Name: Yazar Spotlight: Drosophila'da Nöral Devre Montajı ve Sinaps Oluşumu Mekanizmalarının İncelenmesi
Uploaded: 2024-07-26T14:45:00
Description: The protocol describes single-neuron ablation with a 2-photon laser system in the central nervous system (CNS) of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. ...

2 foton mikroskobu üzerinde deneyler FAU Stiles-Nicholson Beyin Enstitüsü İleri Hücre Görüntüleme Çekirdeği'nde gerçekleştirildi. Jüpiter Yaşam Bilimleri Girişimi'ne finansal destek için teşekkür ederiz.

Protokol için kullanılan tüm hayvanlar Drosophila melanogaster türündendi. Bu türün kullanımını çevreleyen herhangi bir etik sorun yoktur. Bu işi yürütmek için etik izin gerekli değildi. Çalışmada kullanılan Drosophila türlerinin, reaktiflerinin ve ekipmanlarının detayları Malzeme Tablosunda listelenmiştir.
1. Drosophila'nın yetiştirilmesi ve doğru larva aşamasının seçilmesi
<ol><li>Kesilecek hücrel...

Drosophila'da Sinir Sistemi Adaptasyonunu İncelemek İçin Tek Nöron Ablasyonu

<ol>
	<li>Chung, S. H., Mazur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+laser+ablation+of+neurons+in+C.+elegans+for+behavioral+studies.">Femtosecond laser ablation of neurons in C. elegans for behavioral studies.</a> Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process. 96 (2), 335-341 (2009).</li><li>Bower, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+branching+has+conserved+needs+for+local+parasympathetic+innervation+but+not+neurotransmission.">Airway branching has conserved needs for local parasympathetic innervation but not neurotransmission.</a> BMC Biol. 12, 92 (2014).</li><li>Angelo, J. R., Tremblay, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-mediated+cell+ablation+during+post-implantation+mouse+development.">Laser-mediated cell ablation during post-implantation mouse development.</a> Dev Dyn. 242 (10), 1202-1209 (2013).</li><li>Allen, M. J., Godenschwege, T. A., Tanouye, M. A., Phelan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+an+escape:+Development+and+function+of+the+Drosophila+giant+fibre+system.">Making an escape: Development and function of the Drosophila giant fibre system.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 17 (1), 31-41 (2006).</li><li>Hubel, D. H., Wiesel, T. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Drosophila+larvae+to+study+epidermal+wound+closure+and+inflammation.">Using Drosophila larvae to study epidermal wound closure and inflammation.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1037, 449-461 (2013).</li><li>Kakanj, P., Eming, S. A., Partridge, L., Leptin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+in+vivo+imaging+of+Drosophila+larvae.">Long-term in vivo imaging of Drosophila larvae.</a> Nat Protoc. 15 (3), 1158-1187 (2020).</li><li>Bainbridge, S. 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J., Partridge, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+recordings+from+the+giant+fiber+pathway+of+d.+Melanogaster.">Electrophysiological recordings from the giant fiber pathway of d. Melanogaster.</a> J Vis Exp. (47), e2412 (2011).</li><li>Boerner, J., Godenschwege, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+mount+preparation+of+the+adult+Drosophila+ventral+nerve+cord+for+giant+fiber+dye+injection.">Whole mount preparation of the adult Drosophila ventral nerve cord for giant fiber dye injection.</a> J Vis Exp. (52), e3080 (2011).</li><li>Blagburn, J. M., Alexopoulos, H., Davies, J. A., Bacon, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Null+mutation+in+shaking-b+eliminates+electrical,+but+not+chemical,+synapses+in+the+Drosophila+giant+fiber+system:+A+structural+study.">Null mutation in shaking-b eliminates electrical, but not chemical, synapses in the Drosophila giant fiber system: A structural study.</a> J Comp Neurol. 404 (4), 449-458 (1999).</li><li>Kennedy, T., Broadie, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Newly+identified+electrically+coupled+neurons+support+development+of+the+Drosophila+giant+fiber+model+circuit.">Newly identified electrically coupled neurons support development of the Drosophila giant fiber model circuit.</a> eNeuro. 5 (6), 0346 (2018).</li><li>Mcfarland, B. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+arrival+times+and+physical+occupancy+establish+visual+projection+neuron+integration+on+developing+dendrites+in+the+Drosophila+optic+glomeruli.">Axon arrival times and physical occupancy establish visual projection neuron integration on developing dendrites in the Drosophila optic glomeruli.</a> bioRxiv. , (2024).</li></ol>

2 fotonlu bir mikroskop ile hücre ablasyonunun, Drosophila'da nöronal devre gelişimini manipüle etmek için oldukça başarılı bir yöntem olduğu kanıtlandı. Bu yöntem non-invaziv olduğu için hayvana minimum zarar verir. Veriler, bilinen devrelerin bu hücreye özgü manipülasyonunun kullanışlılığını desteklemektedir.
Ablasyonun başarısı için en uygun Gal4 sürücüsünü seçmek çok önemliydi. GFS iyi çalışıldığından, birçok özel Gal4 sürücü hatt...

Lazer ablasyon, çok çeşitli organizmalarda nöral devreleri diseksiyon etmek için tercih edilen bir araçtır. Solucanlar ve sinekler gibi model genetik sistemlerde geliştirilen, sinir sisteminin yapısını, işlevini ve gelişimini incelemek için hayvanlar aleminde uygulanmıştır 1,2,3. Burada, Drosophila'da devre montajı sırasında nöronların nasıl etkileşime girdiğini araştırmak için tek nöron ablasyonu kullanıldı. Sineğin kaçış sistemi, analiz için favori bir devredir, çünkü yetişkin sineğin en büyük nöronlarını ve en büyük sinapslarını içerir ve devre son yıllarda iyi karakterize edilmiştir4. Dev Fiber devresinin montajında nöron-nöron etkileşimlerinin oynadığı rol, bu araştırmanın odak noktasıdır.
Hubel ve Wiesel'in 1960'lardaki çalışmalarından bu yana sinirbilimde odak noktası olan bir etkileşim türü "sinaptik rekabet"tir5,6. Bu protokolde, fenomenin moleküler temellerinin keşfedilebileceği Drosophila'nın dev lif sisteminde (GFS) tek hücreli ablasyon yoluyla rekabetin rolünü yeniden gözden geçirmek için lazer ablasyon kullanıldı.
Gelişmekte olan sinekteki nöronların ablasyonu, hedef nöronların görselleştirilmesi, ablasyon yönteminin kesinliği ve numunenin hayatta kalması dahil olmak üzere çeşitli nedenlerle zor olmuştur. GFS'deki bu problemlerin üstesinden gelmek için, ilgilenilen nöronları etiketlemek için UAS / Gal4 sistemi7 kullanıldı ve presinaptik dev lifi veya postsinaptik sıçrama motor nöronunu (TTMn) çıkarmak için iki fotonlu bir mikroskop kullanıldı.
Bu çalışmada, komşu bilateral nöronların GFS'deki sinaptik bağlantıyı ve sinaptik gücü ayarlamada oynadığı rolü belirlemek için, bilateral nöron çiftlerinden biri (presinaptik GF veya postsinaptik motor nöron) pupa gelişiminden hemen önce silindi. Bu gelişim aşamasında, GF aksonogenezi tamamlanmamıştır8. Yetişkindeki sinaptik devrenin GF yapısı ve işlevi daha sonra incelendi ve kalan GF'nin çıktısına özellikle dikkat edildi.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jaxkson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>111-545-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-green fluorescent protein, rabbit</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A11122</td>
			<td>1:500 concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo LWD 25x/1.10W Objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MRD77220</td>
			<td>water immersion long working distance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B4287-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chameleon Ti:Sapphire Vision II Laser</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Ball</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>51-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextra, Tetramethylrhodamine, 10,000 MW, Lysine Fixable (fluoro-Ruby)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D1817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila saline</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>recipe from Gu and O&#39;Dowd, 2006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl Ether</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E134-1</td>
			<td>Danger, Flammable liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly food B (Bloomington recipe)</td>
			<td>LabExpress</td>
			<td>7001-NV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl salicylate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>O3695-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tube 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22363204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-slip 18x18 #1.5</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-541A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobiotin Tracer</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>SP-1120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon A1R multi-photon microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>on an upright FN1 microsope stand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS Elements Advanced Research</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Acquisition and data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T353-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (Phosphate Buffered Salin)</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP2944-100</td>
			<td>Tablets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R91H05-Gal4</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>40594</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>shakB(lethal)-GAl4</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>51633</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost microscope glass slide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>422355000</td>
			<td>detergent solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-10xGFP</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td>
			<td>32185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laser cell ablation in intact drosophila larvae reveals synaptic competition

Protokol, sağlam Drosophila melanogaster larvalarının merkezi sinir sisteminde (CNS) 2-foton lazer sistemi ile tek nöron ablasyonunu tanımlar. Bu non-invaziv yöntem kullanılarak, gelişmekte olan sinir sistemi hücreye özgü bir şekilde manipüle edilebilir. Bir ağdaki bireysel nöronların gelişimini bozmak, sinir sisteminin sinaptik girdi kaybını nasıl telafi edebileceğini incelemek için kullanılabilir. Bireysel nöronlar, Drosophila'nın dev lif sisteminde, iki nörona odaklanarak spesifik olarak kesildi: presinaptik dev lif (GF) ve postsinaptik tergotrokanteral motor nöron (TTMn). GF, kaçış tepkisi için çok önemli olan ipsilateral TTMn ile sinaps yapar. 3. instar beyindeki GF'lerden birinin, GF aksonal büyümeye başladıktan hemen sonra kesilmesi, CNS'nin gelişimi sırasında hücreyi kalıcı olarak uzaklaştırır. Kalan GF, eksik komşuya reaksiyona girer ve kontralateral TTMn'ye ektopik bir sinaptik terminal oluşturur. Bu atipik, iki taraflı simetrik terminal, boya eşleşmesi ile gösterildiği gibi her iki TTMN'yi de innerve eder ve elektrofizyolojik deneylerle gösterildiği gibi her iki motor nöronu da çalıştırır. Özetle, tek bir internöronun ablasyonu, bir nöronun kaybını telafi edebilen ve kaçış devresine normal tepkileri geri yükleyebilen iki taraflı bir nöron çifti arasındaki sinaptik rekabeti gösterir.

Laser ablation is a preferred tool for dissecting neural circuits in a wide variety of organisms. Developed in model genetic systems like worms and flies, it has been applied across the animal kingdom to study the structure, function, and development of the nervous system1,2,3. Here, single-neuron ablation was employed to investigate how neurons interact during circuit assembly in Drosophila. The escape system of the fly is a favorite circuit for analysis because it contains the largest neurons and the largest synapses in the adult fly, and the circuit has been well-characterized in the past decades4. The role neuron-neuron interactions play in the assembly of the Giant Fiber circuit is a focal point of this research.
One type of interaction that has been a focal point in neuroscience since the work of Hubel and Wiesel in the 1960s is &#34;synaptic competition&#34;5,6. In this protocol, laser ablation was used to revisit the role of competition through single-cell ablation in the giant fiber system (GFS) of Drosophila, where the molecular underpinnings of the phenomena might be discovered.
Ablation of neurons in the developing fly has been difficult for a variety of reasons, including visualizing the target neurons, the precision of the ablation method, and the survival of the specimen. To overcome these problems in the GFS, the UAS/Gal4 system7 was used to label neurons of interest, and a two-photon microscope was used to remove the presynaptic giant fiber or the postsynaptic jump motor neuron (TTMn).
In this study, to determine the role that neighboring bilateral neurons play in adjusting synaptic connectivity and synaptic strength in the GFS, one of the bilateral pairs of neurons (either presynaptic GF or postsynaptic motor neuron) was deleted just before pupal development. At this developmental stage, GF axonogenesis has not been completed8. The GF structure and function of the synaptic circuit in the adult were then examined, with particular attention given to the output of the remaining GF.

Yazar Spotlight: Drosophila'da Nöral Devre Montajı ve Sinaps Oluşumu Mekanizmalarının İncelenmesi

Sağlam Drosophila Larvalarında Lazer Hücre Ablasyonu Sinaptik Rekabeti Ortaya Çıkardı

We are trying to understand the mechanisms underlying neural circuit assembly during development, and we use simple nervous systems like drosophila to study this question. One of these mechanisms is the role of synaptic competition in circuit assembly, and the present paper is focused on this issue. One exciting new technology in neuroscience is called optogenetics.It uses light sensitive ion channels to turn neurons on or off using light pulses. These new methods allow us to control neural circuitry in new ways and link the circuits to behavior. Ablation of a single neuron in the living animal has allowed us to characterize the role of competition in the assembly of simple neural circuits.Now we can screen for the molecular machinery that underlies this widespread phenomenon. We demonstrate a competitive interaction between the two giant neurons for synaptic contact with their target motor neurons. This result has paralleled throughout the animal kingdom, especially in the vertebrate visual system where it was first discovered.This paves the way for investigating the molecules that regulate this competition in a genetically tractable organism like drosophila. We will use this new method of optogenetics to enhance our understanding of the neural circuit underlying the escape behavior. We will also use our understanding of the neural circuit to better understand how these new optogenetic tools work.

Bu yöntem, Drosophila'nın sinir sistemindeki belirli nöronal ağların gelişimini manipüle etmek için kullanılabilir. Buradaki birincil araştırma sorusu sinaptik bağlantıların oluşumuydu. Presinaptik GF veya postsinaptik TTMn'nin çıkarılması, bu merkezi sinapsta reaktif sinaptogenezin ve sinaptik fonksiyon ve gelişim için çok önemli olan moleküler mekanizmaların araştırılmasını sağladı. Protokolde tarif edildiği gibi, GF'lerden birinin veya TTMN'lerden birinin lazer hücre ablasyon...

Bu protokol, sağlam Drosophila larvalarında bireysel nöronların lazer hücresi ablasyonunu gösterir. Yöntem, gelişmekte olan sinir sistemindeki nöronlar arasındaki rekabeti azaltmanın etkisinin incelenmesini sağlar.

The protocol describes single-neuron ablation with a 2-photon laser system in the central nervous system (CNS) of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. ...

laser-cell-ablation-intact-drosophila-larvae-reveals-synaptic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Laser Cell Ablation in Intact Drosophila Larvae Reveals Synaptic Competition

The protocol describes single-neuron ablation with a 2-photon laser system in the central nervous system (CNS) of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Using this non-invasive method, the developing nervous system can be manipulated in a cell-specific manner. Disrupting the development of individual neurons in a network can be used to study how the nervous system can compensate for the loss of synaptic input. Individual neurons were specifically ablated in the giant fiber system of Drosophila, with a focus on two neurons: the presynaptic giant fiber (GF) and the postsynaptic tergotrochanteral motor neuron (TTMn). The GF synapses with the ipsilateral TTMn, which is crucial to the escape response. Ablating one of the GFs in the 3rd instar brain, just after the GF starts axonal growth, permanently removes the cell during the development of the CNS. The remaining GF reacts to the absent neighbor and forms an ectopic synaptic terminal to the contralateral TTMn. This atypical, bilaterally symmetric terminal innervates both TTMns, as demonstrated by dye coupling, and drives both motor neurons, as demonstrated by electrophysiological assays. In summary, the ablation of a single interneuron demonstrates synaptic competition between a bilateral pair of neurons that can compensate for the loss of one neuron and restore normal responses to the escape circuit.

This protocol demonstrates the laser cell ablation of individual neurons in intact Drosophila larvae. The method enables the study of the effect of reducing competition between neurons in the developing nervous system.

Nörobilim

Laser Ablation of Neurons in Intact Drosophila Third Instar Larva for Neuronal Manipulation

To begin, take a glass dish with a tightly-fitting lid. Place a cotton ball in the dish. Under a fume hood, add three to five milliliters of ethyl ether to the cotton ball.Immediately cover the dish with the lid. Use a paintbrush to pick up the third instar larvae of drosophila from fly vials. Transfer one larva into a small, open container.Place the container in the glass dish with ethyl ether, and immediately close the dish tightly. Use a dissection microscope to check the larva for mobility every 30 seconds. Transfer the anesthetized larva onto a glass microscope slide.Submerge the larvae in a drop of insect saline. Under the dissection microscope. Remove most of the saline with a paper tissue.Position the larva dorsal side up for giant fiber ablation, or the ventral side up for TTMn ablation. Then slowly lower a glass cover slip onto the larva. Add saline to the side of the cover slip.To fill-in the space between the glass slide and the cover slip. For giant fiber ablation, check the positioning of the brain under high-magnification on the dissection microscope. Ensure the brain is lying level and is visible through the cuticle.To displace any fat tissue covering the brain, use forceps to apply slight pressure to the cover slip and move the cover slip from side to side. Place the sample on a multi-photon microscope stage. Use the GFP filter to locate the sample in epifluorescence mode.For giant fiber ablation, focus on the cells of interest, then switch to two photon mode. Set the laser to 870 nanometers and adjust the detector gain to view the GFP expressing cells with the Galvano scanner, define the area for ablation using a circular region of interest. Next, proceed to set up the ablation protocol in the software, to do so, sequentially set one frame of acquisition, stimulation, followed by another frame of acquisition.Start the stimulation laser power at a lower value and run the stimulation protocol. If the ablation was not successful and only bleach the cell, increase the laser power by increments of 5%or the number of loops one at a time, and run the protocol again. Do this until successful cell ablation is seen.After successfully ablating the cell, remove the cover slip. With a paintbrush, gently pick up the larvae from the slide, then transfer the larvae into a food vial. In giant fiber ablation samples.The ablation was verified through the absence of a GFP-labeled soma on the ablated side of the brain. For the TTMn ablated larvae. The absence of TTMn on one side was easily recognized due to missing soma and dendrites.