<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>일정한 공기 압력 하에서 미세주입 바늘의 습식 베벨링을 위한 프로토콜

<ol>
	<li>Rubin, G. M., Spradling, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+transformation+of+Drosophila+with+transposable+Element+Vectors.">Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable Element Vectors.</a> Science. 218 (4570), 348-353 (1982).</li><li>O'Brochta, D. A., Atkinson, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+systems+in+insects.">Transformation systems in insects.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 260, 227-254 (2004).</li><li>Handler, A. M., James, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Insect Transgenesis: Methods and Applications. , (2000).</li><li>Harrell, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquito+embryo+microinjection.">Mosquito embryo microinjection.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. , (2023).</li><li>Allen, M. L., O'Brochta, D. A., Atkinson, P. W., Levesque, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable,+germ-line+transformation+of+Culex+Quinquefasciatus+(Diptera:+Culicidae).">Stable, germ-line transformation of Culex Quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).</a> J Med Entomol. 38 (5), 701-710 (2001).</li><li>Grossman, G. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+transformation+of+the+malaria+vector,+Anopheles+gambiae,+with+the+piggyBac+transposable+element.">Germline transformation of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, with the piggyBac transposable element.</a> Insect Mol Biol. 10 (6), 597-604 (2001).</li><li>Adelman, Z. N., Jasinskiene, N., James, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+applications+of+transgenesis+in+the+yellow+fever+mosquito,+Aedes+aegypti.">Development and applications of transgenesis in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 121 (1), 1-10 (2002).</li><li>Perera, O. P., Harrell, R. A., Handler, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germ-line+transformation+of+the+South+American+malaria+vector,+Anopheles+albimanus,+with+a+piggyBac/EGFP+transposon+vector+is+routine+and+highly+efficient.">Germ-line transformation of the South American malaria vector, Anopheles albimanus, with a piggyBac/EGFP transposon vector is routine and highly efficient.</a> Insect Mol Biol. 11 (4), 291-297 (2002).</li><li>Harrell, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquito+embryo+microinjection+under+halocarbon+oil+or+in+aqueous+solution.">Mosquito embryo microinjection under halocarbon oil or in aqueous solution.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. , (2023).</li><li>Louradour, I., Ghosh, K., Inbar, E., Sacks, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9+mutagenesis+in+Phlebotomus+papatasi:+The+immune+deficiency+pathway+impacts+vector+competence+for+Leishmania+major.">CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in Phlebotomus papatasi: The immune deficiency pathway impacts vector competence for Leishmania major.</a> mBio. 10 (4), e01941 (2019).</li><li>Tamura, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+transformation+of+the+silkworm+Bombyx+mori+L.+using+a+piggyBac+transposon-derived+vector.">Germline transformation of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. using a piggyBac transposon-derived vector.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 18 (1), 81-84 (2000).</li><li>. BV-10 Micropipette Beveler Operation Manual Rev. 3.00 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.manualslib.com/manual/2073788/Sutter-Instrument-Bv-10.html">https://www.manualslib.com/manual/2073788/Sutter-Instrument-Bv-10.html</a> (2018)</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 mm O.D. microcapillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beveler pedestal oil</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicycle fender clip</td>
			<td>VeloOrange</td>
			<td>R-clip 4-pack</td>
			<td>https://velo-orange.com/products/vo-r-clip-4-pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boom Stand Microscope</td>
			<td>AmScope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>AMScope 3.5X-90X Trinocular LED Boom Stand Stereo Microscope or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BV-10 Beveler</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>BV-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond abrasive plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>104F</td>
			<td>Diamond abrasive plate - extra fine (0.2 &#181; to 1.0 &#181; tip sizes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gasket, Buna-N</td>
			<td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>11761-2-pkg</td>
			<td>Used to seal connection on T&#160; or L connectors, if not already included with these pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Clamp</td>
			<td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>5000-2-pkg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose connector</td>
			<td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>CT4-pkg</td>
			<td>Need 5 hose connectors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjection Needle Holder</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MPH3-10</td>
			<td>Needle holder for 1mm outer diameter microcapillaries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P-2000</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any needle puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photo-Flo 200 Solution</td>
			<td>B&#38;H Photo, Video and Audio</td>
			<td>BH #KOPF200P&#160; MFR #1464510</td>
			<td>wetting agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Gauge</td>
			<td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>PG-100</td>
			<td>0-100 psi gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reference wick</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>X050300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reference wick holder</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>M100019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regulator</td>
			<td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>01-Mar</td>
			<td>Need #10-32 ports for connections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber Packing Sheet 6 inx 6 in</td>
			<td>Danco</td>
			<td>Model # 59849</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T fitting</td>
			<td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>15002-2-pkg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Threaded Bar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Either a threaded rod or bar with threaded end. Threads must be 10-32.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urethane tubing</td>
			<td>Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>URH1-0804-BLT-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

wet beveling of microinjection needles utilizing constant air pressure for feedback on needle opening

Insect genetic modification is a process originally developed in Drosophila by Rubin and Spradling, and over the years, this process has been modified to create genetic modifications in other species1. The process relies on the precise delivery of modification components microinjected into embryos at a specific window of time and location within the developing embryo2,3,4. Sharp microinjection needles are a critical tool in the process of genetic modification of some insects, such as mosquitoes4,5,6,7,8,9 and sand flies10 while not as critical for other insects, such as silkworms11. Sharp needles are often a key factor between success and failure when trying to create a genetically modified insect2,4. Typically, microcapillary glass needles are pulled by heating glass to the point where the glass becomes elastic, allowing the capillary to be pulled into a tapering closed tip needle. Before the needle can be used, it needs to be opened in a manner that creates a sharp tip for injection. Traditionally, needles are opened by brushing the needle tip gently against something (the edge of a slide/coverslip, or the embryo, etc.) that causes a small amount of glass to break off from the tip, randomly creating a sharp tip2,3. A slightly less random process is dry beveling, where the needle is quickly lowered onto an optically flat, spinning abrasive plate for a short period of time, causing a small amount of glass to be abraded from the needle tip, creating a sharp tip. Dry beveling is a little less random than brushing the needle tip against something. The protocol described below takes the beveling process a step further by supplying compressed air to the needle being beveled and beveling it under a liquid layer so that bubbles are visible as soon as the needle has been opened. This protocol details a method for producing reliably sharp microinjection needles. Beveling under a liquid layer is an improvement over randomly breaking the needle as described above, and dry beveling because the user receives feedback on the beveling process, allowing the person beveling to know when the needle is open and relatively how large the needle opening is. Knowing the relative opening size of the needle tip can allow the person beveling to create needles with different opening sizes. Various needle opening sizes have different advantages; for instance, larger needle opening sizes can accommodate injection mixes of high viscosity, while smaller opening needles cause less damage to the embryo being injected.
Air is supplied to the needle using a regulator and a system of urethane tubing based on a modified air-pressure regulated injection system2. While air is supplied to the needle at a constant pressure, the needle is beveled under a layer of liquid. The beveling process is comprised of a repeated five-step process: 1) lowering the needle to the abrasive surface, 2) allowing the needle to bevel for a short period of time, 3) raising the needle away from the abrasive plate while keeping it beneath the surface of the liquid layer, 4) stopping the spin of the abrasive plate to check for the appearance of bubbles. If no bubbles are present, then steps 1 through 4 are repeated until bubbles appear; 5) Once bubbles are present, the air pressure can be adjusted to determine the relative opening size of the needle. The lower the pressure needed to stop bubble formation, the larger the opening at the needle tip.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: Wet Beveling을 통한 미세주입 바늘 품질 향상

바늘 개방에 대한 피드백을 위해 일정한 공기 압력을 사용하는 미세 주입 바늘의 습식 베벨링

The Insect Transformation Facility, we are a university service facility that helps clients make genetically modified insects. Their research ranges from neuroscience in which they are doing research on mosquito olfaction to public health research in which they are making vaccines to malaria, to expressing novel proteins within the black soldier fly. Traditionally, needles have been opened by pulling the needles and then brushing them against something in order to open that needle, and that can produce needles which are either perfect for microinjection or unusable.And so this method allows us to open the needle in a concise fashion in which we get sharp needles each time. This protocol gives feedback on the opening size of the needle. Once that needle is open, you can dial back the pressure that is being delivered to the tip of the needle, and the higher the pressure at which air bubbles stop flowing, the smaller the opening size of that needle.

Microinjection needles are a critical tool in the delivery of genome modification reagents, CRISPR components (guide RNAs, Cas9 protein, and donor ...

wet-beveling-microinjection-needles-utilizing-constant-air-pressure

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Wet Beveling of Microinjection Needles Utilizing Constant Air Pressure for Feedback on Needle Opening

120 Views.  University of Maryland. The Insect Transformation Facility, we are a university service facility that helps clients make genetically modified insects. Their research ranges from neuroscience in which they are doing research on mosquito olfaction to public health research in which they are making vaccines to malaria, to expressing novel proteins within the black soldier fly. Traditionally, needles have been opened by pulling the needles and then brushing them against something in order to open that needle, and that c...