Name: Författare i fokus: Multimodala avbildningsstrategier för att optimera läkemedelstillförsel och tidig upptäckt vid behandling av glioblastom
Uploaded: 2024-03-01T14:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two-Photon Intravital Microscopy of Glioblastoma in a Murine Model at JoVE.com

Vi vill tacka Stanford Wu Tsai Neuroscience Microscopy Service, Stanford Center for Innovations in Vivo Imaging (SCi3) - small animal imaging center, NIH S10 Shared Instrumentation Grant (S10RR026917-01, PI Michael Moseley, Ph.D.) och Stanford Preclinical Imaging Facility vid Porter Drive för att ha tillhandahållit utrustning och infrastruktur för detta projekt. Detta arbete stöddes av ett anslag från National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, anslagsnummer R01HD103638. Vi vill tacka Schnitzer Group, Stanford University; Zuo-laboratoriet, University of Santa Cruz; och Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Boston Photonic Center, University of Boston, för pedagogiska diskussioner om tvåfotonavbildning och kranialfönstermodeller.

Djurförsöket som beskrivs i detta protokoll är i enlighet med kraven från den administrativa panelen för laboratoriedjurvård (APLAC).
1. Cellodling
<ol><li>Förberedelse av huva<ol><li>Tvätta händerna, använd handskar och labbrock. Slå på det biologiska säkerhetsskåpet och ställ in bågnivån på lämplig öppningshöjd. Låt huven tömmas i 3-5 min. Spraya huven med 70 % etanol och torka av den med silkespapper.</li>
		<li>Spraya alla reagenser med 70% etanol ...

Realtidsspårning av nanopartiklar i hjärntumörer med hjälp av 2P-IVM i möss

<ol>
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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+microscopy+of+Paneth+cells+in+the+small+intestine+of+live+mice.">Two-photon microscopy of Paneth cells in the small intestine of live mice.</a> Sci Rep. 8 (1), 14174 (2018).</li><li>Ihler, F., Bertlich, M., Weiss, B., Dietzel, S., Canis, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+microscopy+allows+imaging+and+characterization+of+cochlear+microvasculature+in+vivo.">Two-photon microscopy allows imaging and characterization of cochlear microvasculature in vivo.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2015, 154272 (2015).</li><li>Matsuura, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+imaging+with+two-photon+microscopy+reveals+cellular+dynamics+in+the+ischeamia-reperfused+rat+heart.">Intravital imaging with two-photon microscopy reveals cellular dynamics in the ischeamia-reperfused rat heart.</a> Sci Rep. 8 (1), 15991 (2018).</li><li>Veres, T. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intubation-free+in+vivo+imaging+of+the+tracheal+mucosa+using+two-photon+microscopy.">Intubation-free in vivo imaging of the tracheal mucosa using two-photon microscopy.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 694 (2017).</li><li>Zong, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+two-photon+calcium+imaging+in+freely+moving+mice.">Large-scale two-photon calcium imaging in freely moving mice.</a> Cell. 185 (7), 1240-1256.e30 (2022).</li><li>Takasaki, K., Abbasi-Asl, R., Waters, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superficial+bound+of+the+depth+limit+of+two-photon+imaging+in+mouse+brain.">Superficial bound of the depth limit of two-photon imaging in mouse brain.</a> eNeuro. 17 (1), (2019).</li><li>Birkner, A., Konnerth, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+two-photon+imaging+in+vivo+with+a+red-shifted+calcium+indicator.">Deep two-photon imaging in vivo with a red-shifted calcium indicator.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1929, 15-26 (1929).</li><li>Busche, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+two-photon+calcium+imaging+of+hippocampal+neurons+in+Alzheimer+mouse+models.">In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of hippocampal neurons in Alzheimer mouse models.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1750, 341-351 (2018).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+two-photon+probe+to+selectively+detect+monoamine+oxidase+B+activity+in+Parkinson's+disease+models.">A sensitive two-photon probe to selectively detect monoamine oxidase B activity in Parkinson's disease models.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 3276 (2014).</li><li>Madden, K. S., Zettel, M. L., Majewska, A. K., Brown, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+tumor+imaging:+live+imaging+of+glioma+by+two-photon+microscopy.">Brain tumor imaging: live imaging of glioma by two-photon microscopy.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2013 (3), (2013).</li><li>Ricard, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+dynamics+of+microglial+and+monocyte-derived+cells+in+glioblastoma-bearing+mice.">Phenotypic dynamics of microglial and monocyte-derived cells in glioblastoma-bearing mice.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 26381 (2016).</li><li>Soub&#233;ran, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+VEGF+blockade+on+the+dynamics+of+the+inflammatory+landscape+in+glioblastoma-bearing+mice.">Effects of VEGF blockade on the dynamics of the inflammatory landscape in glioblastoma-bearing mice.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 16 (1), 191 (2019).</li><li>Zhang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+vivo+reveals+specific+nanoparticle+target+binding+in+a+syngeneic+glioma+mouse+model.">Real-time vivo reveals specific nanoparticle target binding in a syngeneic glioma mouse model.</a> Nanoscale. 14 (15), 5678-5688 (2022).</li><li>Wartchow, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+with+cyclic+AMP+activators+reduces+glioblastoma+growth+and+invasion+as+assessed+by+two-photon+microscopy.">Treatment with cyclic AMP activators reduces glioblastoma growth and invasion as assessed by two-photon microscopy.</a> Cells. 10 (3), 556 (2021).</li><li>Jiang, L. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Label-free+detection+of+fibrillar+collagen+deposition+associated+with+vascular+elements+in+glioblastoma+multiforme+by+using+multiphoton+microscopy.">Label-free detection of fibrillar collagen deposition associated with vascular elements in glioblastoma multiforme by using multiphoton microscopy.</a> J Microsc. 265 (2), 207-213 (2017).</li><li>Chen, Z., Ross, J. L., Hambardzumyan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+2-photon+imaging+reveals+distinct+morphology+and+infiltrative+properties+of+glioblastoma-associated+macrophages.">Intravital 2-photon imaging reveals distinct morphology and infiltrative properties of glioblastoma-associated macrophages.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 116 (28), 14254-14259 (2019).</li><li>Zhang, Y. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Labeling+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+with+gold+nanocages+for+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+tracking+by+two-photon+microscopy+and+photoacoustic+microscopy.">Labeling human mesenchymal stem cells with gold nanocages for in vitro and in vivo tracking by two-photon microscopy and photoacoustic microscopy.</a> Theranostics. 3 (8), 532-543 (2013).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Hoeferlin, G. F., Menendez, D. M., Krebs, O. K., Capadona, J. R., Shoffstall, A. 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P., Nase, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+optical+properties+of+the+mouse+cranium-implications+for+in+vivo+multi+photon+laser+scanning+microscopy.">Analysis of optical properties of the mouse cranium-implications for in vivo multi photon laser scanning microscopy.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 178 (2), 316-322 (2009).</li><li>Lu, W., Sun, Q., Wan, J., She, Z., Jiang, X. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cationic+albumin-conjugated+pegylated+nanoparticles+allow+gene+delivery+into+brain+tumors+via+intravenous+administration.">Cationic albumin-conjugated pegylated nanoparticles allow gene delivery into brain tumors via intravenous administration.</a> Cancer Res. 66 (24), 11878-11887 (2006).</li><li>Zhang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LDLR-mediated+peptide-22-conjugated+nanoparticles+for+dual-targeting+therapy+of+brain+glioma.">LDLR-mediated peptide-22-conjugated nanoparticles for dual-targeting therapy of brain glioma.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (36), 9171-9182 (2013).</li><li>Xin, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+anti-glioblastoma+efficacy+by+PTX-loaded+PEGylated+poly(&#603;-caprolactone)+nanoparticles:+In+vitro+and+in+vivo+evaluation.">Enhanced anti-glioblastoma efficacy by PTX-loaded PEGylated poly(&#603;-caprolactone) nanoparticles: In vitro and in vivo evaluation.</a> Int J Pharm. 402 (1-2), 238-247 (2010).</li><li>Valable, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+MRI+tracking+of+exogenous+monocytes/macrophages+targeting+brain+tumors+in+a+rat+model+of+glioma.">In vivo MRI tracking of exogenous monocytes/macrophages targeting brain tumors in a rat model of glioma.</a> Neuroimage. 40 (2), 972 (2008).</li><li>Jia, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phototheranostics:+Active+targeting+of+orthotopic+glioma+using+biomimetic+proteolipid+nanoparticles.">Phototheranostics: Active targeting of orthotopic glioma using biomimetic proteolipid nanoparticles.</a> ACS Nano. 13 (1), 386-398 (2021).</li><li>Asan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+correlates+of+gray+matter+volume+changes+in+magnetic+resonance+morphometry+identified+by+two-photon+microscopy.">Cellular correlates of gray matter volume changes in magnetic resonance morphometry identified by two-photon microscopy.</a> Sci Rep. 11, 4234 (2021).</li></ol>

Vi presenterar en metod för realtidsspårning av NP in vivo med hjälp av 2P-IVM genom ett kranialfönster för att utvärdera tumörleveransen av fluorescerande märkta järnoxid-NP. Den kirurgiska tekniken för detta ingrepp kräver en stadig hand och avancerade experimentella kirurgiska färdigheter. Det är tillrådligt att öva på att använda kadaver eller fantomer innan du går vidare till levande djurupplevelser. Som ett alternativ implementerade Hoeferlin et al. en robotborr för att minska termiska s...

Tvåfotonisk intravital mikroskopi (2P-IVM) är en fluorescensavbildningsteknik som möjliggör visualisering av levande vävnad1.
2P-IVM utvecklades först på 1990-talet och har använts för in vivo-analys av näthinnan2, njure3, tunntarm4, cochlea5, hjärta6, luftstrupe7 och hjärnan i olika prekliniska modeller 8,9. Inom neurovetenskapen har 2P-IVM fått betydelse som en teknik för realtidsavbildning av den friska hjärnan hos vakna djur10, samt för att studera sjukdomar i nervsystemet som Alzheimers11, Parkinsons12 och glioblastom (GBM)13,14,15,16.
2P-IVM erbjuder en elegant lösning för att studera tumörens mikromiljö under utvecklingen av GBM. Medan vissa tidigare studier fokuserade på in vitro17 och ex vivo modeller18, implementerade andra ortotopiska19 och xenotropa20 in vivo-modeller för att undersöka GBM. Madden et al. utförde naturlig avbildning av CNS-1 råttgliomcellinje i en musmodell13. Med hjälp av en ortotopisk GL261-DsRed murin modell utförde Ricard et al. en intravenös administrering av en fluorofor för att förbättra blodkärlen i tumörregionen i 2P-IVM14.
Här tillämpar vi 2P-IVM för att spåra tumörleveransen av fluorescerande märkta järnoxidnanopartiklar (NP) i en ortotopisk musmodell av GBM. Med hjälp av ett kranialfönster gör denna metod det möjligt för oss att studera den spatiotemporala fördelningen av NP i hjärnan i realtid i detalj.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% sodium chloride infusion solution</td>
			<td>Baxter Corp</td>
			<td>533-JB1301P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> 
			Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>Luer-Lok syringe, REF309628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10%&#160;FBS</td>
			<td>Thermo fisher</td>
			<td>Cytiva SH30910.03HI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8418-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-photon microscope</td>
			<td>Prairie Technologies, Bruker</td>
			<td>Prairie Ultima IV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol applicators, 70%</td>
			<td>Medline Industries, LP</td>
			<td>MDS093810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol, spray bottle</td>
			<td>Decon Labs Inc</td>
			<td>Decon SaniHol, 04-355-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td>Reynold Brands</td>
			<td>Reynold Wrap non-stick aluminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia machine</td>
			<td>Patterson Scientific</td>
			<td>SAS3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia monitoring&#160;</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>MouseSTAT Jr. Rodent Pulsoxymeter</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100x), liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15240-096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine applicators</td>
			<td>Professional Disposables International, Inc</td>
			<td>S41125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopsy punch, 5 mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>Size 5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine sustained release</td>
			<td>Zoo Pharm</td>
			<td>Bup SR Lab, 1.0 mg/mL</td>
			<td>A generic drug can be used instead.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C6 rat glioma cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC (American Tissue Culture Collection)</td>
			<td>CCL-107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannulas</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>16 G, 1.1/2&#8221;, 30 G, 1&#8221;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Pfizer&#160;</td>
			<td>Rimadyl, 50 mg/ml</td>
			<td>A generic drug can be used instead.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cefazoline</td>
			<td>Sagent Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>25021-101-10, 1 g/vial</td>
			<td>A generic drug can be used instead.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer, 40 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>87711</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton tip applicators, 6&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Dyad Medical Sourcing, LLC</td>
			<td>HCS1005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental cement</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co</td>
			<td>51459</td>
			<td>Dental cement kit, clear, 2 components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Bimeda</td>
			<td>138RX, 2 mg/mL</td>
			<td>A generic drug can be used instead.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DietGel</td>
			<td>ClearH2O</td>
			<td>Recovery, 72-06-502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drape&#160;</td>
			<td>Cardinal Health</td>
			<td>Bio Shield Wrap</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Saeyang Microtech</td>
			<td>Escort Pro, B08350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill tips&#160;</td>
			<td>Hager &#38; Meissinger GmbH</td>
			<td>REF310104001001005</td>
			<td>Size 005, US 1/4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FIJI imaging analysis software</td>
			<td>National Institute of Health</td>
			<td>https://imagej.net/software/fiji/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-812-41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze</td>
			<td>Fisher HealthCare</td>
			<td>Sterile Cotton Gauze Pad, 4 x 4&#8221;, 22-415-469</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelfoam&#160;</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>Surgifoam absorbable gelatin sponge, Ref. 1972</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator&#160;</td>
			<td>Cellpoint Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>Germinator 500, No. 11688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslips, 5 mm diameter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Menzel Cover glass&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves, non-sterile</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Nitrile powder-free medical examination gloves</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves, sterile</td>
			<td>Medline Industries, LP</td>
			<td>MDS104070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hair removal cream</td>
			<td>Church &#38; Dwight</td>
			<td>Nair Hair remover lotion&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton Company Inc</td>
			<td>Gastight #1701, 10 &#181;L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS without Ca, Mg</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PI88284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Head bar</td>
			<td>Hongway</td>
			<td>5 mm inner diameter O-rings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.&#160;</td>
			<td>Rodent warmer X2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringes</td>
			<td>Exel International Medical Products&#160;</td>
			<td>29G x 1/2&#8243;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron oxide nanoparticles</td>
			<td>Covis Pharma GmbH</td>
			<td>Feraheme ferumoxytol injection, 510 mg/17 mL, 59338077501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Dechra</td>
			<td>26675-46-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>NSG, Strain 005557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope (surgery)</td>
			<td>Seiler Medical</td>
			<td>Seiler IQ Q-100-220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoparticles</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Iron oxide nanoparticles (Ferumoxytol) labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophtalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Major pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>Lubrifresh P.M. nighttime ointment, 203964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen</td>
			<td>Linde Gas &#38; Equipment Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>High Pressure Steel K Style Cylinder, 249CF, 2000PSIG, CGA 540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic cups</td>
			<td>Georgia-Pacirif Consumer Products</td>
			<td>Dixie Portion Cup, 2 oz., Plastic, Clear, PK2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene tubing</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>50-195-5494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale</td>
			<td>Ohaus Corp</td>
			<td>CR2200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Integra Life Sciences Production Corp</td>
			<td>Integra Miltex Stainless steel disposable scalpel</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-804-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sealant</td>
			<td>Henkel Corp</td>
			<td>Loctite 4014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single use lab gown</td>
			<td>High Tech Conversions</td>
			<td>17-444-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.&#160;</td>
			<td>Stoelting New Standard TM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Vacuum Bottle Top Filtration Systems</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S2GPU05RE, MilliporeSigma NO.:S2GPU05RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Styrofoam box</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical gloves</td>
			<td>Cardinal Health</td>
			<td>19-163-108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical glue, 3M Vetbond tissues adhesive</td>
			<td>3M Animal Care Prodcuts</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tail vein cathether</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Consists of two 30 G cannulas connected with sillicone tubing&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Express (1x), no phenol red</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12604-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultraviolett torch</td>
			<td>Spring sunshine technology</td>
			<td>Consciot</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

two-photon intravital microscopy of glioblastoma in a murine model

Tillförseln av intravenöst administrerade cancerläkemedel till hjärntumörer begränsas av blod-hjärnbarriären. En metod för att direkt avbilda ackumulering och distribution av makromolekyler i hjärntumörer in vivo skulle avsevärt förbättra vår förmåga att förstå och optimera läkemedelstillförsel i prekliniska modeller. Detta protokoll beskriver en metod för realtidsspårning in vivo av intravenöst administrerade fluorescerande märkta nanopartiklar med tvåfotonisk intravital mikroskopi (2P-IVM) i en musmodell av glioblastom (GBM).
Protokollet innehåller en flerstegsbeskrivning av proceduren, inklusive anestesi och smärtlindring av försöksdjur, skapande av ett kranialfönster, GBM-cellimplantation, placering av en huvudstång, genomförande av 2P-IVM-studier och postoperativ vård för långtidsuppföljningsstudier. Vi visar representativa 2P-IVM-avbildningssessioner och bildanalys, undersöker fördelar och nackdelar med denna teknik och diskuterar potentiella tillämpningar.
Denna metod kan enkelt modifieras och anpassas för olika forskningsfrågor inom området in vivo preklinisk hjärnavbildning.

Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) is a fluorescence imaging technique that allows the visualization of living tissue1.
First developed in the 1990s, 2P-IVM has been used for in vivo analysis of the retina2, kidney3, small intestine4, cochlea5, heart6, trachea7, and the brain in various preclinical models8,9. In the field of neuroscience, 2P-IVM has gained importance as a technique for real-time imaging of the healthy brain in awake animals10, as well as studying diseases of the nervous system such as Alzheimer&#39;s11, Parkinson&#39;s12 and glioblastoma (GBM)13,14,15,16.
2P-IVM offers an elegant solution for studying the tumor microenvironment during the development of GBM. While some previous studies focused on in vitro17 and ex vivo models18, others implemented orthotopic19 and xenotropic20&#160;in vivo models for examining GBM. Madden et al. performed native imaging of CNS-1 rat glioma cell line in a mouse model13. Using an orthotopic GL261-DsRed murine model, Ricard et al. performed an intravenous administration of a fluorophore to enhance the blood vessels in the tumor region in 2P-IVM14.
Here, we apply 2P-IVM for tracking the tumor delivery of fluorescent-labeled iron oxide nanoparticles (NP) in an orthotopic mouse model of GBM. Using a cranial window, this method allows us to study the real-time spatiotemporal distribution of NPs in the brain in detail.

Författare i fokus: Multimodala avbildningsstrategier för att optimera läkemedelstillförsel och tidig upptäckt vid behandling av glioblastom

Tvåfotonisk intravital mikroskopi av glioblastom i en murin modell

Glioblastoma is one of the most common primary brain cancer and is associated with fast growth and poor life expectancy. Developing effective therapies for glioblastoma remains a major challenge since the delivery of therapeutics is limited by the blood brain barrier. A method to directly image the accumulation and distribution of macromolecules in the brain would greatly enhance our ability to understand and optimize drug delivery.Two-photon microscopy offers an elegant solution for studying the real-time distribution of nanoparticles in the preclinical model of glioblastoma. By modifying the nanoparticle used in this study, it's possible to investigate the delivery of different drug candidates and combination therapies on a cellular and molecular level. In addition to two-photon intravital microscopy, the iron oxide component of these nanoparticles allow for multimodal imaging with MRI or MPI.For the future, imaging facilities could serve in the realization of early detection to cancer, thereby leading to more effective therapies against malignant neoplasia. One path to achieve this is to merge two-photon intravital microscopy with other imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography and photoacoustic ultrasound.

Här utförde vi kraniell fönsterkirurgi och transplanterade C6-celler i en NSG-musmodell av GBM (n = 5). En ordentlig tätning mellan alla komponenter som är involverade i skapandet av fönstret (figur 1A) kommer att säkerställa fönstrens hållbarhet för långtidsavbildning och dessutom minska sjukligheten. Med hjälp av scenen anpassad för in vivo 2P-IVM (Figur 2) kunde vi avbilda djur under narkos i upp till 2 timmar utan några större rörel...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two-Photon Intravital Microscopy of Glioblastoma in a Murine Model at JoVE.com

Vi presenterar ett nytt tillvägagångssätt för tvåfotonmikroskopi av tumörleverans av fluorescerande märkta järnoxidnanopartiklar till glioblastom i en musmodell.

The delivery of intravenously administered cancer therapeutics to brain tumors is limited by the blood-brain barrier. A method to directly image the ...

Glioblastom är en av de vanligaste primära hjärncancerformerna och är förknippad med snabb tillväxt och låg förväntad livslängd. Att utveckla effektiva terapier för glioblastom är fortfarande en stor utmaning eftersom leveransen av läkemedel begränsas av blod-hjärnbarriären. En metod för att direkt avbilda ackumulering och distribution av makromolekyler i hjärnan skulle avsevärt förbättra vår förmåga att förstå och optimera läkemedelstillförsel.Tvåfotonmikroskopi erbjuder en elegant lösning för att studera realtidsfördelningen av nanopartiklar i den prekliniska modellen av glioblastom. Genom att modifiera nanopartikeln som används i denna studie är det möjligt att undersöka leveransen av olika läkemedelskandidater och kombinationsterapier på cellulär och molekylär nivå. Förutom intravital mikroskopi med två foton möjliggör järnoxidkomponenten i dessa nanopartiklar multimodal avbildning med MRI eller MPI.I framtiden kan avbildningsanläggningar bidra till tidig upptäckt av cancer, vilket skulle leda till effektivare behandlingar mot malign neoplasi. Ett sätt att uppnå detta är att slå samman intravital mikroskopi med två foton med andra avbildningsmodaliteter som positronemissionstomografi och fotoakustiskt ultraljud.

two-photon-intravital-microscopy-of-glioblastoma-in-a-murine-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Two-Photon Intravital Microscopy of Glioblastoma in a Murine Model

The delivery of intravenously administered cancer therapeutics to brain tumors is limited by the blood-brain barrier. A method to directly image the accumulation and distribution of macromolecules in brain tumors in vivo would greatly enhance our ability to understand and optimize drug delivery in preclinical models. This protocol describes a method for real-time in vivo tracking of intravenously administered fluorescent-labeled nanoparticles with two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) in a mouse model of glioblastoma (GBM).
The protocol contains a multi-step description of the procedure, including anesthesia and analgesia of experimental animals, creating a cranial window, GBM cell implantation, placing a head bar, conducting 2P-IVM studies, and post-surgical care for long-term follow-up studies. We show representative 2P-IVM imaging sessions and image analysis, examine the advantages and disadvantages of this technology, and discuss potential applications.
This method can be easily modified and adapted for different research questions in the field of in vivo preclinical brain imaging.

We present a novel approach for two-photon microscopy of the tumor delivery of fluorescent-labeled iron oxide nanoparticles to glioblastoma in a mouse model.