Name: Yazar Gündemi: Biyoflavonoidlerin Gelişmiş Dağıtımı için Çevre Dostu Lignin Bazlı Mikropartiküllerin Geliştirilmesi ve Karakterizasyonu
Uploaded: 2024-03-01T14:05:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Lignin-Based Microparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Bioflavonoids at JoVE.com

Bu çalışma, KΠ-06 H59/3 Sözleşme No'lu Bulgaristan Bilim Fonu ve Trakya Üniversitesi 07/2023 FVM Bilimsel Proje No'lu tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Lignin mikropartiküllerinin sentezi
<ol><li>2.5 g alkali lignini manyetik bir karıştırıcı üzerinde 50 mL ultra saf su içinde çözerek 50 mg / mL alkali lignin sulu çözeltisi hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>1 mL Tween 80'i 100 mL ultra saf suda çözerek %1 Tween 80 solüsyonu hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>6.65 mL% 67 HNO3'ü (yoğunluk = 1.413 g / mL) ultra saf su ile 50 mL'lik bir nihai hacme seyrelterek 2 M'lik birHNO3 çözeltisi hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>% 1 Tween 80 çözeltisi...

Biyoflavonoid Salınımı için Lignin Mikro-/Mikron Altı Parçacık Sentezi

<ol>
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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+lignin+nanoparticles+from+Oxytenanthera+abyssinica+by+nanoprecipitation+method+followed+by+ultrasonication+for+the+nanocomposite+application.">Synthesis of lignin nanoparticles from Oxytenanthera abyssinica by nanoprecipitation method followed by ultrasonication for the nanocomposite application.</a> Journal of King Saud University - Science. 35 (7), 102793 (2023).</li><li>Gala Morena, A., Tzanov, T. z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+lignin-based+nanoparticles+and+their+use+in+composite+materials.">Antibacterial lignin-based nanoparticles and their use in composite materials.</a> Nanoscale Adv. 4, 4447-4469 (2022).</li><li>Ivanova, D., Nikolova, G., Karamalakova, Y., Marutsova, V., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water-soluble+alkali+lignin+as+a+natural+radical+scavenger+and+anticancer+alternative.">Water-soluble alkali lignin as a natural radical scavenger and anticancer alternative.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 24 (16), 12705 (2023).</li><li>Ivanova, D., Toneva, M., Simeonov, E., Antov, G., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Newly+synthesized+lignin+microparticles+as+bioinspired+oral+drug-delivery+vehicles:+Flavonoid-carrier+potential+and+in+vitro+radical-scavenging+activity.">Newly synthesized lignin microparticles as bioinspired oral drug-delivery vehicles: Flavonoid-carrier potential and in vitro radical-scavenging activity.</a> Pharmaceutics. 15 (4), 1067 (2023).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+potential+of+conjugated+lignin/morin/chitosan+combinations+as+a+function+of+system+complexity.">Antimicrobial potential of conjugated lignin/morin/chitosan combinations as a function of system complexity.</a> Antibiotics. 11, 650 (2022).</li><li>Handral, H. K., Wyrobnik, T. A., Lam, A. T. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+trends+in+biodegradable+microcarriers+for+therapeutic+applications.">Emerging trends in biodegradable microcarriers for therapeutic applications.</a> Polymers. 15 (6), 1487 (2023).</li><li>Figueiredo, P., Lintinen, K., Hirvonen, J. T., Kostiainen, M. A., Santos, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+and+chemical+modifications+of+lignin:+Towards+lignin-based+nanomaterials+for+biomedical+applications.">Properties and chemical modifications of lignin: Towards lignin-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications.</a> Prog. Mater. Sci. 93, 233-269 (2018).</li><li>Tang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin-based+nanoparticles:+a+review+on+their+preparations+and+applications.">Lignin-based nanoparticles: a review on their preparations and applications.</a> Polymers. 12 (11), 2471 (2020).</li><li>Zhao, W., Simmons, B., Singh, S., Ragauskas, A., Cheng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+lignin+association+to+nano-/micro-particle+preparation:+extracting+higher+value+of+lignin.">From lignin association to nano-/micro-particle preparation: extracting higher value of lignin.</a> Green Chemistry. 18 (21), 5693-5700 (2016).</li><li>Stewart, H., Golding, M., Matia-Merino, L., Archer, R., Davies, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manufacture+of+lignin+microparticles+by+anti-solvent+precipitation:+Effect+of+preparation+temperature+and+presence+of+sodium+dodecyl+sulfate.">Manufacture of lignin microparticles by anti-solvent precipitation: Effect of preparation temperature and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.</a> Food Res Int. 66, 93-99 (2014).</li><li>Beisl, S., Friedl, A., Miltner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+from+micro-+to+nanosize:+Applications.">Lignin from micro- to nanosize: Applications.</a> Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 2367 (2017).</li><li>Mishra, P. K., Ekielski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+to+synthesize+lignin+nanoparticles.">A simple method to synthesize lignin nanoparticles.</a> Colloids Interfaces. 3, 52 (2019).</li><li>Qian, Y., Deng, Y., Qiu, X., Li, H., Yang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+uniform+colloidal+spheres+from+lignin,+a+renewable+resource+recovered+from+pulping+spent+liquor.">Formation of uniform colloidal spheres from lignin, a renewable resource recovered from pulping spent liquor.</a> Green Chem. 16, 2156-2163 (2014).</li><li>Tardy, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lignin+nano-+and+microparticles+as+template+for+nanostructured+materials:+formation+of+hollow+metal-phenolic+capsules.">Lignin nano- and microparticles as template for nanostructured materials: formation of hollow metal-phenolic capsules.</a> Green Chem. 20, 1335-1344 (2018).</li><li>Silva, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraquat-loaded+alginate/chitosan+nanoparticles:+preparation,+characterization+and+soil+sorption+studies.">Paraquat-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and soil sorption studies.</a> J Haz Mat. 190 (1-3), 366-374 (2011).</li><li>Georgieva, N., Yaneva, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+evaluation+of+natural+and+acid-modified+layered+mineral+materials+as+rimifon-carriers+using+UV/VIS,+FTIR,+and+equilibrium+sorption+study.">Comparative evaluation of natural and acid-modified layered mineral materials as rimifon-carriers using UV/VIS, FTIR, and equilibrium sorption study.</a> Cogent Chem. 1 (1), 1-16 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, P., Chen, D., Li, L., Sun, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Charge+reversal+nano-systems+for+tumor+therapy.">Charge reversal nano-systems for tumor therapy.</a> J Nanobiotechnol. 20, 31 (2022).</li><li>Yaneva, Z. L., Georgieva, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+diazo+dye+from+the+aqueous+phase+by+biosorption+onto+ball-milled+maize+cob+(BMMC)+biomass+of+Zea+mays.">Removal of diazo dye from the aqueous phase by biosorption onto ball-milled maize cob (BMMC) biomass of Zea mays.</a> Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 32 (1), 133-149 (2013).</li><li>Zatorska, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-loading+capacity+of+polylactide-based+micro-+and+nanoparticles+-+Experimental+and+molecular+modeling+study.">Drug-loading capacity of polylactide-based micro- and nanoparticles - Experimental and molecular modeling study.</a> Int J Pharmaceutics. 591, 120031 (2020).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N., Grumezescu, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+5+-+Physicochemical+and+morphological+characterization+of+pharmaceutical+nanocarriers+and+mathematical+modeling+of+drug+encapsulation/release+mass+transfer+processes.">Chapter 5 - Physicochemical and morphological characterization of pharmaceutical nanocarriers and mathematical modeling of drug encapsulation/release mass transfer processes.</a> Nanoscale Fabrication, Optimization, Scale-Up and Biological Aspects of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. , 173-218 (2018).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N., Staleva, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+d,l-&#945;-tocopherol+acetate/zeolite+carrier+system:+equilibrium+study.">Development of d,l-&#945;-tocopherol acetate/zeolite carrier system: equilibrium study.</a> Monatshefte fur Chemie Chemical Monthly. 147 (7), 1167-1175 (2016).</li><li>Yaneva, Z., Georgieva, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+on+the+physical+chemistry,+equilibrium,+and+kinetic+mechanism+of+Azure+A+biosorption+by+Zea+mays+biomass.">Study on the physical chemistry, equilibrium, and kinetic mechanism of Azure A biosorption by Zea mays biomass.</a> Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 35 (2), 193-204 (2014).</li></ol>

Biyopolimerlere dayalı ilaç taşıyıcı formülasyonların tasarımı için modern sentez metodolojilerinin ana kritik konuları arasında, tehlikeli organik reaktiflerin - tetrahidrofuran, aseton, metanol ve hatta yüksek konsantrasyonlarda DMSO gibi uçucu ve yanıcı çözücülerin - olası toksik etkilerin tezahürü nedeniyle biyotıp, ilaç endüstrisi ve gıda teknolojisinde uygulanabilirliklerini sınırlayan uygulamalar yer almaktadır20, 21,22,23,2...

Günümüzde, doku mühendisliği, 3D biyo-printing, in vitro olarak uygulanabilirlikleri nedeniyle biyomedikal, farmasötik ve gıda teknolojisi endüstrilerinde özelleştirilebilir boyut, fizikokimyasal özellikler ve biyoişlevselliklere sahip mikro/mikron altı taşıyıcıların tasarımının öncüsü olarak selüloz, kitosan, kollajen, dekstran, jelatin ve lignin gibi biyopolimerlere olan eğilim artmıştır Hastalık modelleme platformları, ambalaj endüstrisi, emülsiyon hazırlama ve diğerleri arasında besin dağıtımı 1,2,3.
Yeni çalışmalar, lignin bazlı hidrojellerin yanı sıra mikro ve nano formülasyonların4 gıda ambalaj malzemeleri5, enerji depolama6, kozmetik7, termal/ışık stabilizatörleri, güçlendirilmiş malzemeler ve ilaç taşıyıcı matrisler8 için hidrofobik moleküllerin verilmesi, UV bariyerlerinin iyileştirilmesi için kullanılan avantajlı araçlar olarak yönlerini vurgulamaktadır9, nanokompozitlerde takviye maddeleri olarak ve bazı yeni güvenlik sorunları nedeniyle inorganik nanopartiküllere alternatif olarak 10,11,12. Bu eğilimin arkasındaki neden, doğal hetero biyopolimerin biyouyumluluğu, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilirliği ve toksik olmamasının yanı sıra lignin-antioksidan potansiyeli ve radikal süpürücü, anti-proliferatif ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerin kanıtlanmış biyoaktiviteleridir 13,14,15,16,17.
Bilimsel literatür, tetrahidrofuran (THF), dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO), N, N-dimetilformamid (DMF) ve aseton gibi pahalı veya zararlı çözücülerin uygulanması ve çok sayıda ekipman ve toksik madde kullanan karmaşık, dolaylı ve sıkıcı süreçler dahil olmak üzere lignin bazlı mikro/nano ölçekli formülasyonların sentezi (kendi kendine montaj, anti-çözücü çökeltme, asit çökeltme ve çözücü kaydırma)18 ve lignin bazlı mikro/nano ölçekli formülasyonların karakterizasyonu için çeşitli yöntemler bildirmektedir,19,20.
İkinci dezavantajların üstesinden gelmek için, aşağıdaki protokoller, ucuz ve yeşil çözücüler kullanılarak lignin bazlı mikro-/mikron altı parçacıkların sentezi için yeni metodolojiler sunar; Az ekipman, toksik olmayan maddeler ve bunların karakterizasyonu ve suda az çözünür biyoaktif bileşiklere doğru kapsülleme kapasitesinin belirlenmesi ve lignin matrislerinin in vitro salım potansiyeli için basit yöntemler gerektiren kolay, anlaşılır, hızlı ve hassas işlemler. Sunulan laboratuvar ölçekli üretim yöntemleri, biyomedikal bilimlerin ve gıda teknolojisinin çeşitli alanlarında uygulama bulabilen basit karakterizasyon prosedürleri ve çevre dostu kimyasallar kullanılarak ayarlanabilir boyutlara, yüksek kapsülleme kapasitesine ve sürdürülebilir in vitro salım davranışına sahip fonksiyonel lignin taşıyıcılarının üretimi için avantajlıdır. Lignin parçacıklarına kapsüllenmiş hedef moleküller olarak iki flavonoid uygulandı: mikropartiküllere morin ve mikron altı partiküllere quercetin. Her iki flavonoidin yapılarındaki fark, yalnızca B-aromatik halkadaki ikinci -OH grubunun konumudur: -OH grubu, morinde 2' konumunda ve quercetin'de 3' konumundadır, bu nedenle her iki organik bileşik de konumsal izomerlerdir. İkinci gerçek, her iki biyoaktif doğal bileşiğin kapsülleme ve/veya salma süreçlerinde benzer davranışlarını varsayar.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>automatic-cell counter</td>
			<td>EVE, NanoEnTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>251275</td>
			<td>&#160;ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>digital water bath</td>
			<td>Memmert</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes, 1.5-2 mL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>34852-M</td>
			<td>absolute, suitable for HPLC, &#8805;99.8%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folin&#8211;Ciocalteu&#8217;s phenol reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;freeze dryer</td>
			<td>Biobase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gallic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-</td>
			<td>BCBW7577</td>
			<td>monohydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>258148</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, 37%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HNO3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>438073</td>
			<td>&#160;ACS reagent, 70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lignin, alkali</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>370959</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>morin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>PHL82601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9888</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99.0%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2CO3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>223530</td>
			<td>powder, &#8805;99.5%, ACS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>655104</td>
			<td>reagent grade, 97%, powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>orbital shaker</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>KS 130 basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH-meter</td>
			<td>Consort</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>RNBH7571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quercetin hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>STBG3815V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>statistical software for Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>XLSTAT&#160; Version 2022.4.5.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 80</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8074</td>
			<td>BioXtra, viscous liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Hermle</td>
			<td>Z 326 K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure water system</td>
			<td>Adrona</td>
			<td>INTEGRITY+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultrasound homogenizer</td>
			<td>Bandelin Sonopuls</td>
			<td>HD 2070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV/Vis spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Hach-Lange</td>
			<td>DR 5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

green synthesis, characterization, encapsulation, and measurement of the release potential of novel alkali lignin micro-/submicron particles

Biyopolimer mikro/nano teknolojinin insan, veterinerlik, ilaç ve gıda teknolojisinde uygulanabilirliği, biyopolimer bazlı partiküllerin etkili taşıyıcı sistemler olarak büyük potansiyeli nedeniyle hızla artmaktadır. Yenilikçi mikro-/mikron altı formülasyonların tasarımı için ligninin temel bir heteropolimer biyomatris olarak kullanılması, artan biyouyumluluğun elde edilmesini sağlar ve çeşitli uygulamalar için formülasyonların fizikokimyasal özelliklerinin ve biyoaktivitelerinin özelleştirilmesi için fırsatlar sunan çeşitli aktif fonksiyonel gruplar sunar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, mikro ve mikron altı boyuta sahip lignin parçacıklarının sentezi için basit ve çevre dostu bir metodoloji geliştirmekti; fizikokimyasal, spektral ve yapısal özelliklerini değerlendirmek; ve biyolojik olarak aktif moleküllerin kapsüllenme kapasitelerini ve simüle edilmiş gastrointestinal ortamlarda biyoflavonoidlerin in vitro salınım potansiyellerini incelemek. Sunulan metodolojiler ucuz ve yeşil çözücüler uygular; Az ekipman, toksik olmayan maddeler ve bunların karakterizasyonu için basit yöntemler gerektiren kolay, anlaşılır, hızlı ve hassas süreçler, suda az çözünür biyoaktif bileşikler morin ve kersetine karşı kapsülleme kapasitesinin belirlenmesi ve lignin matrislerinin in vitro salım potansiyeli.

Nowadays inclination towards biopolymers such as cellulose, chitosan, collagen, dextran, gelatin, and lignin as precursors for the design of micro-/submicron carriers with customizable size, physicochemical properties, and biofunctionalities has increased in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food technology industries due to their applicability in tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting, in vitro disease modeling platforms, packaging industry, emulsion preparation, and nutrient delivery among others1,2,3.
Novel studies highlight the aspects of lignin-based hydrogels as well as micro- and nano- formulations4 as advantageous vehicles used for food packaging materials5, energy storage6, cosmetics7, thermal/light stabilizers, reinforced materials, and drug-carrier matrices8 for the delivery of hydrophobic molecules, improvement of UV barriers9, as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites, and as an alternative to inorganic nanoparticles due to some recent safety issues10,11,12. The reason behind this tendency is the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity of the natural hetero biopolymer, as well as its proven bioactivities of lignin-antioxidant potential and radical scavenging, anti-proliferative, and antimicrobial activities13,14,15,16,17.
Scientific literature reports various methods for synthesis (self-assembly, anti-solvent precipitation, acid precipitation, and solvent shifting)18 and characterization of lignin-based micro-/nano- scaled formulations, including the application of expensive or harmful solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetone, and complicated, indirect, and tedious processes that use a lot of equipment and toxic substances12,19,20.
To overcome the latter disadvantages, the following protocols present novel methodologies for the synthesis of lignin-based micro-/submicron particles using cheap and green solvents; easy, straightforward, quick, and sensitive processes requiring little equipment, non-toxic substances, and simple methods for their characterization and the determination of encapsulation capacity towards poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds and in vitro release potential of the lignin matrices. The presented lab-scale production methods are advantageous for the manufacture of functional lignin carriers with tunable sizes, high encapsulation capacity, and sustainable in vitro release behavior utilizing simple characterization procedures and eco-friendly chemicals that can find application in various areas of biomedical sciences and food technology. Two flavonoids were applied as target molecules encapsulated into the lignin particles: morin-into the microparticles, and quercetin-into the submicron particles. The difference in the structures of both flavonoids Is only the position of the second -OH group in the B-aromatic ring: the -OH group is on the 2&#39; position in morin and on the 3&#39; position in quercetin, thus both organic compounds are positional isomers. The latter fact presumes similar behavior of both bioactive natural compounds in the processes of encapsulation and/or release.

Yazar Gündemi: Biyoflavonoidlerin Gelişmiş Dağıtımı için Çevre Dostu Lignin Bazlı Mikropartiküllerin Geliştirilmesi ve Karakterizasyonu

Yeni Alkali Lignin Mikro-/Submikron Partiküllerinin Yeşil Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu, Kapsüllenmesi ve Salınım Potansiyelinin Ölçülmesi

The objective of this research was to create a straightforward and environmentally friendly process to produce small lignin particles. The study aimed to analyze their physical, chemical, and structural properties, as well as investigate their ability to encapsulate and release bioflavonoids in stimulated gastrointestinal environments. Our method synthesizes lignin based particles using cheap and green solvents.The process is easy, quick, and requires minimal equipment and non-toxic substances. It also has simple methods for characterization, encapsulation, capacity determination, and in-vitro release potential of poorly water soluble bioactive compounds. The innovative biopolymer microparticles are suitable for oral administration due to the lower risk of gastric irritation.The submicron particles, due to the small size and significant release potential, could be applied as injectable formulations.

Alkali lignin mikro-/mikron altı parçacıkları üretmek için bir anti-solvent çökeltme tekniği uygulandı. Seyreltilmiş inorganik asit-nitrik asit/organik asit-sitrik asitten oluşan sulu bir çözelti, çevre dostu bir yüzey aktif madde/etanol ile zenginleştirilmiş bir alkali lignin sulu çözeltisine dağıtıldı, bu da biyopolimer çözünen maddenin kademeli olarak çökelmesine neden oldu ve sonikasyondan sonra, kompakt mikro-/mikron altı parçacıkların bir süspansiyonu nihayet üretildi (<strong cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Lignin-Based Microparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Bioflavonoids at JoVE.com

Biyouyumlu lignin mikro ve mikron altı partiküllerin sentezi ve karakterizasyonu için yeni, basit metodolojileri açıklıyoruz. Bu formülasyonlar, heteropolimerin kullanımı için kolay bir yaklaşımın yanı sıra biyotıp, farmasötik teknoloji ve gıda endüstrisinde potansiyel uygulanabilirliği olan çok işlevli taşıyıcı matrislerin rasyonel tasarımı için bir alternatif sağlar.

The applicability of biopolymer micro-/nano- technology in human, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical, and food technology is rapidly growing due to the ...

Bu araştırmanın amacı, küçük lignin parçacıkları üretmek için basit ve çevre dostu bir süreç oluşturmaktı. Çalışma, fiziksel, kimyasal ve yapısal özelliklerini analiz etmenin yanı sıra, uyarılmış gastrointestinal ortamlarda biyoflavonoidleri kapsülleme ve serbest bırakma yeteneklerini araştırmayı amaçladı. Yöntemimiz, ucuz ve yeşil çözücüler kullanarak lignin bazlı partikülleri sentezler.İşlem kolay, hızlıdır ve minimum ekipman ve toksik olmayan maddeler gerektirir. Ayrıca, suda az çözünür biyoaktif bileşiklerin karakterizasyonu, kapsüllenmesi, kapasite belirleme ve in vitro salım potansiyeli için basit yöntemlere sahiptir. Yenilikçi biyopolimer mikropartiküller, mide tahrişi riskinin daha düşük olması nedeniyle oral uygulama için uygundur.Mikron altı partiküller, küçük boyut ve önemli salım potansiyeli nedeniyle, enjekte edilebilir formülasyonlar olarak uygulanabilir.

green-synthesis-characterization-encapsulation-measurement-release

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

The applicability of biopolymer micro-/nano- technology in human, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical, and food technology is rapidly growing due to the great potential of biopolymer-based particles as effective carrier systems. The use of lignin as a basic heteropolymer biomatrix for the design of innovative micro-/submicron formulations allows the achievement of increased biocompatibility and offers various active functional groups presenting opportunities for customization of the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of the formulations for diverse applications. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple and ecofriendly methodology for the synthesis of lignin particles with micro- and submicron size; to evaluate their physicochemical, spectral, and structural characteristics; and to examine their capacity for encapsulation of biologically active molecules and potential for in vitro release of bioflavonoids in simulated gastrointestinal media. The presented methodologies apply cheap and green solvents; easy, straightforward, quick, and sensitive processes requiring little equipment, non-toxic substances, and simple methods for their characterization, the determination of encapsulation capacity towards the poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds morin and quercetin, and the in vitro release potential of the lignin matrices.

We describe novel, simple methodologies of synthesis and characterization of biocompatible lignin micro- and submicron particles. These formulations provide a facile approach for the utilization of the heteropolymer, as well as an alternative for the rational design of multifunctional carrier matrices with potential applicability in biomedicine, pharmaceutical technology, and the food industry.