Name: Autor em destaque: Desenvolvimento e caracterização de micropartículas à base de lignina ecologicamente corretas para entrega aprimorada de bioflavonóides
Uploaded: 2024-03-01T14:05:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Lignin-Based Microparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Bioflavonoids at JoVE.com

Este estudo foi apoiado pelo Fundo Científico da Bulgária sob o Contrato nº KΠ-06 H59/3 e pelo Projeto Científico nº 07/2023 FVM, Universidade de Trakia.

1. Síntese de micropartículas de lignina
<ol><li>Preparar uma solução aquosa de lignina alcalina a 50 mg/ml dissolvendo 2,5 g de lignina alcalina em 50 ml de água ultrapura num agitador magnético.</li>
	<li>Prepare a solução de Tween 80 a 1% dissolvendo 1 mL de Tween 80 em 100 mL de água ultrapura.</li>
	<li>Prepare uma solução 2 M de HNO3 diluindo 6,65 mL de 67% de HNO3 (densidade = 1,413 g / mL) com água ultrapura até um volume final de 50 mL.</li>
	<li>Adicione len...

Síntese de partículas de lignina micro/submicrônica para liberação de bioflavonóides

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opportunities+and+challenges+for+lignin+valorization+in+food+packaging,+antimicrobial,+and+agricultural+applications.">Opportunities and challenges for lignin valorization in food packaging, antimicrobial, and agricultural applications.</a> Biomacromolecules. 24 (3), 1065-1077 (2023).</li><li>Aadil, K., Barapatre, A., Jha, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+characterization+of+Acacia+lignin-gelatin+film+for+its+possible+application+in+food+packaging.">Synthesis and characterization of Acacia lignin-gelatin film for its possible application in food packaging.</a> Bioresour. Bioprocess. 3 (27), 1-11 (2016).</li><li>Sharma, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valorization+of+lignin+into+nanoparticles+and+nanogel:+characterization+and+application.">Valorization of lignin into nanoparticles and nanogel: characterization and application.</a> Bioresour. Technol. Reports. 18, 101041 (2022).</li><li>Zadeh, E. M., O'Keefe, S. F., Kim, Y. -. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+lignin+nanoparticles+from+Oxytenanthera+abyssinica+by+nanoprecipitation+method+followed+by+ultrasonication+for+the+nanocomposite+application.">Synthesis of lignin nanoparticles from Oxytenanthera abyssinica by nanoprecipitation method followed by ultrasonication for the nanocomposite application.</a> Journal of King Saud University - Science. 35 (7), 102793 (2023).</li><li>Gala Morena, A., Tzanov, T. z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+lignin-based+nanoparticles+and+their+use+in+composite+materials.">Antibacterial lignin-based nanoparticles and their use in composite materials.</a> Nanoscale Adv. 4, 4447-4469 (2022).</li><li>Ivanova, D., Nikolova, G., Karamalakova, Y., Marutsova, V., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water-soluble+alkali+lignin+as+a+natural+radical+scavenger+and+anticancer+alternative.">Water-soluble alkali lignin as a natural radical scavenger and anticancer alternative.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 24 (16), 12705 (2023).</li><li>Ivanova, D., Toneva, M., Simeonov, E., Antov, G., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Newly+synthesized+lignin+microparticles+as+bioinspired+oral+drug-delivery+vehicles:+Flavonoid-carrier+potential+and+in+vitro+radical-scavenging+activity.">Newly synthesized lignin microparticles as bioinspired oral drug-delivery vehicles: Flavonoid-carrier potential and in vitro radical-scavenging activity.</a> Pharmaceutics. 15 (4), 1067 (2023).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+potential+of+conjugated+lignin/morin/chitosan+combinations+as+a+function+of+system+complexity.">Antimicrobial potential of conjugated lignin/morin/chitosan combinations as a function of system complexity.</a> Antibiotics. 11, 650 (2022).</li><li>Handral, H. K., Wyrobnik, T. A., Lam, A. T. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+trends+in+biodegradable+microcarriers+for+therapeutic+applications.">Emerging trends in biodegradable microcarriers for therapeutic applications.</a> Polymers. 15 (6), 1487 (2023).</li><li>Figueiredo, P., Lintinen, K., Hirvonen, J. T., Kostiainen, M. A., Santos, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+and+chemical+modifications+of+lignin:+Towards+lignin-based+nanomaterials+for+biomedical+applications.">Properties and chemical modifications of lignin: Towards lignin-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications.</a> Prog. Mater. Sci. 93, 233-269 (2018).</li><li>Tang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin-based+nanoparticles:+a+review+on+their+preparations+and+applications.">Lignin-based nanoparticles: a review on their preparations and applications.</a> Polymers. 12 (11), 2471 (2020).</li><li>Zhao, W., Simmons, B., Singh, S., Ragauskas, A., Cheng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+lignin+association+to+nano-/micro-particle+preparation:+extracting+higher+value+of+lignin.">From lignin association to nano-/micro-particle preparation: extracting higher value of lignin.</a> Green Chemistry. 18 (21), 5693-5700 (2016).</li><li>Stewart, H., Golding, M., Matia-Merino, L., Archer, R., Davies, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manufacture+of+lignin+microparticles+by+anti-solvent+precipitation:+Effect+of+preparation+temperature+and+presence+of+sodium+dodecyl+sulfate.">Manufacture of lignin microparticles by anti-solvent precipitation: Effect of preparation temperature and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.</a> Food Res Int. 66, 93-99 (2014).</li><li>Beisl, S., Friedl, A., Miltner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+from+micro-+to+nanosize:+Applications.">Lignin from micro- to nanosize: Applications.</a> Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 2367 (2017).</li><li>Mishra, P. K., Ekielski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+to+synthesize+lignin+nanoparticles.">A simple method to synthesize lignin nanoparticles.</a> Colloids Interfaces. 3, 52 (2019).</li><li>Qian, Y., Deng, Y., Qiu, X., Li, H., Yang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+uniform+colloidal+spheres+from+lignin,+a+renewable+resource+recovered+from+pulping+spent+liquor.">Formation of uniform colloidal spheres from lignin, a renewable resource recovered from pulping spent liquor.</a> Green Chem. 16, 2156-2163 (2014).</li><li>Tardy, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+nano-+and+microparticles+as+template+for+nanostructured+materials:+formation+of+hollow+metal-phenolic+capsules.">Lignin nano- and microparticles as template for nanostructured materials: formation of hollow metal-phenolic capsules.</a> Green Chem. 20, 1335-1344 (2018).</li><li>Silva, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraquat-loaded+alginate/chitosan+nanoparticles:+preparation,+characterization+and+soil+sorption+studies.">Paraquat-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and soil sorption studies.</a> J Haz Mat. 190 (1-3), 366-374 (2011).</li><li>Georgieva, N., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+evaluation+of+natural+and+acid-modified+layered+mineral+materials+as+rimifon-carriers+using+UV/VIS,+FTIR,+and+equilibrium+sorption+study.">Comparative evaluation of natural and acid-modified layered mineral materials as rimifon-carriers using UV/VIS, FTIR, and equilibrium sorption study.</a> Cogent Chem. 1 (1), 1-16 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, P., Chen, D., Li, L., Sun, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Charge+reversal+nano-systems+for+tumor+therapy.">Charge reversal nano-systems for tumor therapy.</a> J Nanobiotechnol. 20, 31 (2022).</li><li>Yaneva, Z. L., Georgieva, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+diazo+dye+from+the+aqueous+phase+by+biosorption+onto+ball-milled+maize+cob+(BMMC)+biomass+of+Zea+mays.">Removal of diazo dye from the aqueous phase by biosorption onto ball-milled maize cob (BMMC) biomass of Zea mays.</a> Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 32 (1), 133-149 (2013).</li><li>Zatorska, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-loading+capacity+of+polylactide-based+micro-+and+nanoparticles+-+Experimental+and+molecular+modeling+study.">Drug-loading capacity of polylactide-based micro- and nanoparticles - Experimental and molecular modeling study.</a> Int J Pharmaceutics. 591, 120031 (2020).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N., Grumezescu, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+5+-+Physicochemical+and+morphological+characterization+of+pharmaceutical+nanocarriers+and+mathematical+modeling+of+drug+encapsulation/release+mass+transfer+processes.">Chapter 5 - Physicochemical and morphological characterization of pharmaceutical nanocarriers and mathematical modeling of drug encapsulation/release mass transfer processes.</a> Nanoscale Fabrication, Optimization, Scale-Up and Biological Aspects of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. , 173-218 (2018).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N., Staleva, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+d,l-&#945;-tocopherol+acetate/zeolite+carrier+system:+equilibrium+study.">Development of d,l-&#945;-tocopherol acetate/zeolite carrier system: equilibrium study.</a> Monatshefte fur Chemie Chemical Monthly. 147 (7), 1167-1175 (2016).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+on+the+physical+chemistry,+equilibrium,+and+kinetic+mechanism+of+Azure+A+biosorption+by+Zea+mays+biomass.">Study on the physical chemistry, equilibrium, and kinetic mechanism of Azure A biosorption by Zea mays biomass.</a> Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 35 (2), 193-204 (2014).</li></ol>

Entre as principais questões críticas das modernas metodologias de síntese para o projeto de formulações de carreadores de fármacos à base de biopolímeros está a aplicação de reagentes orgânicos perigosos - solventes voláteis e inflamáveis, como tetrahidrofurano, acetona, metanol e até DMSO em altas concentrações - o que limita sua aplicabilidade na biomedicina, indústria farmacêutica e tecnologia de alimentos devido à manifestação de possíveis efeitos tóxicos20, </sup...

Atualmente, a inclinação para biopolímeros como celulose, quitosana, colágeno, dextrana, gelatina e lignina como precursores para o projeto de transportadores micro/submicrométricos com tamanho, propriedades físico-químicas e biofuncionalidades personalizáveis aumentou nas indústrias biomédica, farmacêutica e de tecnologia de alimentos devido à sua aplicabilidade em engenharia de tecidos, bioimpressão 3D, in vitro plataformas de modelagem de doenças, indústria de embalagens, preparação de emulsões e entrega de nutrientes, entre outros 1,2,3.
Novos estudos destacam os aspectos dos hidrogéis à base de lignina, bem como das micro e nanoformulações4 como veículos vantajosos usados para materiais de embalagem de alimentos5, armazenamento de energia6, cosméticos7, estabilizadores térmicos/leves, materiais reforçados e matrizes transportadoras de medicamentos8 para a entrega de moléculas hidrofóbicas, melhoria das barreiras UV9, como agentes de reforço em nanocompósitos, e como alternativa às nanopartículas inorgânicas devido a alguns problemas de segurança recentes 10,11,12. A razão por trás dessa tendência é a biocompatibilidade, biodegradabilidade e não toxicidade do heterobiopolímero natural, bem como suas bioatividades comprovadas de potencial antioxidante de lignina e atividades antiproliferativas e antimicrobianas 13,14,15,16,17.
A literatura científica relata vários métodos de síntese (automontagem, precipitação anti-solvente, precipitação ácida e deslocamento de solvente)18 e caracterização de formulações à base de lignina em escala micro/nano, incluindo a aplicação de solventes caros ou prejudiciais, como tetrahidrofurano (THF), dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO), N,N-dimetilformamida (DMF) e acetona, e processos complicados, indiretos e tediosos que usam muitos equipamentos e substâncias tóxicas 12,19,20.
Para superar as últimas desvantagens, os seguintes protocolos apresentam novas metodologias para a síntese de partículas micro/submicrônicas à base de lignina usando solventes baratos e verdes; Processos fáceis, diretos, rápidos e sensíveis, exigindo poucos equipamentos, substâncias não tóxicas e métodos simples para sua caracterização e determinação da capacidade de encapsulação de compostos bioativos pouco solúveis em água e potencial de liberação in vitro das matrizes de lignina. Os métodos de produção em escala laboratorial apresentados são vantajosos para a fabricação de carreadores de lignina funcionais com tamanhos ajustáveis, alta capacidade de encapsulação e comportamento de liberação in vitro sustentável, utilizando procedimentos simples de caracterização e produtos químicos ecologicamente corretos que podem encontrar aplicação em várias áreas das ciências biomédicas e tecnologia de alimentos. Dois flavonóides foram aplicados como moléculas-alvo encapsuladas nas partículas de lignina: morina-nas micropartículas e quercetina-nas partículas submicrônicas. A diferença nas estruturas de ambos os flavonóides é apenas a posição do segundo grupo -OH no anel B-aromático: o grupo -OH está na posição 2' na morina e na posição 3' na quercetina, portanto, ambos os compostos orgânicos são isômeros posicionais. Este último fato pressupõe comportamento semelhante de ambos os compostos naturais bioativos nos processos de encapsulamento e/ou liberação.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>automatic-cell counter</td>
			<td>EVE, NanoEnTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>251275</td>
			<td>&#160;ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>digital water bath</td>
			<td>Memmert</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes, 1.5-2 mL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>34852-M</td>
			<td>absolute, suitable for HPLC, &#8805;99.8%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folin&#8211;Ciocalteu&#8217;s phenol reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;freeze dryer</td>
			<td>Biobase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gallic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-</td>
			<td>BCBW7577</td>
			<td>monohydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>258148</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, 37%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HNO3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>438073</td>
			<td>&#160;ACS reagent, 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lignin, alkali</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>370959</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>morin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>PHL82601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9888</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99.0%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2CO3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>223530</td>
			<td>powder, &#8805;99.5%, ACS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>655104</td>
			<td>reagent grade, 97%, powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>orbital shaker</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>KS 130 basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH-meter</td>
			<td>Consort</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>RNBH7571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quercetin hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>STBG3815V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>statistical software for Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>XLSTAT&#160; Version 2022.4.5.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 80</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8074</td>
			<td>BioXtra, viscous liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Hermle</td>
			<td>Z 326 K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure water system</td>
			<td>Adrona</td>
			<td>INTEGRITY+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultrasound homogenizer</td>
			<td>Bandelin Sonopuls</td>
			<td>HD 2070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV/Vis spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Hach-Lange</td>
			<td>DR 5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

green synthesis, characterization, encapsulation, and measurement of the release potential of novel alkali lignin micro-/submicron particles

A aplicabilidade da micro/nanotecnologia de biopolímeros em medicina humana, veterinária, farmacêutica e alimentícia está crescendo rapidamente devido ao grande potencial das partículas baseadas em biopolímeros como sistemas de transporte eficazes. O uso da lignina como biomatriz heteropolimérica básica para o projeto de formulações micro/submicrométricas inovadoras permite a obtenção de maior biocompatibilidade e oferece vários grupos funcionais ativos apresentando oportunidades para personalização das propriedades físico-químicas e bioatividades das formulações para diversas aplicações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver uma metodologia simples e ecologicamente correta para a síntese de partículas de lignina com tamanho micro e submicrométrico; avaliar suas características físico-químicas, espectrais e estruturais; e examinar sua capacidade de encapsulamento de moléculas biologicamente ativas e potencial de liberação in vitro de bioflavonóides em meios gastrointestinais simulados. As metodologias apresentadas aplicam solventes baratos e verdes; processos fáceis, diretos, rápidos e sensíveis que requerem pouco equipamento, substâncias não tóxicas e métodos simples para sua caracterização, a determinação da capacidade de encapsulação dos compostos bioativos pouco solúveis em água morin e quercetina, e o potencial de liberação in vitro das matrizes de lignina.

Nowadays inclination towards biopolymers such as cellulose, chitosan, collagen, dextran, gelatin, and lignin as precursors for the design of micro-/submicron carriers with customizable size, physicochemical properties, and biofunctionalities has increased in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food technology industries due to their applicability in tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting, in vitro disease modeling platforms, packaging industry, emulsion preparation, and nutrient delivery among others1,2,3.
Novel studies highlight the aspects of lignin-based hydrogels as well as micro- and nano- formulations4 as advantageous vehicles used for food packaging materials5, energy storage6, cosmetics7, thermal/light stabilizers, reinforced materials, and drug-carrier matrices8 for the delivery of hydrophobic molecules, improvement of UV barriers9, as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites, and as an alternative to inorganic nanoparticles due to some recent safety issues10,11,12. The reason behind this tendency is the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity of the natural hetero biopolymer, as well as its proven bioactivities of lignin-antioxidant potential and radical scavenging, anti-proliferative, and antimicrobial activities13,14,15,16,17.
Scientific literature reports various methods for synthesis (self-assembly, anti-solvent precipitation, acid precipitation, and solvent shifting)18 and characterization of lignin-based micro-/nano- scaled formulations, including the application of expensive or harmful solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetone, and complicated, indirect, and tedious processes that use a lot of equipment and toxic substances12,19,20.
To overcome the latter disadvantages, the following protocols present novel methodologies for the synthesis of lignin-based micro-/submicron particles using cheap and green solvents; easy, straightforward, quick, and sensitive processes requiring little equipment, non-toxic substances, and simple methods for their characterization and the determination of encapsulation capacity towards poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds and in vitro release potential of the lignin matrices. The presented lab-scale production methods are advantageous for the manufacture of functional lignin carriers with tunable sizes, high encapsulation capacity, and sustainable in vitro release behavior utilizing simple characterization procedures and eco-friendly chemicals that can find application in various areas of biomedical sciences and food technology. Two flavonoids were applied as target molecules encapsulated into the lignin particles: morin-into the microparticles, and quercetin-into the submicron particles. The difference in the structures of both flavonoids Is only the position of the second -OH group in the B-aromatic ring: the -OH group is on the 2&#39; position in morin and on the 3&#39; position in quercetin, thus both organic compounds are positional isomers. The latter fact presumes similar behavior of both bioactive natural compounds in the processes of encapsulation and/or release.

Autor em destaque: Desenvolvimento e caracterização de micropartículas à base de lignina ecologicamente corretas para entrega aprimorada de bioflavonóides

Síntese Verde, Caracterização, Encapsulamento e Medição do Potencial de Liberação de Novas Partículas Micro/Submicrônicas de Lignina Alcalina

The objective of this research was to create a straightforward and environmentally friendly process to produce small lignin particles. The study aimed to analyze their physical, chemical, and structural properties, as well as investigate their ability to encapsulate and release bioflavonoids in stimulated gastrointestinal environments. Our method synthesizes lignin based particles using cheap and green solvents.The process is easy, quick, and requires minimal equipment and non-toxic substances. It also has simple methods for characterization, encapsulation, capacity determination, and in-vitro release potential of poorly water soluble bioactive compounds. The innovative biopolymer microparticles are suitable for oral administration due to the lower risk of gastric irritation.The submicron particles, due to the small size and significant release potential, could be applied as injectable formulations.

Uma técnica de precipitação anti-solvente foi executada para produzir partículas alcalinas de lignina micro/submicrônica. Uma solução aquosa de ácido inorgânico diluído-ácido nítrico/ácido orgânico-ácido cítrico foi dispersa em uma solução aquosa de lignina alcalina, enriquecida com um surfactante/etanol ecologicamente correto, o que resultou na precipitação gradual do soluto do biopolímero e, após a sonicação, uma suspensão de partículas compactas de micro/submícron foi finalmente produzida (<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Lignin-Based Microparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Bioflavonoids at JoVE.com

Descrevemos novas metodologias simples de síntese e caracterização de partículas micro e submicrônicas de lignina biocompatíveis. Essas formulações fornecem uma abordagem fácil para a utilização do heteropolímero, bem como uma alternativa para o projeto racional de matrizes carreadoras multifuncionais com potencial aplicabilidade em biomedicina, tecnologia farmacêutica e indústria alimentícia.

The applicability of biopolymer micro-/nano- technology in human, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical, and food technology is rapidly growing due to the ...

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi criar um processo simples e ecologicamente correto para produzir pequenas partículas de lignina. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar suas propriedades físicas, químicas e estruturais, bem como investigar sua capacidade de encapsular e liberar bioflavonoides em ambientes gastrointestinais estimulados. Nosso método sintetiza partículas à base de lignina usando solventes baratos e verdes.O processo é fácil, rápido e requer o mínimo de equipamentos e substâncias não tóxicas. Ele também possui métodos simples para caracterização, encapsulamento, determinação de capacidade e potencial de liberação in vitro de compostos bioativos pouco solúveis em água. As inovadoras micropartículas de biopolímero são adequadas para administração oral devido ao menor risco de irritação gástrica.As partículas submicrônicas, devido ao pequeno tamanho e potencial de liberação significativo, podem ser aplicadas como formulações injetáveis.

green-synthesis-characterization-encapsulation-measurement-release

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

The applicability of biopolymer micro-/nano- technology in human, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical, and food technology is rapidly growing due to the great potential of biopolymer-based particles as effective carrier systems. The use of lignin as a basic heteropolymer biomatrix for the design of innovative micro-/submicron formulations allows the achievement of increased biocompatibility and offers various active functional groups presenting opportunities for customization of the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of the formulations for diverse applications. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple and ecofriendly methodology for the synthesis of lignin particles with micro- and submicron size; to evaluate their physicochemical, spectral, and structural characteristics; and to examine their capacity for encapsulation of biologically active molecules and potential for in vitro release of bioflavonoids in simulated gastrointestinal media. The presented methodologies apply cheap and green solvents; easy, straightforward, quick, and sensitive processes requiring little equipment, non-toxic substances, and simple methods for their characterization, the determination of encapsulation capacity towards the poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds morin and quercetin, and the in vitro release potential of the lignin matrices.

We describe novel, simple methodologies of synthesis and characterization of biocompatible lignin micro- and submicron particles. These formulations provide a facile approach for the utilization of the heteropolymer, as well as an alternative for the rational design of multifunctional carrier matrices with potential applicability in biomedicine, pharmaceutical technology, and the food industry.