皮并在显微镜下观察气孔。然后我们手动测量气孔孔径，即使对于非常有经验的研究人员来说，这也需要很长时间。我们挑战了这些障碍，并开发了一种工具和技术，可以自动测量完整拟南芥叶片中的气孔孔径。因此，我们坚信，我们开发的气孔测量装置和深度学习算法将促进气孔对各种生物和非生物胁迫响应的功能分析，因为这些技术进步大大减少了气孔孔径测量所需的时间和人力。

direct-observation-automated-measurement-stomatal-responses-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Direct Observation and Automated Measurement of Stomatal Responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Stomata are microscopic pores found in the plant leaf epidermis. Regulation of stomatal aperture is pivotal not only for balancing carbon dioxide uptake for photosynthesis and transpirational water loss but also for restricting bacterial invasion. While plants close stomata upon recognition of microbes, pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto), reopen the closed stomata to gain access into the leaf interior. In conventional assays for assessing stomatal responses to bacterial invasion, leaf epidermal peels, leaf discs, or detached leaves are floated on bacterial suspension, and then stomata are observed under a microscope followed by manual measurement of stomatal aperture. However, these assays are cumbersome and may not reflect stomatal responses to natural bacterial invasion in a leaf attached to the plant. Recently, a portable imaging device was developed that can observe stomata by pinching a leaf without detaching it from the plant, together with a deep learning-based image analysis pipeline designed to automatically measure stomatal aperture from leaf images captured by the device. Here, building on these technical advances, a new method to assess stomatal responses to bacterial invasion in Arabidopsis thaliana is introduced. This method consists of three simple steps: spray inoculation of Pto mimicking natural infection processes, direct observation of stomata on a leaf of the Pto-inoculated plant using the portable imaging device, and automated measurement of stomatal aperture by the image analysis pipeline. This method was successfully used to demonstrate stomatal closure and reopening during Pto invasion under conditions that closely mimic the natural plant-bacteria interaction.

Here, we present a simple method for direct observation and automated measurement of stomatal responses to bacterial invasion in Arabidopsis thaliana. This method leverages a portable stomatal imaging device, together with an image analysis pipeline designed for leaf images captured by the device.

科研

免疫与感染

Induction of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana for Automated Stomatal Response Measurement

诱导丁香假单胞菌 pv.番茄拟南芥的DC3000感染用于自动气孔反应测量

Automated Measurement of Stomatal Response in Arabidopsis thaliana in Response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Infection