Name: Forfatter Spotlight: Udvikling og karakterisering af miljøvenlige ligninbaserede mikropartikler til forbedret levering af bioflavonoider
Uploaded: 2024-03-01T14:05:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Lignin-Based Microparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Bioflavonoids at JoVE.com

Denne undersøgelse blev støttet af den bulgarske videnskabelige fond under kontrakt nr. KΠ-06 H59/3 og af videnskabeligt projekt nr. 07/2023 FVM, Trakia Universitet.

1. Syntese af ligninmikropartikler
<ol><li>Forbered en 50 mg / ml alkali lignin vandig opløsning ved at opløse 2,5 g alkali lignin i 50 ml ultrarent vand på en magnetisk omrører.</li>
	<li>Forbered 1% Tween 80 opløsning ved at opløse 1 ml Tween 80 i 100 ml ultrarent vand.</li>
	<li>Forbered en 2 M opløsning af HNO3 ved at fortynde 6,65 ml 67% HNO3 (densitet = 1,413 g / ml) med ultrarent vand til et slutvolumen på 50 ml.</li>
	<li>Der tilsættes langsomt 15 ml af 1% Tween 8...

Lignin mikro-/submikron-partikelsyntese til frigivelse af bioflavonoider

<ol>
	<li>Yu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+nanoparticles+with+high+phenolic+content+as+efficient+antioxidant+and+sun-blocker+for+food+and+cosmetics.">Lignin nanoparticles with high phenolic content as efficient antioxidant and sun-blocker for food and cosmetics.</a> ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 11 (10), 4082-4092 (2023).</li><li>Boarino, A., Klok, H. -. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opportunities+and+challenges+for+lignin+valorization+in+food+packaging,+antimicrobial,+and+agricultural+applications.">Opportunities and challenges for lignin valorization in food packaging, antimicrobial, and agricultural applications.</a> Biomacromolecules. 24 (3), 1065-1077 (2023).</li><li>Aadil, K., Barapatre, A., Jha, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+characterization+of+Acacia+lignin-gelatin+film+for+its+possible+application+in+food+packaging.">Synthesis and characterization of Acacia lignin-gelatin film for its possible application in food packaging.</a> Bioresour. Bioprocess. 3 (27), 1-11 (2016).</li><li>Sharma, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valorization+of+lignin+into+nanoparticles+and+nanogel:+characterization+and+application.">Valorization of lignin into nanoparticles and nanogel: characterization and application.</a> Bioresour. Technol. Reports. 18, 101041 (2022).</li><li>Zadeh, E. M., O'Keefe, S. F., Kim, Y. -. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilization+of+lignin+in+biopolymeric+packaging+films.">Utilization of lignin in biopolymeric packaging films.</a> ACS Omega. 3 (7), 7388-7398 (2018).</li><li>Beaucamp, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+for+energy+applications+-+state+of+the+art,+life+cycle,+technoeconomic+analysis+and+future+trends+(Critical+Review).">Lignin for energy applications - state of the art, life cycle, technoeconomic analysis and future trends (Critical Review).</a> Green Chem. 24, 8193-8226 (2022).</li><li>Antunes, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+sugarcane+to+skin:+Lignin+as+a+multifunctional+ingredient+for+cosmetic+application.">From sugarcane to skin: Lignin as a multifunctional ingredient for cosmetic application.</a> Int J Biol Macromol. 234, 123592 (2023).</li><li>Garg, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+lignin+nanoparticles+for+cancer+drug+delivery:+An+update.">Applications of lignin nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery: An update.</a> Materials Letters. 311, 131573 (2022).</li><li>Anushikha, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+as+a+UV+blocking,+antioxidant,+and+antimicrobial+agent+for+food+packaging+applications.">Lignin as a UV blocking, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agent for food packaging applications.</a> Biomass Conv. Bioref. , 1-14 (2023).</li><li>Freitas, F. M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=synthesis+of+lignin+nano-+and+micro-particles:+Physicochemical+characterization,+bioactive+properties+and+cytotoxicity+assessment.">synthesis of lignin nano- and micro-particles: Physicochemical characterization, bioactive properties and cytotoxicity assessment.</a> Int J Biol Macromol. 163, 1798-1809 (2020).</li><li>Rismawati, R., Nurdin, I. A., Pradiptha, M. N., Maulidiyah, A., Mubarakati, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+characterization+of+lignin+nanoparticles+from+rice+straw+after+biosynthesis+using+Lactobacillus+bulgaricus.">Preparation and characterization of lignin nanoparticles from rice straw after biosynthesis using Lactobacillus bulgaricus.</a> Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 9th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation of Natural Sciences and its Application. 1524, 012070 (2020).</li><li>Worku, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+lignin+nanoparticles+from+Oxytenanthera+abyssinica+by+nanoprecipitation+method+followed+by+ultrasonication+for+the+nanocomposite+application.">Synthesis of lignin nanoparticles from Oxytenanthera abyssinica by nanoprecipitation method followed by ultrasonication for the nanocomposite application.</a> Journal of King Saud University - Science. 35 (7), 102793 (2023).</li><li>Gala Morena, A., Tzanov, T. z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+lignin-based+nanoparticles+and+their+use+in+composite+materials.">Antibacterial lignin-based nanoparticles and their use in composite materials.</a> Nanoscale Adv. 4, 4447-4469 (2022).</li><li>Ivanova, D., Nikolova, G., Karamalakova, Y., Marutsova, V., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water-soluble+alkali+lignin+as+a+natural+radical+scavenger+and+anticancer+alternative.">Water-soluble alkali lignin as a natural radical scavenger and anticancer alternative.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 24 (16), 12705 (2023).</li><li>Ivanova, D., Toneva, M., Simeonov, E., Antov, G., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Newly+synthesized+lignin+microparticles+as+bioinspired+oral+drug-delivery+vehicles:+Flavonoid-carrier+potential+and+in+vitro+radical-scavenging+activity.">Newly synthesized lignin microparticles as bioinspired oral drug-delivery vehicles: Flavonoid-carrier potential and in vitro radical-scavenging activity.</a> Pharmaceutics. 15 (4), 1067 (2023).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+potential+of+conjugated+lignin/morin/chitosan+combinations+as+a+function+of+system+complexity.">Antimicrobial potential of conjugated lignin/morin/chitosan combinations as a function of system complexity.</a> Antibiotics. 11, 650 (2022).</li><li>Handral, H. K., Wyrobnik, T. A., Lam, A. T. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+trends+in+biodegradable+microcarriers+for+therapeutic+applications.">Emerging trends in biodegradable microcarriers for therapeutic applications.</a> Polymers. 15 (6), 1487 (2023).</li><li>Figueiredo, P., Lintinen, K., Hirvonen, J. T., Kostiainen, M. A., Santos, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+and+chemical+modifications+of+lignin:+Towards+lignin-based+nanomaterials+for+biomedical+applications.">Properties and chemical modifications of lignin: Towards lignin-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications.</a> Prog. Mater. Sci. 93, 233-269 (2018).</li><li>Tang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin-based+nanoparticles:+a+review+on+their+preparations+and+applications.">Lignin-based nanoparticles: a review on their preparations and applications.</a> Polymers. 12 (11), 2471 (2020).</li><li>Zhao, W., Simmons, B., Singh, S., Ragauskas, A., Cheng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+lignin+association+to+nano-/micro-particle+preparation:+extracting+higher+value+of+lignin.">From lignin association to nano-/micro-particle preparation: extracting higher value of lignin.</a> Green Chemistry. 18 (21), 5693-5700 (2016).</li><li>Stewart, H., Golding, M., Matia-Merino, L., Archer, R., Davies, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manufacture+of+lignin+microparticles+by+anti-solvent+precipitation:+Effect+of+preparation+temperature+and+presence+of+sodium+dodecyl+sulfate.">Manufacture of lignin microparticles by anti-solvent precipitation: Effect of preparation temperature and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.</a> Food Res Int. 66, 93-99 (2014).</li><li>Beisl, S., Friedl, A., Miltner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+from+micro-+to+nanosize:+Applications.">Lignin from micro- to nanosize: Applications.</a> Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 2367 (2017).</li><li>Mishra, P. K., Ekielski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+to+synthesize+lignin+nanoparticles.">A simple method to synthesize lignin nanoparticles.</a> Colloids Interfaces. 3, 52 (2019).</li><li>Qian, Y., Deng, Y., Qiu, X., Li, H., Yang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+uniform+colloidal+spheres+from+lignin,+a+renewable+resource+recovered+from+pulping+spent+liquor.">Formation of uniform colloidal spheres from lignin, a renewable resource recovered from pulping spent liquor.</a> Green Chem. 16, 2156-2163 (2014).</li><li>Tardy, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+nano-+and+microparticles+as+template+for+nanostructured+materials:+formation+of+hollow+metal-phenolic+capsules.">Lignin nano- and microparticles as template for nanostructured materials: formation of hollow metal-phenolic capsules.</a> Green Chem. 20, 1335-1344 (2018).</li><li>Silva, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraquat-loaded+alginate/chitosan+nanoparticles:+preparation,+characterization+and+soil+sorption+studies.">Paraquat-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and soil sorption studies.</a> J Haz Mat. 190 (1-3), 366-374 (2011).</li><li>Georgieva, N., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+evaluation+of+natural+and+acid-modified+layered+mineral+materials+as+rimifon-carriers+using+UV/VIS,+FTIR,+and+equilibrium+sorption+study.">Comparative evaluation of natural and acid-modified layered mineral materials as rimifon-carriers using UV/VIS, FTIR, and equilibrium sorption study.</a> Cogent Chem. 1 (1), 1-16 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, P., Chen, D., Li, L., Sun, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Charge+reversal+nano-systems+for+tumor+therapy.">Charge reversal nano-systems for tumor therapy.</a> J Nanobiotechnol. 20, 31 (2022).</li><li>Yaneva, Z. L., Georgieva, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+diazo+dye+from+the+aqueous+phase+by+biosorption+onto+ball-milled+maize+cob+(BMMC)+biomass+of+Zea+mays.">Removal of diazo dye from the aqueous phase by biosorption onto ball-milled maize cob (BMMC) biomass of Zea mays.</a> Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 32 (1), 133-149 (2013).</li><li>Zatorska, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-loading+capacity+of+polylactide-based+micro-+and+nanoparticles+-+Experimental+and+molecular+modeling+study.">Drug-loading capacity of polylactide-based micro- and nanoparticles - Experimental and molecular modeling study.</a> Int J Pharmaceutics. 591, 120031 (2020).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N., Grumezescu, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+5+-+Physicochemical+and+morphological+characterization+of+pharmaceutical+nanocarriers+and+mathematical+modeling+of+drug+encapsulation/release+mass+transfer+processes.">Chapter 5 - Physicochemical and morphological characterization of pharmaceutical nanocarriers and mathematical modeling of drug encapsulation/release mass transfer processes.</a> Nanoscale Fabrication, Optimization, Scale-Up and Biological Aspects of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. , 173-218 (2018).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N., Staleva, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+d,l-&#945;-tocopherol+acetate/zeolite+carrier+system:+equilibrium+study.">Development of d,l-&#945;-tocopherol acetate/zeolite carrier system: equilibrium study.</a> Monatshefte fur Chemie Chemical Monthly. 147 (7), 1167-1175 (2016).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+on+the+physical+chemistry,+equilibrium,+and+kinetic+mechanism+of+Azure+A+biosorption+by+Zea+mays+biomass.">Study on the physical chemistry, equilibrium, and kinetic mechanism of Azure A biosorption by Zea mays biomass.</a> Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 35 (2), 193-204 (2014).</li></ol>

Blandt de vigtigste kritiske spørgsmål i moderne syntesemetoder til design af lægemiddelbærerformuleringer baseret på biopolymerer er anvendelsen af farlige organiske reagenser - flygtige og brandfarlige opløsningsmidler, såsom tetrahydrofuran, acetone, methanol og endda DMSO i høje koncentrationer - hvilket begrænser deres anvendelighed i biomedicin, farmaceutisk industri og fødevareteknologi på grund af manifestationen af mulige toksiske virkninger20, </su...

I dag er tilbøjeligheden til biopolymerer såsom cellulose, chitosan, kollagen, dextran, gelatine og lignin som forløbere for design af mikro- / submikronbærere med tilpasselig størrelse, fysisk-kemiske egenskaber og biofunktionaliteter steget i biomedicinske, farmaceutiske og fødevareteknologiske industrier på grund af deres anvendelighed inden for vævsteknik, 3D-bioprint, in vitro sygdomsmodelleringsplatforme, emballageindustri, emulsionspræparation og næringsstoftilførsel blandt andet 1,2,3.
Nye undersøgelser fremhæver aspekterne af ligninbaserede hydrogeler samt mikro- og nanoformuleringer4 som fordelagtige køretøjer, der anvendes til fødevareemballagematerialer5, energilagring6, kosmetik7, termiske / lysstabilisatorer, forstærkede materialer og lægemiddelbærermatricer8 til levering af hydrofobe molekyler, forbedring af UV-barrierer9, som forstærkningsmidler i nanokompositter og som et alternativ til uorganiske nanopartikler på grund af nogle nylige sikkerhedsproblemer 10,11,12. Årsagen bag denne tendens er biokompatibiliteten, bionedbrydeligheden og ikke-toksiciteten af den naturlige heterobiopolymer samt dens dokumenterede bioaktiviteter af lignin-antioxidantpotentiale og radikale skylle-, antiproliferative og antimikrobielle aktiviteter 13,14,15,16,17.
Videnskabelig litteratur rapporterer forskellige metoder til syntese (selvsamling, udfældning mod opløsningsmidler, syreudfældning og forskydning af opløsningsmidler)18 og karakterisering af ligninbaserede mikro-/nanoskalerede formuleringer, herunder anvendelse af dyre eller skadelige opløsningsmidler såsom tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamid (DMF) og acetone og komplicerede, indirekte og kedelige processer, der bruger meget udstyr og giftige stoffer12,19,20.
For at overvinde sidstnævnte ulemper præsenterer følgende protokoller nye metoder til syntese af ligninbaserede mikro-/submikronpartikler ved hjælp af billige og grønne opløsningsmidler; nemme, ligetil, hurtige og følsomme processer, der kræver lidt udstyr, ikke-toksiske stoffer og enkle metoder til deres karakterisering og bestemmelse af indkapslingskapacitet over for dårligt vandopløselige bioaktive forbindelser og in vitro-frigivelsespotentiale for ligninmatricerne. De præsenterede produktionsmetoder i laboratorieskala er fordelagtige til fremstilling af funktionelle ligninbærere med justerbare størrelser, høj indkapslingskapacitet og bæredygtig in vitro-frigivelsesadfærd ved hjælp af enkle karakteriseringsprocedurer og miljøvenlige kemikalier, der kan finde anvendelse inden for forskellige områder af biomedicinsk videnskab og fødevareteknologi. To flavonoider blev påført som målmolekyler indkapslet i ligninpartiklerne: morin - ind i mikropartiklerne og quercetin - i submikronpartiklerne. Forskellen i strukturerne af begge flavonoider Er kun positionen af den anden -OH-gruppe i den B-aromatiske ring: -OH-gruppen er på 2'-positionen i morin og på 3'-positionen i quercetin, således at begge organiske forbindelser er positionelle isomerer. Sidstnævnte kendsgerning forudsætter lignende opførsel af begge bioaktive naturlige forbindelser i indkapslings- og/eller frigivelsesprocesserne.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>automatic-cell counter</td>
			<td>EVE, NanoEnTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>251275</td>
			<td>&#160;ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>digital water bath</td>
			<td>Memmert</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes, 1.5-2 mL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>34852-M</td>
			<td>absolute, suitable for HPLC, &#8805;99.8%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folin&#8211;Ciocalteu&#8217;s phenol reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;freeze dryer</td>
			<td>Biobase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gallic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-</td>
			<td>BCBW7577</td>
			<td>monohydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>258148</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, 37%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HNO3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>438073</td>
			<td>&#160;ACS reagent, 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lignin, alkali</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>370959</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>morin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>PHL82601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9888</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99.0%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2CO3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>223530</td>
			<td>powder, &#8805;99.5%, ACS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>655104</td>
			<td>reagent grade, 97%, powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>orbital shaker</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>KS 130 basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH-meter</td>
			<td>Consort</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>RNBH7571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quercetin hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>STBG3815V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>statistical software for Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>XLSTAT&#160; Version 2022.4.5.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 80</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8074</td>
			<td>BioXtra, viscous liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Hermle</td>
			<td>Z 326 K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure water system</td>
			<td>Adrona</td>
			<td>INTEGRITY+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultrasound homogenizer</td>
			<td>Bandelin Sonopuls</td>
			<td>HD 2070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV/Vis spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Hach-Lange</td>
			<td>DR 5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

green synthesis, characterization, encapsulation, and measurement of the release potential of novel alkali lignin micro-/submicron particles

Anvendelsen af biopolymermikro-/nanoteknologi inden for human-, veterinærmedicin-, farmaceutisk og fødevareteknologi vokser hurtigt på grund af det store potentiale i biopolymerbaserede partikler som effektive bærersystemer. Anvendelsen af lignin som en grundlæggende heteropolymerbiomatrix til design af innovative mikro-/submikronformuleringer gør det muligt at opnå øget biokompatibilitet og tilbyder forskellige aktive funktionelle grupper, der giver mulighed for tilpasning af formuleringernes fysisk-kemiske egenskaber og bioaktiviteter til forskellige anvendelser. Formålet med denne undersøgelse var at udvikle en enkel og miljøvenlig metode til syntese af ligninpartikler med mikro- og submikronstørrelse; at evaluere deres fysisk-kemiske, spektrale og strukturelle egenskaber; og at undersøge deres evne til indkapsling af biologisk aktive molekyler og potentiale for in vitro-frigivelse af bioflavonoider i simulerede gastrointestinale medier. De præsenterede metoder anvender billige og grønne opløsningsmidler; nemme, ligetil, hurtige og følsomme processer, der kræver lidt udstyr, ikke-toksiske stoffer og enkle metoder til deres karakterisering, bestemmelse af indkapslingskapacitet mod de dårligt vandopløselige bioaktive forbindelser morin og quercetin og in vitro-frigivelsespotentialet for ligninmatricerne.

Nowadays inclination towards biopolymers such as cellulose, chitosan, collagen, dextran, gelatin, and lignin as precursors for the design of micro-/submicron carriers with customizable size, physicochemical properties, and biofunctionalities has increased in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food technology industries due to their applicability in tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting, in vitro disease modeling platforms, packaging industry, emulsion preparation, and nutrient delivery among others1,2,3.
Novel studies highlight the aspects of lignin-based hydrogels as well as micro- and nano- formulations4 as advantageous vehicles used for food packaging materials5, energy storage6, cosmetics7, thermal/light stabilizers, reinforced materials, and drug-carrier matrices8 for the delivery of hydrophobic molecules, improvement of UV barriers9, as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites, and as an alternative to inorganic nanoparticles due to some recent safety issues10,11,12. The reason behind this tendency is the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity of the natural hetero biopolymer, as well as its proven bioactivities of lignin-antioxidant potential and radical scavenging, anti-proliferative, and antimicrobial activities13,14,15,16,17.
Scientific literature reports various methods for synthesis (self-assembly, anti-solvent precipitation, acid precipitation, and solvent shifting)18 and characterization of lignin-based micro-/nano- scaled formulations, including the application of expensive or harmful solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetone, and complicated, indirect, and tedious processes that use a lot of equipment and toxic substances12,19,20.
To overcome the latter disadvantages, the following protocols present novel methodologies for the synthesis of lignin-based micro-/submicron particles using cheap and green solvents; easy, straightforward, quick, and sensitive processes requiring little equipment, non-toxic substances, and simple methods for their characterization and the determination of encapsulation capacity towards poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds and in vitro release potential of the lignin matrices. The presented lab-scale production methods are advantageous for the manufacture of functional lignin carriers with tunable sizes, high encapsulation capacity, and sustainable in vitro release behavior utilizing simple characterization procedures and eco-friendly chemicals that can find application in various areas of biomedical sciences and food technology. Two flavonoids were applied as target molecules encapsulated into the lignin particles: morin-into the microparticles, and quercetin-into the submicron particles. The difference in the structures of both flavonoids Is only the position of the second -OH group in the B-aromatic ring: the -OH group is on the 2&#39; position in morin and on the 3&#39; position in quercetin, thus both organic compounds are positional isomers. The latter fact presumes similar behavior of both bioactive natural compounds in the processes of encapsulation and/or release.

Forfatter Spotlight: Udvikling og karakterisering af miljøvenlige ligninbaserede mikropartikler til forbedret levering af bioflavonoider

Grøn syntese, karakterisering, indkapsling og måling af frigivelsespotentialet for nye alkaliske ligninmikro-/submikronpartikler

The objective of this research was to create a straightforward and environmentally friendly process to produce small lignin particles. The study aimed to analyze their physical, chemical, and structural properties, as well as investigate their ability to encapsulate and release bioflavonoids in stimulated gastrointestinal environments. Our method synthesizes lignin based particles using cheap and green solvents.The process is easy, quick, and requires minimal equipment and non-toxic substances. It also has simple methods for characterization, encapsulation, capacity determination, and in-vitro release potential of poorly water soluble bioactive compounds. The innovative biopolymer microparticles are suitable for oral administration due to the lower risk of gastric irritation.The submicron particles, due to the small size and significant release potential, could be applied as injectable formulations.

En anti-opløsningsmiddeludfældningsteknik blev udført for at producere alkaliske ligninmikro-/submikronpartikler. En vandig opløsning af fortyndet uorganisk syre-salpetersyre / organisk syre-citronsyre blev dispergeret i en alkali lignin vandig opløsning, beriget med et miljøvenligt overfladeaktivt stof / ethanol, hvilket resulterede i gradvis udfældning af biopolymer opløst stof, og efter sonikering blev der endelig fremstillet en suspension af kompakte mikro- / submikronpartikler (figur 1</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Lignin-Based Microparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Bioflavonoids at JoVE.com

Vi beskriver nye, enkle metoder til syntese og karakterisering af biokompatible ligninmikro- og submikronpartikler. Disse formuleringer giver en let tilgang til udnyttelsen af heteropolymeren samt et alternativ til rationelt design af multifunktionelle bærermatricer med potentiel anvendelighed inden for biomedicin, farmaceutisk teknologi og fødevareindustrien.

The applicability of biopolymer micro-/nano- technology in human, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical, and food technology is rapidly growing due to the ...

Formålet med denne forskning var at skabe en enkel og miljøvenlig proces til fremstilling af små ligninpartikler. Undersøgelsen havde til formål at analysere deres fysiske, kemiske og strukturelle egenskaber samt undersøge deres evne til at indkapsle og frigive bioflavonoider i stimulerede gastrointestinale miljøer. Vores metode syntetiserer ligninbaserede partikler ved hjælp af billige og grønne opløsningsmidler.Processen er let, hurtig og kræver minimalt udstyr og ikke-giftige stoffer. Det har også enkle metoder til karakterisering, indkapsling, kapacitetsbestemmelse og in vitro-frigivelsespotentiale for dårligt vandopløselige bioaktive forbindelser. De innovative biopolymermikropartikler er velegnede til oral administration på grund af den lavere risiko for gastrisk irritation.De submikron partikler, på grund af den lille størrelse og betydelige frigivelsespotentiale, kunne anvendes som injicerbare formuleringer.

green-synthesis-characterization-encapsulation-measurement-release

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

The applicability of biopolymer micro-/nano- technology in human, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical, and food technology is rapidly growing due to the great potential of biopolymer-based particles as effective carrier systems. The use of lignin as a basic heteropolymer biomatrix for the design of innovative micro-/submicron formulations allows the achievement of increased biocompatibility and offers various active functional groups presenting opportunities for customization of the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of the formulations for diverse applications. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple and ecofriendly methodology for the synthesis of lignin particles with micro- and submicron size; to evaluate their physicochemical, spectral, and structural characteristics; and to examine their capacity for encapsulation of biologically active molecules and potential for in vitro release of bioflavonoids in simulated gastrointestinal media. The presented methodologies apply cheap and green solvents; easy, straightforward, quick, and sensitive processes requiring little equipment, non-toxic substances, and simple methods for their characterization, the determination of encapsulation capacity towards the poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds morin and quercetin, and the in vitro release potential of the lignin matrices.

We describe novel, simple methodologies of synthesis and characterization of biocompatible lignin micro- and submicron particles. These formulations provide a facile approach for the utilization of the heteropolymer, as well as an alternative for the rational design of multifunctional carrier matrices with potential applicability in biomedicine, pharmaceutical technology, and the food industry.