Name: Autor em destaque: Modelo de co-cultura in vitro para estudar interações microglia-neuronais em condições de doença
Uploaded: 2024-07-26T15:00:00
Description: Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), performing numerous functions that support neuronal health and CNS ...

JP reconhece o apoio financeiro do Conselho de Pesquisa em Ciências Naturais e Engenharia do Canadá e da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Saskatchewan. A YD reconhece o apoio financeiro do Fundo de Inicialização da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Saskatchewan, do Conselho de Pesquisa em Ciências Naturais e Engenharia do Canadá Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2023-03659), MS Canada Catalyst Grant (1019973), Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation Establishment Grant (6368) e Brain Canada Foundation Future Leaders in Canadian Brain Research Grant. A Figura 1A, a Figura 2A e a Figura 3A foram criadas com BioRender.com.

Todos os animais utilizados neste estudo foram alojados e manuseados com a aprovação do Comitê Universitário de Cuidados com Animais (UACC) da Universidade de Saskatchewan e do Conselho Canadense de Cuidados com Animais (CCAC). Dias pós-natais 0-2 camundongos CD1 machos e fêmeas e embriões embrionários dias 16-18 (E16-18) de camundongos CD1 prenhes foram usados para este estudo. Os detalhes dos reagentes e do equipamento utilizado estão listados na Tabela de Materiais.
...

 Protocolo de co-cultura primária de microglia e neurônio para estudos de interação do SNC

Este artigo descreve um protocolo para isolar e cultivar neurônios primários de camundongos e microglia primária, que são posteriormente usados para estabelecer uma co-cultura microglia-neuronal que pode ser usada para estudar como as interações entre microglia e neurônios regulam sua saúde e função celular. Essa abordagem relativamente simples e acessível pode fornecer insights críticos sobre os mecanismos e resultados funcionais das interações dos neurônios da microglia no SNC.
<p class="jove_content...

A microglia são macrófagos residentes no tecido que facilitam a imunovigilância e a homeostase no sistema nervoso central (SNC)1,2,3. Originam-se de células progenitoras eritromieloides do saco vitelino que colonizam o cérebro durante o desenvolvimento embrionário 4,5,6 e são mantidas ao longo da vida do organismo por meio da auto-renovação, que envolve proliferação e apoptose7. No estado estacionário, a microglia em repouso tem morfologia ramificada e se envolve na vigilância tecidual 8,9,10.
A micróglia expressa numerosos receptores de superfície celular, o que lhes permite responder rapidamente a alterações no SNC11,12 e promover respostas inflamatórias em caso de infecções ou lesão tecidual 12,13,14, bem como durante doenças neurodegenerativas 9,15, como a esclerose múltipla (EM)16,17. A microglia também expressa receptores para vários neurotransmissores e neuropeptídeos 18,19,20, o que sugere que eles também podem responder e regular a atividade neuronal21,22. De fato, a microglia e os neurônios interagem em várias formas de comunicação bidirecional 8,23, como interações diretas mediadas por proteínas de membrana ou interações indiretas por meio de fatores solúveis ou células intermediárias23,24.
Por exemplo, vários neurotransmissores secretados pelos neurônios podem modular a atividade neuroprotetora ou inflamatória da microglia 25,26,27. Além disso, as interações diretas entre neurônios e microglia ajudam a manter a microglia em um estado homeostático28. Por outro lado, as interações diretas da micróglia com os neurônios podem moldar os circuitos neuronais29 e influenciar a sinalização neuronal 30,31,32. Como as interrupções dessas interações induzem hiperexcitabilidade dos neurônios30 e reatividade da microglia33,34, as interações microglia-neuronais desreguladas são implicadas como um fator contribuinte para doenças neurológicas33,35. De fato, doenças psicóticas23,26 e neurodegenerativas foram descritas como exibindo interações microglia-neuronais disfuncionais33. Embora essas observações destaquem a importância da comunicação microglia-neuronal no SNC, mecanismos específicos de como essas interações regulam as funções microgliais e neuronais na saúde e na doença são relativamente desconhecidos.
Dentro de um ambiente complexo como o SNC, vários fatores ambientais podem influenciar as interações microglia-neuronal, o que limita a capacidade de estudar interações celulares transitórias in vivo. Aqui, apresentamos um sistema de co-cultura microglia-neuronal in vitro que pode ser usado para estudar interações celulares diretas entre microglia e neurônios. Este protocolo descreve a geração de micróglia primária e neurônios a partir dos córtices de camundongos neonatais entre os dias 0-2 pós-natais e os dias 16-18 de camundongos embrionários, respectivamente. Neurônios e microglia são então co-cultivados em placas de 96 poços para experimentos de alto rendimento a jusante. Anteriormente, usamos essa abordagem para demonstrar que a fagocitose da microglia protege os neurônios da morte celular mediada por fosfatidilcolina oxidada37, sugerindo que esse método pode ajudar a entender os papéis da microglia no contexto da neurodegeneração e da EM. Da mesma forma, as co-culturas microglia-neuronais também podem ser úteis para investigar o impacto da diafonia microglia-neuronal em outros contextos, como infecções virais38 ou lesão e reparo neuronal39. No geral, os sistemas de co-cultura microglia-neuronal in vitro permitem que os pesquisadores estudem as interações microglia-neuronais em um ambiente manipulável e controlado, que complementa os modelos in vivo.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm Petri dish&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>07-202-011</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Versene</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15040-066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Plus Neuronal Culture System&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>A3653401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11284932001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11960-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Sci</td>
			<td>12483-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (10x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14065-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td>1475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Sci</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#8217;s L-15 Medium (1x)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>21083027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrophage colony stimulating factor&#160;</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>315-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Forceps</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>F11020-11</td>
			<td>Autoclaved/Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>SH3023801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (10x)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Sci</td>
			<td>AM9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin Glutamine (100x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>103780-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-ornithine hydrobromide&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3655-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate (100 mM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissors</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>S11008-42</td>
			<td>Autoclaved/Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical blade</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>08-916-5D</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-25 flasks</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>10-126-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-75 flasks&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-680-65</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue forceps</td>
			<td>Codman</td>
			<td>30-4218</td>
			<td>Autoclaved/Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue scissors</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>S12052-10</td>
			<td>Autoclaved/Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Sci&#160;</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin (2.5%)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Sci</td>
			<td>15090046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Widefield Immunofluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generating and co-culturing murine primary microglia and cortical neurons

A microglia são macrófagos residentes nos tecidos do sistema nervoso central (SNC), desempenhando inúmeras funções que apoiam a saúde neuronal e a homeostase do SNC. Eles são uma importante população de células imunes associadas à atividade da doença do SNC, adotando fenótipos reativos que potencialmente contribuem para a lesão neuronal durante doenças neurodegenerativas crônicas, como a esclerose múltipla (EM). Os mecanismos distintos pelos quais a microglia regula a função neuronal e a sobrevivência durante a saúde e a doença permanecem limitados devido aos desafios na resolução das complexas interações in vivo entre microglia, neurônios e outros fatores ambientais do SNC. Assim, a abordagem in vitro de co-cultura de microglia e neurônios continua sendo uma ferramenta valiosa para estudar as interações microglia-neuronais. Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para gerar e co-cultura de micróglia primária e neurônios de camundongos. Especificamente, a microglia foi isolada após 9-10 dias in vitro de uma cultura mista de glia estabelecida a partir de homogeneizados cerebrais derivados de camundongos neonatais entre os dias pós-natais 0-2. As células neuronais foram isoladas do córtex cerebral de embriões de camundongos entre os dias embrionários 16-18. Após 4-5 dias in vitro, as células neuronais foram semeadas em placas de 96 poços, seguidas pela adição de microglia para formar a co-cultura. O tempo cuidadoso é fundamental para este protocolo, pois ambos os tipos de células precisam atingir a maturidade experimental para estabelecer a co-cultura. No geral, essa co-cultura pode ser útil para estudar as interações microglia-neurônio e pode fornecer várias leituras, incluindo microscopia de imunofluorescência, imagens ao vivo, bem como ensaios de RNA e proteínas.

Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages that facilitate immunosurveillance and homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS)1,2,3. They originate from yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitor cells that colonize the brain during embryonic development4,5,6&#160;and are maintained throughout the organism&#39;s life span through self-renewal, which involves proliferation and apoptosis7. At steady-state, resting microglia have ramified morphology and engage in tissue surveillance8,9,10.
Microglia express numerous cell-surface receptors, which enables them to rapidly respond to changes in the CNS11,12 and to promote inflammatory responses in the event of infections or tissue injury12,13,14, as well as during neurodegenerative diseases9,15, such as&#160;multiple sclerosis (MS)16,17. Microglia also express receptors to various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides18,19,20, which suggests they may also respond to and regulate neuronal activity21,22. Indeed, microglia and neurons interact in various forms of bidirectional communication8,23 such as direct interactions mediated by membrane proteins or indirect interactions through soluble factors or intermediate cells23,24.
For instance, various neurotransmitters secreted by neurons can modulate the neuroprotective or inflammatory activity of microglia25,26,27. Additionally, direct interactions between neurons and microglia help to maintain microglia in a homeostatic state28. Conversely, direct interactions of microglia with neurons can shape neuronal circuitry29 and influence neuronal signaling30,31,32. As disruptions of these interactions induce hyperexcitability of neurons30 and&#160;microglia reactivity33,34, dysregulated microglia-neuronal interactions&#160;are implicated&#160;as a contributing factor to&#160;neurological diseases33,35. Indeed, psychotic23,26 and neurodegenerative diseases have been described to exhibit dysfunctional microglia-neuronal interactions33. While these observations highlight the importance of microglia-neuronal communication in the CNS, specific mechanisms of how these interactions regulate microglial and neuronal functions in health and disease are relatively unknown.
Within a complex milieu such as the CNS, multiple environmental factors can influence microglia-neuronal interactions, which limits the ability to study transient cellular interactions in vivo. Here, we present an in vitro microglia-neuronal co-culture system that can be used to study direct cellular interactions between microglia and neurons. This protocol describes the generation of primary microglia and neurons from the cortices of neonatal mice between post-natal days 0-2 and embryonic mice days 16-18, respectively. Neurons and microglia are then co-cultured in 96-well plates for downstream high-throughput experiments. We previously used this approach to demonstrate that microglia phagocytosis protects neurons from oxidized phosphatidylcholine mediated cell death37, suggesting that this method can help to understand the roles of microglia in the context of neurodegeneration and MS. Similarly, microglia-neuronal co-cultures may also be useful for investigating the impact of microglia-neuronal crosstalk in other contexts such as viral infections38 or neuronal injury and repair39. Overall, in vitro microglia-neuronal co-culture systems&#160;enable researchers to study microglia-neuronal interactions in a manipulatable and controlled environment, which complements in vivo models.

Autor em destaque: Modelo de co-cultura in vitro para estudar interações microglia-neuronais em condições de doença

Geração e co-cultura de microglia primária murina e neurônios corticais

Our research aims to investigate the interactions between neurons and microglia during disease conditions such as multiple sclerosis. We aim to recapitulate microglia neuronal interactions in vitro to better understand their functional importance in the CNS. We previously demonstrated that microglia phagocytosis protects neurons from oxidized phosphatidylcholine-mediated cell death with this co-culture.While other co-culture systems are also employed, this mixed culture system enables direct and close contact between microglia and neurons. In addition, it can remain healthy from 12 days to potentially three weeks, allowing for long-term studies of neuronal microglia interactions. Our protocol offers a simple and accessible method to co-culture microglia neurons that are easily manipulatable and can be further used in downstream assays to determine cellular functional changes.

Um fluxograma mostrando as principais etapas da cultura mista da glia para microglia é mostrado na Figura 1A. No geral, células esparsas e detritos celulares excessivos são esperados no dia 1 (Figura 1B). No dia 4, deve-se observar aumento do número de células, principalmente com a geração de astrócitos aderentes, conforme indicado por sua morfologia alongada (Figura 1C). Algumas micróglias podem ser observadas no topo dos ...

Este protocolo descreve uma co-cultura microglia-neuronal estabelecida a partir de células neuronais primárias isoladas de embriões de camundongos nos dias embrionários 15-16 e microglia primária gerada a partir dos cérebros de camundongos neonatais nos dias pós-natais 1-2.

Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), performing numerous functions that support neuronal health and CNS ...

generating-co-culturing-murine-primary-microglia-cortical

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Generating and Co-culturing Murine Primary Microglia and Cortical Neurons

Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), performing numerous functions that support neuronal health and CNS homeostasis. They are a major population of immune cells associated with CNS disease activity, adopting&#160;reactive phenotypes that potentially contribute to neuronal injury during chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The distinct mechanisms by which microglia regulate neuronal function and survival during health and disease remain limited due to challenges in resolving the complex in vivo interactions between microglia, neurons, and other CNS environmental factors. Thus, the in vitro approach of co-culturing microglia and neurons remains a valuable tool for studying microglia-neuronal interactions. Here, we present a protocol to generate and co-culture primary microglia and neurons from mice. Specifically, microglia were isolated after 9-10 days in vitro from a mixed glia culture established from brain homogenates derived from neonatal mice between post-natal days 0-2. Neuronal cells were isolated from brain cortices of mouse embryos between embryonic days 16-18. After 4-5 days in vitro, neuronal cells were seeded in 96-well plates, followed by the addition of microglia to form the co-culture. Careful timing is critical for this protocol as both cell types need to reach experimental maturity to establish the co-culture. Overall, this co-culture can be useful for studying microglia-neuron interactions and can provide multiple readouts, including immunofluorescence microscopy, live imaging, as well as RNA and protein assays.

This protocol describes a microglia-neuronal co-culture established from primary neuronal cells isolated from mouse embryos at embryonic days 15-16 and primary microglia generated from the brains of neonatal mice at post-natal days 1-2.

Neurociência

Brain Isolation from Neonatal Mice for Primary Microglia Culture

To begin, add 5 milliliters of 10 micrograms per milliliter Poly-L-ornithine hydrobromide to each T75 flask. Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%carbon dioxide incubator for at least one hour. After decapitating the mouse, gently hold the head and create a midline incision in the cranium, starting from the neck to the nose.Peel the skull back with tissue forceps to reveal the brain. To scoop the brain out, insert the tissue forceps under the brain, and lift the brain out from the head. After placing the brain into a Petri dish containing 20 milliliters of Leibovitz's L-15 media under a dissection microscope, using a pair of micro-forceps, carefully remove the brainstem and the meninges.Collect the brains in a 50-milliliter conical tube containing 5 milliliters of Leibovitz's L15 media.

Isolamento cerebral de camundongos neonatais para cultura primária de microglia

Preparing and Maintaining Mixed Glia Culture Derived from Neonatal Mice Brains

To begin, mince the isolated brains into approximately one-square-millimeter pieces with a sterile disposable scalpel blade. Carefully transfer the minced brains into a new sterile 50 milliliter tube. Add a final concentration of 0.25%trypsin to the minced brains.Incubate the tissue in a 37-degrees-Celsius water bath for 20 minutes. Add five milliliters of complete glia culture media to neutralize the trypsin and gently mix the tissue suspension using a 10 milliliter pipette. Carefully decant the cell suspension through the cell strainer.Then remove the plunger from a sterile one-milliliter syringe and grind the tissue into the mesh using the plunger. Add equal volumes of cell suspension containing one to two brains with glia culture media to each flask resulting in a final volume of 15 milliliters. Sparse cells and excessive cellular debris were observed on day one.By day four, adherent astrocytes were generated. Confluent cells with typical astrocyte morphology were observed by day eight of culture.

Preparando e mantendo cultura mista de glia derivada de cérebros de camundongos neonatais

Isolating Brains from E16-E18 Mouse Embryos for Primary Neuron Culture

Begin by coating T25 flasks with five milliliters of 10 micrograms per milliliter poly-L-ornithine, and incubate them. To isolate the brain from mouse embryos, lift the skin of the euthanized pregnant mouse's lower abdomen with tissue forceps. Using dissection scissors, perform a V-shaped incision from this point to the lower rib cage.Grab the uterine horns containing the embryos with tissue forceps, and gently remove the embryos from the abdominal cavity. Using spring scissors, create a midline incision at the top of the skull, starting from the back of the neck to the nose. Lift the skull away from the incision site to reveal the brain.Gently scoop out the brain with tissue forceps and transfer the brain to a 10 centimeter Petri dish containing 15 milliliters of Hanks'balanced salt solution. Under a dissection microscope, carefully remove the brainstem and the meninges on both sides of the brain cortices with a pair of micro forceps.

Isolando cérebros de embriões de camundongos E16-E18 para cultura de neurônios primários

Brain Dissociation and Seeding of Cortical Neurons in Cell Culture 

To begin, mince the isolated brains into pieces in the 50-milliliter conical tube with a sterile disposable scalpel blade. Add trypsin to the tube at a final concentration of 0.25%Immerse the tube in a 35 to 38 degrees Celsius hot water bath for 15 minutes. Gently pipette the tissue suspension up and down to dissociate cells.Then add 0.5 milliliters of fetal bovine serum to the homogenized suspension to neutralize trypsin activity. Filter the cell suspension through the 70-micrometer nylon mesh cell strainer. Using a one-milliliter syringe plunger, gently grind the tissue into the cell strainer.Then centrifuge the conical tube at 300 g for five minutes at four degrees Celsius. Discard the Poly-L-Ornithine in the T25 flasks and rinse the flasks three times with five milliliters of PBS. Carefully decant the tube to remove the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet by gently pipetting with two to three milliliters of complete neurobasal media.Plate the cells in the Poly-L-Ornithine-coated T25 flasks with approximately 20 million cells per flask in five milliliters of complete neurobasal media. Incubate the cell culture at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%carbon dioxide incubator. Neurons in T25 flasks and 96-well plates adhered and formed neurite processes by day three.Suboptimal neuron cultures contained cell clumps and debris.

Dissociação cerebral e semeadura de neurônios corticais em cultura de células 

Co-Culture of Primary Neurons and Microglia for Studying Microglia-Neuron Interactions

To begin, take neurons grown in T25 flasks for co-culture. Replace the media with five milliliters of versene solution containing trypsin and Dnase I.Add 0.5 milliliters of fetal bovine serum to neutralize the trypsin and Dnase I.Transfer cells to a 15 milliliter conical tube. Wash the flask with five milliliters of complete neurobasal media once to maximize the collected neurons.Then, centrifuge the cell suspension at 300 G for five minutes at four degrees celsius. After discarding the supernatant, gently resuspend the cell pellet in two to three milliliters of complete neurobasal media. Seed 100 microliters of the cell suspension to each well to obtain 75, 000 neurons per well, between eight to 10 days of mixed glia cultivation.Using a 10 milliliter pipette, gently wash the T75 flasks with glia culture media to collect microglia and transfer the cells and media into a sterile 50 milliliter conical tube. Centrifuge the cell collection at 300 G for five minutes at four degrees celsius. Once the supernatant is removed, gently resuspend the pellet in two milliliters of complete neurobasal media.From the 96-well neuronal culture plate, remove 100 microliters of neurobasal media and add 100 microliters of 250, 000 cells per milliliter cell suspension. In co-culture round and large microglia were observed on top or between neurons and neurite processes.