Name: screening assays to characterize novel endothelial regulators involved in the inflammatory response
Uploaded: 2017-09-15T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Ministerio de Econom&#237;a y Competitividad (MINECO) and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (grant number IERPY 1149/16 to A.L.; MPY 1410/09 to S. Hortelano); by the MINECO through the Fondo de Investigaci&#243;n en Salud (FIS) (grants numbers PI11.0036 and PI14.0055 to S. Hortelano). S. Herranz was supported by IERPY 1149/16 from ISCIII.

1. Endothelial Cell Culture
<ol>
	<li>Tissue culture treated plates
	<ol>
		<li>Coat 100 mm tissue culture plates with 2.5 mL gelatin solution (autoclaved, 0.1% gelatin in distilled water) for 30 min at 37 &#176;C; this can be extrapolated to the required well format. Aspirate the gelatin solution and leave plates to air-dry in the tissue culture hood.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Tissue culture conditions
	<ol>
		<li>Cultivate the MLEC-04 cells inside a biological incubator (37 &#176;C, 95...

<ol>
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This endothelial protocol describes a stepwise technology that establishes the groundwork for exploring novel mechanisms involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response. These approaches are based on the study of the endothelial activity stimulated by LPS and evaluate the critical steps involved in leukocyte recruitment during the inflammatory response, specifically: endothelial cytokines release, endothelial adhesion molecules expression and leukocyte adhesion to the vascular layer. Once the endothelial paramete...

Inflammation is a beneficial biological response against infectious agents, with the major aim to eliminate the pathogen and repair damaged tissue. Under certain conditions, such as chronic infections or autoimmune diseases, inflammation does not resolve. Instead, there is an aberrant reaction with continuous infiltration of leukocytes, resulting in a prolonged immune response that leads to tissue damage, fibrosis, loss of function, and overall, disability and in some cases death of the patient. These human disorders, cataloged as inflammatory diseases, all involve the blood vessels for the control of leukocyte extravasation1,2.
The endothelial cells play a fundamental role in the regulation of the inflammatory response by controlling leukocyte trafficking. When the endothelial layer is exposed to inflammatory mediators such as LPS, the resting endothelium activates and expresses pro-inflammatory cytokines (Cxcl10, Cxcl5, Cxcl1, etc.) and adhesion molecules (E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) that favor recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the infection site. The leukocytes primed by the released cytokines then mediate rolling and interaction with the endothelial layer through the correspondent adhesive counterparts: PSGL-1 to selectin, &#945;4&#946;1 integrin to VCAM-1, and &#945;L&#946;2 integrin to ICAM-1. Finally, the leukocytes migrate across the vasculature towards the focus of inflammation3.
The essential role of the endothelium in regulating the inflammatory response has been demonstrated on mice that were genetically modified to express the LPS receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), only on the endothelial cells. These endothelial-TLR4 animals were able to respond to an LPS-mediated inflammation and to detect the infection generated after bacteria inoculation, and consequently achieve infection resolution and survival at similar levels as the wild type mice4,5.
For the endothelium-regulated inflammatory response pathway, it has been postulated that the inhibition at some stages of the leukocyte-endothelium interaction would result in the reduction of trans-endothelial migration and a better prognosis for inflammatory-related diseases. In fact, several strategies targeting the endothelial activation and leukocyte-endothelium interaction have been designed to hinder extravasation of immune cells as a treatment for inflammatory disorders6,7.
In this report, we describe a thorough group of in vitro techniques to fully characterize the endothelial activity in response to the inflammatory stimulus LPS and its role in leukocyte activation and adhesion to the vascular layer. The endothelial cell model used in this manuscript was the mouse lung endothelial cell line (MLEC-04), as described by Hortelano et al.8. The MLEC-04 cell line has been validated in the literature to be an appropriate system to study endothelial activation9,10. Based on research interests, these approaches can be easily extrapolated to any endothelial or leukocyte systems and inflammatory profile. Once the endothelial parameters in the selected conditions are defined, the system can test novel drugs on the proposed experimentation to evaluate the vascular activation. In this inflammatory context, the endothelium cells tested with the compound of interest can be compared to the control conditions of the cells, and any resulting differences may inform the drug&#39;s prognostic outcome on development and progression of inflammation. To conclude, we propose a relevant system to characterize new drug targets to the endothelial cells, which can influence the design of novel vascular-specific therapies against inflammatory-related diseases.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="820">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Gelatin</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">G9391</td>
			<td style="width:256px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-719F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin streptomycin</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>DE17-602E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsine</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-160E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>ED2SS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LPS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trizol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9424</td>
			<td>RNA extraction buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>33539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol absoluto</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>1,310,861,612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Pure H2O</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>1017979</td>
			<td>RNAse free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose</td>
			<td>Pronadisa</td>
			<td>8020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stain for agarose gels</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>s33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SuperScript III First-Strand Synth</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:116px;">18080051</td>
			<td>Reagents for RT-PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">Fast SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td align="left">4385610</td>
			<td>Fluorescent stain for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MicroAmp Fast Optical 96-Well</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4346906</td>
			<td>Plates for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">U-bottom 96 well plates</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cytometry tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TX100</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>212314</td>
			<td>Non-ionic surfactant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>1,319,401,211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1,064,041,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium pyrophosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>221368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium fluoride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium orthovanadate</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>13721-39-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>Reagents for bicinchoninic acid assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>merck</td>
			<td align="left">805,740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">PVDF Transfer Membrane, 0.45 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>88518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td align="left">1,623,121,611</td>
			<td>Polysorbate 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-515Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ECL</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>WBKLS0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagen type I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>c8919</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>1,310,081,611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>1,310,911,612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Crystal violet</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>HT90132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol 96%</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>1,410,851,212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CFSE</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>21888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-115F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Infinite M200</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>M200</td>
			<td>Multi mode microplate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gel Doc 2000</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>2000</td>
			<td>Gel documentation system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">StepOnePlus</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>StepOnePlus</td>
			<td>qPCR system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACSQuant Analyzer 10</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>Analyzer 10</td>
			<td>Cytometry equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ChemiDoc MP</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MP</td>
			<td>Chemiluminescence detection system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">PECAM-1</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553370</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">ICAM-2</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>1054602</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">E-selectin</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553749</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">VCAM-1</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553330</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">ICAM-1</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>553250</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-rat IgG-FITC</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno Research</td>
			<td>112-095-006</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti armenian hamster-FITC</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno Research</td>
			<td>127-095-160</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rat IgG isotyope control</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">10700</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Armenian hamster IgG isotype control</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PA5-33220</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">P-I&#954;&#914;-&#945;</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>2859</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#946;-Actin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5441</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">P-ERK</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>9101</td>
			<td>Use at 10 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-mouse HRP</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>LNXA931/AE</td>
			<td>Use at 1:10000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-rabbit HRP</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>LNA934V/AG</td>
			<td>Use at 1:10000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-rat HRP</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>Sc-3823</td>
			<td>Use at 1:10000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

screening assays to characterize novel endothelial regulators involved in the inflammatory response

The endothelial layer is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body by controlling many different functions. Regulation of the inflammatory response by the endothelial layer is crucial to efficiently fight against harmful inputs and aid in the recovery of damaged areas. When the endothelial cells are exposed to an inflammatory environment, such as the outer component of gram-negative bacteria membrane, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), they express soluble pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Ccl5, Cxcl1 and Cxcl10, and trigger the activation of circulating leukocytes. In addition, the expression of adhesion molecules E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on the endothelial surface enables the interaction and adhesion of the activated leukocytes to the endothelial layer, and eventually the extravasation towards the inflamed tissue. In this scenario, the endothelial function must be tightly regulated because excessive or defective activation in the leukocyte recruitment could lead to inflammatory-related disorders. Since many of these disorders do not have an effective treatment, novel strategies with a focus on the vascular layer must be investigated. We propose comprehensive assays that are useful to the search of novel endothelial regulators that modify leukocyte function. We analyze endothelial activation by using specific expression targets involved in leukocyte recruitment (such as, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules) with several techniques, including: real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western-blot, flow cytometry and adhesion assays. These approaches determine endothelial function in the inflammatory context and are very useful to perform screening assays to characterize novel endothelial inflammatory regulators that are potentially valuable for designing new therapeutic strategies.

Evaluation of LPS-induced endothelial cell activation by RT-qPCR
The serum starved MLEC-04 cells were stimulated by 100 ng/mL of LPS for 6 h, and the endothelial gene expression was assessed using RT-qPCR by comparing the expression of activation markers to the resting condition. As shown in Figure 1A, the LPS-incubated MLEC-04 cells induced the mRNA expression of selected adhesion molecules involved i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response at JoVE.com

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

Vascular endothelium tightly controls leukocyte recruitment. Inadequate leukocyte extravasation contributes to human inflammatory diseases. Therefore, searching for novel regulatory elements of endothelial activation is necessary to design improved therapies for inflammatory disorders. Here, we describe a comprehensive methodology to characterize novel endothelial regulators that can modify leukocyte trafficking during inflammation.

The endothelial layer is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body by controlling many different functions. Regulation of the inflammatory ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

RNAi Screening for Host Factors Involved in Vaccinia Virus Infection using Drosophila Cells

RNAi Screening for Host Factors Involved in Vaccinia Virus Infection using Drosophila Cells

Viral pathogens represent a significant public health threat; not only can viruses cause natural epidemics of human disease, but their potential use in ...

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. ...

Use of Interferon-&gamma; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Use of Interferon-ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â³ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

A protocol has been developed to overcome the difficulties of isolating and characterizing rare T cells specific for pathogens, such as human ...

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

To identify potential antivirals against BTV, we have  developed, optimized and validated three assays presented here. The CPE-based  assay was the first ...

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response

Neuroinflammation is a complex innate immune response vital to the healthy function of the central nervous system (CNS). Under normal conditions, an ...

VIGS-Mediated Forward Genetics Screening for Identification of Genes Involved in Nonhost Resistance


	Nonhost disease resistance of plants against bacterial pathogens is controlled by complex defense pathways. Understanding this mechanism is important ...

Viral Concentration Determination Through Plaque Assays: Using Traditional and Novel Overlay Systems

Plaque assays remain one of the most accurate methods for the direct quantification of infectious virons and antiviral substances through the counting of ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

Current investigations into phage-host interactions are dependent on extrapolating knowledge from (meta)genomes. Interestingly, 60 - 95% of all phage ...

Biomimetic Materials to Characterize Bacteria-host Interactions

Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The ...