<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Fare Retinasında Sinaptik Devre Analizi ve Protein Lokalizasyonu

<ol>
	<li>Chua, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+complete+reconstruction+of+the+early+visual+system+of+an+adult+insect.">A complete reconstruction of the early visual system of an adult insect.</a> Curr Biol. 33 (21), 4611-4623.e4614 (2023).</li><li>Ravi Chander, P., Hanson, L., Chundekkad, L., Awatramani, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+circuits+underlying+multi-feature+extraction+in+the+retina.">Neural circuits underlying multi-feature extraction in the retina.</a> J Neurosci. , (2023).</li><li>Sirivisoot, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+mouse+anti-canine+PD-L1+monoclonal+antibodies+and+their+expression+in+canine+tumors+by+immunohistochemistry+in+vitro.">Development and characterization of mouse anti-canine PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies and their expression in canine tumors by immunohistochemistry in vitro.</a> Vet Q. 43 (1), 1-9 (2023).</li><li>Raeisi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+phage+display-derived+anti-toxin+antibodies+neutralizing+TcdA+and+TcdB+of+Clostridioides+difficile.">Development and characterization of phage display-derived anti-toxin antibodies neutralizing TcdA and TcdB of Clostridioides difficile.</a> Microbiol Spectr. 11 (5), e0531022 (2023).</li><li>Ryschich, A., Dong, Y., Sch&#228;fer, M., Ryschich, E., Karakhanova, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DWH24:+A+new+antibody+for+fluorescence-based+cell+death+analysis.">DWH24: A new antibody for fluorescence-based cell death analysis.</a> Methods Appl Fluoresc. 11 (4), (2023).</li><li>Jastrzebska, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+characterization+of+rhodopsin+monomers+and+dimers+in+detergents.">Functional characterization of rhodopsin monomers and dimers in detergents.</a> J Biol Chem. 279 (52), 54663-54675 (2004).</li><li>Huang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+Shenfu+injection+in+suppressing+inflammation+and+preventing+sepsis-induced+apoptosis+in+murine+cardiomyocytes+based+on+network+pharmacology+and+experimental+validation.">Mechanism of Shenfu injection in suppressing inflammation and preventing sepsis-induced apoptosis in murine cardiomyocytes based on network pharmacology and experimental validation.</a> J Ethnopharmacol. 322, 117599 (2024).</li><li>Maheshwari, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inorganic+phosphate+exporter+heterozygosity+in+mice+leads+to+brain+vascular+calcification,+microangiopathy,+and+microgliosis.">Inorganic phosphate exporter heterozygosity in mice leads to brain vascular calcification, microangiopathy, and microgliosis.</a> Brain Pathol. 33 (6), e13189 (2023).</li><li>Mackiewicz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+gravity+in+long-term+vitreous+tamponade:+In+vivo+investigation+using+perfluorocarbon+liquids+and+semi-fluorinated+alkanes.">Effect of gravity in long-term vitreous tamponade: In vivo investigation using perfluorocarbon liquids and semi-fluorinated alkanes.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 245 (5), 665-675 (2007).</li><li>Luj&#225;n, R., Rubio, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Editorial:+Immunoelectron+microscopy:+Placing+molecular+functions+within+a+neuronal+context.">Editorial: Immunoelectron microscopy: Placing molecular functions within a neuronal context.</a> Front Neuroanat. 16, 1043371 (2022).</li><li>Xu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+changes+and+the+response+of+microglia+in+a+light-induced+photoreceptor+degeneration+model.">Synaptic changes and the response of microglia in a light-induced photoreceptor degeneration model.</a> Mol Vis. 27, 206-220 (2021).</li><li>Chadha, A., Volland, S., Baliaouri, N. V., Tran, E. M., Williams, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+route+of+the+visual+receptor+rhodopsin+along+the+cilium.">The route of the visual receptor rhodopsin along the cilium.</a> J Cell Sci. 132 (10), jcs.229526 (2019).</li><li>Huang, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+nucleocapsid+structural+forms+of+shrimp+white+spot+syndrome+virus+suggests+a+novel+viral+morphogenetic+pathway.">Multiple nucleocapsid structural forms of shrimp white spot syndrome virus suggests a novel viral morphogenetic pathway.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 24 (8), 7525 (2023).</li><li>Tissarinen, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elevated+human+placental+heat+shock+protein+5+is+associated+with+spontaneous+preterm+birth.">Elevated human placental heat shock protein 5 is associated with spontaneous preterm birth.</a> Pediatr Res. 94 (2), 520-529 (2023).</li><li>Huang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neural+tract+tracing+study+on+synaptic+connections+for+cortical+glutamatergic+terminals+and+cervical+spinal+calretinin+neurons+in+rats.">A neural tract tracing study on synaptic connections for cortical glutamatergic terminals and cervical spinal calretinin neurons in rats.</a> Front Neural Circuits. 17, 1086873 (2023).</li><li>Zhang, J., Petralia, R. S., Wang, Y. X., Diamond, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+quantitative+immunogold+analysis+of+membrane+receptors+at+retinal+ribbon+synapses.">High-resolution quantitative immunogold analysis of membrane receptors at retinal ribbon synapses.</a> J Vis Exp. 108, e53547 (2016).</li><li>Ottersen, O. P., Landsend, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+glutamate+receptors+at+the+synapse.">Organization of glutamate receptors at the synapse.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 9 (11), 2219-2224 (1997).</li><li>Greferath, U., Gr&#252;nert, U., W&#228;ssle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rod+bipolar+cells+in+the+mammalian+retina+show+protein+kinase+C-like+immunoreactivity.">Rod bipolar cells in the mammalian retina show protein kinase C-like immunoreactivity.</a> J Comp Neurol. 301 (3), 433-442 (1990).</li><li>Wang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+and+synaptic+organization+of+substance+P-like+immunoreactive+neurons+in+the+mouse+retina.">Distribution and synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the mouse retina.</a> Brain Struct Funct. 228 (7), 1703-1724 (2023).</li><li>van Opbergen, C. J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;Orphan&amp;#34;+Connexin43+in+Plakophilin-2+deficient+hearts+revealed+by+volume+electron+microscopy.">34;Orphan&amp;#34; Connexin43 in Plakophilin-2 deficient hearts revealed by volume electron microscopy.</a> Front Cell Dev Biol. 10, 843687 (2022).</li><li>Li, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safe+and+efficient+oral+allergy+immunotherapy+using+one-pot-prepared+mannan-coated+allergen+nanoparticles.">Safe and efficient oral allergy immunotherapy using one-pot-prepared mannan-coated allergen nanoparticles.</a> Biomaterials. 303, 122381 (2023).</li><li>Yamashita, K., Kusakabe, M., Sano, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+rapid+method+of+dissociating+hepatocytes+from+fixed+liver+of+the+mouse.">A simple and rapid method of dissociating hepatocytes from fixed liver of the mouse.</a> Stain Technol. 56 (1), 29-33 (1981).</li><li>Tanabe, T., Shin, M., Fujiwara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoelectron+microscopy+study+of+polyamines+using+a+newly+prepared+monoclonal+antibody+against+spermidine:+use+of+a+mixture+of+glutaraldehyde+and+paraformaldehyde+as+a+cross-linking+agent+in+the+preparation+of+the+antigen.">Immunoelectron microscopy study of polyamines using a newly prepared monoclonal antibody against spermidine: use of a mixture of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde as a cross-linking agent in the preparation of the antigen.</a> J Biochem. 135 (4), 501-507 (2004).</li><li>Xiao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rod+bipolar+cells+receive+cone+photoreceptor+inputs+through+both+invaginating+synapses+and+flat+contacts+in+the+mouse+and+guinea+pig+retinas.">Rod bipolar cells receive cone photoreceptor inputs through both invaginating synapses and flat contacts in the mouse and guinea pig retinas.</a> J Comp Neurol. 531 (11), 1184-1197 (2023).</li><li>Yang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+&#945;-Synuclein+in+the+mouse+retina+is+confined+to+inhibitory+presynaptic+elements.">Expression of &#945;-Synuclein in the mouse retina is confined to inhibitory presynaptic elements.</a> J Comp Neurol. 531 (10), 1057-1079 (2023).</li><li>Yazulla, S., Studholme, K. M., Zucker, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+organization+of+substance+P-like+immunoreactive+amacrine+cells+in+goldfish+retina.">Synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in goldfish retina.</a> J Comp Neurol. 231 (2), 232-238 (1985).</li><li>Sasso&#232;-Pognetto, M., W&#228;ssle, H., Gr&#252;nert, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycinergic+synapses+in+the+rod+pathway+of+the+rat+retina:+cone+bipolar+cells+express+the+alpha+1+subunit+of+the+glycine+receptor.">Glycinergic synapses in the rod pathway of the rat retina: cone bipolar cells express the alpha 1 subunit of the glycine receptor.</a> J Neurosci. 14 (8), 5131-5146 (1994).</li><li>Hartveit, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+and+developmental+expression+of+the+NMDA+receptor+subunit+NR2A+in+the+mammalian+retina.">Localization and developmental expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2A in the mammalian retina.</a> J Comp Neurol. 348 (4), 570-582 (1994).</li><li>Perkins, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+miniSOG+in+the+localization+of+mitochondrial+proteins.">The use of miniSOG in the localization of mitochondrial proteins.</a> Methods Enzymol. 547, 165-179 (2014).</li><li>Shu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetically+encoded+tag+for+correlated+light+and+electron+microscopy+of+intact+cells,+tissues,+and+organisms.">A genetically encoded tag for correlated light and electron microscopy of intact cells, tissues, and organisms.</a> PLoS Biol. 9 (4), e1001041 (2011).</li><li>Kar, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volume+electron+microscopy+reveals+human+retinal+mitochondria+that+align+with+reflective+bands+in+optical+coherence+tomography+[Invited].">Volume electron microscopy reveals human retinal mitochondria that align with reflective bands in optical coherence tomography [Invited].</a> Biomed Opt Express. 14 (10), 5512-5527 (2023).</li><li>Johnson, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+regulation+of+ATP+and+Ca2++dynamics+in+vertebrate+rod+and+cone+ribbon+synapses.">Spatiotemporal regulation of ATP and Ca2+ dynamics in vertebrate rod and cone ribbon synapses.</a> Mol Vis. 13, 887-919 (2007).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringe needle</td>
			<td>kangdelai</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% OsO4</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>19100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2,2-Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T48402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8% Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>16020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>157-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>10000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rabbit PKC</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Rabbit SP</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab67006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAB Substrate kit</td>
			<td>MXB Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>KIT-9701/9702/9703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elbow scissors</td>
			<td>Suzhou66 vision company</td>
			<td>54010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electron microscope</td>
			<td>Phillips</td>
			<td>CM120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epon resin</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>14910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>forcep</td>
			<td>Suzhou66 vision company</td>
			<td>S101A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore filter paper</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td>PR05538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183; 12H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71650</td>
			<td>A component of phosphate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4&#183; H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71507</td>
			<td>A component of phosphate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picric acid</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>19550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>215511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>917R071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultramicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uranyl acetate</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>22400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VACTASTAIN ABC kit, Peroxidase (Rabbit IgG)</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>PK-4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigating retinal circuits and molecular localization by pre&#45;embedding immunoelectron microscopy

The complexity of neuronal circuits in the retina presents challenges for exploration, considering the diverse cell types within its structure1,2. The initial step involves identifying synaptic connections between different cells and determining the cellular localization of specific neurotransmitters or neuropeptides. As molecular biology advances introduce new proteins, precise localization in the retina becomes crucial for understanding their functions and analyzing retinal circuits and synaptic connections3,4,5.
Due to the limited resolution of light microscopy, electron microscopy (EM) is commonly used to detect the subcellular structures of nerve cells. EM has various classifications, with conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) utilized for observing cell ultrastructures6,7,8,9. Immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM), which combines the spatial resolution of EM with the chemical identification ability of antibodies binding specifically to proteins10, stands out as the optimal and exclusive method for investigating synaptic connections and subcellular protein localization in the retina11,12.
Immuno-EM techniques can be divided into pre-embedding and post-embedding methods based on the order of embedding and antibody incubation. Compared with the post-embedding method, the pre-embedding approach is capable of large-scale and long-distance identification13,14,15, offering an optimal approach for studying cell processes like axons and dendrites. Additionally, this technique provides a strong signal and broad field of view, making it advantageous for comprehensive investigations of protein expression and molecular localization in the cytoplasm. This method proves particularly valuable in ensuring chemically identified structures that are visible throughout the entire cytoplasm, cells, or retina.
However, the post-embedding method, while having lower penetration or diffusion compared to the pre-embedding method, is not as sensitive16,17. In simple terms, if the goal is to explore the localization of specific neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm or synaptic terminals, the pre-embedding immuno-EM is the preferred method. Conversely, for identifying the localization of membrane receptors, it is more recommended to utilize post-embedding immunogold EM.
Given these considerations, we opt for the pre-embedding immuno-EM method to delve into retinal circuits, including the interaction between cone and rod pathways, and molecular localization, such as the distribution and synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-IR) in the mouse retina.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Yazar Spotlight: Farelerde Retinal Sinaptik Bağlantı ve Nörotransmitter Lokalizasyonunun Ultrastrüktürel Temelini Anlamak

İmmünoelektron Mikroskobunun Önceden Gömülmesi ile Retina Devrelerinin ve Moleküler Lokalizasyonun İncelenmesi

In our research, we focus on retinal physiology and the disease. They need to investigate the cellular composition and the specific neurotransmitters within the retina neural circuit. The overarching goal is to explore synaptic connections and the cellular localization of neurotransmitters throughout the entire pathway.The biggest challenge of immuno electron microscope technology is difficult in achieving a balance between structure, integrity, and positive signals. Through body immunoelectron microscopy, we provide for the first time immunochemically verified ultrastructural evidence for the labs and the review and explicit distribution, novel organic cell features, and the synaptic organization or SPIR is the most All findings suggest that the crosstalk between and the raw pathway is much more extensive than previously assumed. This neurochemically identified ultrastructural results reveal that on and off signaling may interconnect through chemical synapse in the retina's OPL.

The retina comprises numerous cells forming diverse neuronal circuits, which constitute the first stage of the visual pathway. Each circuit is ...

investigating-retinal-circuits-molecular-localization-preembedding

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Investigating Retinal Circuits and Molecular Localization by Pre&#45;Embedding Immunoelectron Microscopy

132 Views.  Wenzhou Medical University. In our research, we focus on retinal physiology and the disease. They need to investigate the cellular composition and the specific neurotransmitters within the retina neural circuit. The overarching goal is to explore synaptic connections and the cellular localization of neurotransmitters throughout the entire pathway.The biggest challenge of immuno electron microscope technology is difficult in achieving a balance between structure, integrity, and positive signals. Through body immun...