Name: imaging cell interaction in tracheal mucosa during influenza virus infection using two-photon intravital microscopy
Uploaded: 2018-08-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Swiss National Foundation (SNF) grants (176124, 145038, and 148183), the European Commission Marie Curie Reintegration Grant (612742), and the SystemsX.ch for a grant to D.U.P. (2013/124).

All animal procedures involving mice were performed in accordance with the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office guidelines and animal protocols were approved by the local veterinarian authorities.
1. Influenza Infection of CD11c-YFP Mice
<ol>
	<li>Biosafety 
	NOTE: The mouse adapted strain of influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 (PR8) was grown in fertilized eggs, purified and titrated as previously described21. All the steps involving infected animals o...

<ol>
	<li>Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+tissue+two-photon+microscopy.">Deep tissue two-photon microscopy.</a> Nature Methods. 2 (12), 932-940 (2005).</li><li>Zipfel, W. R., Williams, R. M., Webb, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+magic:+multiphoton+microscopy+in+the+biosciences.">Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences.</a> Nature biotechnology. 21 (11), 1369-1377 (2003).</li><li>Fein, M. R., Egeblad, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caught+in+the+act:+revealing+the+metastatic+process+by+live+imaging.">Caught in the act: revealing the metastatic process by live imaging.</a> Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms. 6 (3), 580-593 (2013).</li><li>Dombeck, D. A., Harvey, C. D., Tian, L., Looger, L. L., Tank, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+imaging+of+hippocampal+place+cells+at+cellular+resolution+during+virtual+navigation.">Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 13 (11), 1433-1440 (2010).</li><li>Cahalan, M. D., Parker, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choreography+of+cell+motility+and+interaction+dynamics+imaged+by+two-photon+microscopy+in+lymphoid+organs.">Choreography of cell motility and interaction dynamics imaged by two-photon microscopy in lymphoid organs.</a> Annual review of immunology. 26, 585-626 (2008).</li><li>Germain, R. N., Robey, E. A., Cahalan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Decade+of+Imaging+Cellular+Motility+and+Interaction+Dynamics+in+the+Immune+System.">A Decade of Imaging Cellular Motility and Interaction Dynamics in the Immune System.</a> Science. 336 (6089), 1676-1681 (2012).</li><li>Coombes, J. L., Robey, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+imaging+of+host-pathogen+interactions+in+vivo.">Dynamic imaging of host-pathogen interactions in vivo.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 10 (5), 353-364 (2010).</li><li>Pulendran, B., Maddur, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+Immune+Sensing+and+Response+to+Influenza.">Innate Immune Sensing and Response to Influenza.</a> Life Science Journal. 6 (4), 23-71 (2014).</li><li>Lim, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+trails+guide+influenza-+specific+CD8+++T+cells+in+the+airways.">Neutrophil trails guide influenza- specific CD8 + T cells in the airways.</a> Science. 349 (6252), (2015).</li><li>Kim, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+tracheal+epithelial+cells+in+mice+during+airway+regeneration.">In vivo imaging of tracheal epithelial cells in mice during airway regeneration.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 47 (6), 864-868 (2012).</li><li>Kretschmer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autofluorescence+multiphoton+microscopy+for+visualization+of+tissue+morphology+and+cellular+dynamics+in+murine+and+human+airways.">Autofluorescence multiphoton microscopy for visualization of tissue morphology and cellular dynamics in murine and human airways.</a> Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology. 96 (8), 918-931 (2016).</li><li>Veres, T. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intubation-free+in+vivo+imaging+of+the+tracheal+mucosa+using+two-photon+microscopy.">Intubation-free in vivo imaging of the tracheal mucosa using two-photon microscopy.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 694 (2017).</li><li>Looney, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilized+imaging+of+immune+surveillance+in+the+mouse+lung.">Stabilized imaging of immune surveillance in the mouse lung.</a> Nature. 8 (1), 91-96 (2011).</li><li>Thornton, E. E., Krummel, M. F., Looney, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+Imaging+of+the+Lung.">Live Imaging of the Lung.</a> Current Protocols in Cytometry. 60 (1), (2012).</li><li>Tabuchi, A., Mertens, M., Kuppe, H., Pries, A. R., Kuebler, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+microscopy+of+the+murine+pulmonary+microcirculation.">Intravital microscopy of the murine pulmonary microcirculation.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 104 (2), 338-346 (2008).</li><li>Fiole, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+intravital+imaging+of+lungs+during+anthrax+infection+reveals+long-lasting+macrophage-dendritic+cell+contacts.">Two-photon intravital imaging of lungs during anthrax infection reveals long-lasting macrophage-dendritic cell contacts.</a> Infection and immunity. 82 (2), 864-872 (2014).</li><li>Secklehner, J., Lo Celso, C., Carlin, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+microscopy+in+historic+and+contemporary+immunology.">Intravital microscopy in historic and contemporary immunology.</a> Immunology and Cell Biology. 95 (6), 506-513 (2017).</li><li>Lambrecht, B. N., Hammad, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+Dendritic+Cells+in+Respiratory+Viral+Infection+and+Asthma:+From+Protection+to+Immunopathology.">Lung Dendritic Cells in Respiratory Viral Infection and Asthma: From Protection to Immunopathology.</a> Annual Review of Immunology. 30 (1), 243-270 (2012).</li><li>Camp, J. V., Jonsson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+neutrophils+in+viral+respiratory+disease.">A role for neutrophils in viral respiratory disease.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 8, (2017).</li><li>van Gisbergen, K. P. J. M., Sanchez-Hernandez, M., Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., van Kooyk, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+mediate+immune+modulation+of+dendritic+cells+through+glycosylation-dependent+interactions+between+Mac-1+and+DC-SIGN.">Neutrophils mediate immune modulation of dendritic cells through glycosylation-dependent interactions between Mac-1 and DC-SIGN.</a> The Journal of experimental medicine. 201 (8), 1281-1292 (2005).</li><li>Gonzalez, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capture+of+influenza+by+medullary+dendritic+cells+via+SIGN-R1+is+essential+for+humoral+immunity+in+draining+lymph+nodes.">Capture of influenza by medullary dendritic cells via SIGN-R1 is essential for humoral immunity in draining lymph nodes.</a> Nature Immunology. 11 (5), 427-434 (2010).</li><li>Lindquist, R. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+dendritic+cell+networks+in+vivo.">Visualizing dendritic cell networks in vivo.</a> Nature immunology. 5 (12), 1243-1250 (2004).</li><li>Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+V&#947;9V&#948;2-T+cells+efficiently+kill+influenza+virus-infected+lung+alveolar+epithelial+cells.">Human V&#947;9V&#948;2-T cells efficiently kill influenza virus-infected lung alveolar epithelial cells.</a> Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 10 (2), 159-164 (2013).</li><li>Tran Cao, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+transgenic+cyan+fluorescent+protein+(CFP)-expressing+nude+mouse+for+&amp;#34;technicolor&amp;#34;+cancer+imaging.">Development of the transgenic cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-expressing nude mouse for &amp;#34;technicolor&amp;#34; cancer imaging.</a> Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 107 (2), 328-334 (2009).</li><li>Jaber, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose+regimens,+variability,+and+complications+associated+with+using+repeat-bolus+dosing+to+extend+a+surgical+plane+of+anesthesia+in+laboratory+mice.">Dose regimens, variability, and complications associated with using repeat-bolus dosing to extend a surgical plane of anesthesia in laboratory mice.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science JAALAS. 53 (6), 684-691 (2014).</li><li>Pizzagalli, D. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukocyte+Tracking+Database,+a+collection+of+immune+cell+tracks+from+intravital+2-photon+microscopy+videos.">Leukocyte Tracking Database, a collection of immune cell tracks from intravital 2-photon microscopy videos.</a> Scientific Data. , (2018).</li><li>Sommer, C., Straehle, C., Kothe, U., Hamprecht, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ilastik:+Interactive+learning+and+segmentation+toolkit.">Ilastik: Interactive learning and segmentation toolkit.</a> 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro. , 230-233 (2011).</li><li>Beltman, J. B., Mar&#233;e, A. F. M., De Boer, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysing+immune+cell+migration.">Analysing immune cell migration.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 9 (11), 789-798 (2009).</li><li>Keller, H. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motility,+cell+shape,+and+locomotion+of+neutrophil+granulocytes.">Motility, cell shape, and locomotion of neutrophil granulocytes.</a> Cell motility. 3 (1), 47-60 (1983).</li><li>Sumen, C., Mempel, T. R., Mazo, I. B., von Andrian, U. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+Microscopy.">Intravital Microscopy.</a> Immunity. 21 (3), 315-329 (2004).</li><li>Lambert Emo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+Imaging+of+Influenza+Infection+of+the+Trachea+Reveals+Dynamic+Regulation+of+CD8++T+Cell+Motility+by+Antigen.">Live Imaging of Influenza Infection of the Trachea Reveals Dynamic Regulation of CD8+ T Cell Motility by Antigen.</a> PLOS Pathogens. 12 (9), e1005881 (2016).</li><li>Kjos, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bright+fluorescent+Streptococcus+pneumoniae+for+live-cell+imaging+of+host-pathogen+interactions.">Bright fluorescent Streptococcus pneumoniae for live-cell imaging of host-pathogen interactions.</a> Journal of bacteriology. 197 (5), 807-818 (2015).</li></ol>

This work presents a detailed protocol for the generation of 4D images showing the migration of adoptively transferred neutrophils and their interactions with DC during an influenza infection in the mouse trachea. The described 2P-IVM model will be relevant to study immune cell dynamics during an infection in the airways.
Recently, several models based on the visualization of cell dynamics in the airways have been developed9,10,</...

Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) is an effective technique for real time imaging of cell-to-cell interactions as they occur in their natural environment1. One of the main advantages of this method is that it allows the study of cellular processes at a greater specimen depth (500 &#181;m to 1 mm) compared with other traditional imaging techniques2. At the same time, the use of two low-energy photons generated by the two-photon laser minimizes the tissue photo-damage typically associated with the image acquisition process2. During the last decade, 2P-IVM has been applied to study different types of cell-cell interactions in several disciplines3,4,5. These studies have been especially relevant to investigate immune cells, which are characterized by their high dynamism and the formation of prominent contacts following the signals generated by other cells and the environment. 2P-IVM has been also applied to study the interactions between pathogen and host6. Indeed, it has been previously shown that some pathogens can alter the type and duration of the contacts between immune cells, hampering, as a result, the immune response7.
The airway mucosa is the first site in which the immune response against airborne pathogens is generated8. Therefore, in vivo analysis of pathogen-host interactions in this tissue is critical to understand the initiation of the host defense mechanisms during infection. However, 2P-IVM of the airways is challenging mainly due to the artifacts produced by the breathing cycle of the animal, which compromises the process of image acquisition. Recently, different surgical models have been described for imaging murine trachea9,10,11,12 and lungs13,14,15,16. Tracheal 2P-IVM models represent an excellent set-up to visualize the initial phase of the immune reaction in the upper airways, while lung-alveoli 2P-IVM models are more suitable to study the late phase of infections. The developed lung models present a limitation associated with the presence of air-filled alveoli, which restrict the optical penetration of the laser and make the mucosal layer of the intrapulmonary airways inaccessible for in vivo imaging17. Conversely, the structure of the trachea, formed by a continuous epithelium, facilitates image acquisition.
Here, we present a protocol that includes a detailed description of the steps required to perform influenza infection, surgical preparation of the animals, and 2P-IVM of the trachea. In addition, we describe a specific experimental set-up for the visualization of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC), two immune cell types that play an important role as mediators of the defense mechanism against influenza virus18,19. Finally, we describe a procedure to analyze neutrophil-DC interactions. These contacts have been shown to modulate DC activation and, subsequently, to affect the immune responses against pathogens20.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Gigasept instru AF</td>
			<td>Sch&#252;lke &#38; Mayr GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD11c-YFP mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>008829</td>
			<td>mice were bred in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CK6-ECFP mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>004218</td>
			<td>mice were bred in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 X Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline modified without Calcium Choride and Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 X Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline modified without Calcium Choride and Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D1408-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll PLUS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E0414-1L</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin Labatec</td>
			<td>Labatec Pharma</td>
			<td>7680632310024</td>
			<td>Store at RT, store at 4&#176;C when in solution of ket/xyl mixture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun 2% (Xylazin)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>6293841.00.00</td>
			<td>Store at RT, store at 4&#176;C when in solution of ket/xyl mixture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 G 1 mL Sub-Q BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>305501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 G 0,3 mL BD Micro-Fine Insulin Syringes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>324826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 40 &#181;m Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Syringes</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>300185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microlance 3 18 G needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>304622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Introcan Safety 20G (catheter)</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>4251652.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 Well Cell Culture Cluster</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI medium 1640 + HEPES (1X)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>42401-018</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liberase TL Research Grade</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>5401020001</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C / collagenase (I and II) mixture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse I</td>
			<td>Amresco (VWR)</td>
			<td>0649-50KU</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTrace Violet stain</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C34557</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>EDS-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10270-106</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-10 Micro Medical Tubing</td>
			<td>2Biological Instruments SNC</td>
			<td>#BB31695-PE/1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Plastic Tape</td>
			<td>M Plast</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viscotears</td>
			<td>Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasticine</td>
			<td>Ohropax</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Tolerance Glass Coverslip 15mm Round</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0733</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SomnoSuite Portable Animal Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>SS-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuvo Lite mark 5</td>
			<td>GCE medline</td>
			<td>14111211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MiniTag (gaseous anesthesia and heating bench)</td>
			<td>Tem Sega</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SURGICAL BOARD</td>
			<td>University of Bern</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrimScope II Two-photon microscope</td>
			<td>LaVision Biotec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chameleon Vision Ti:Sa lasers</td>
			<td>Coherent Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25X NA 1.05 water immersion objective</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>XLPLN25XWMP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The Cube&#38;The Box incubation chamber and temperature controller</td>
			<td>Life imaging Services</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaris 9.1.0</td>
			<td>Bitplane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 7</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Statistical software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging cell interaction in tracheal mucosa during influenza virus infection using two-photon intravital microscopy

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) allows the observation of cell interactions in deep tissue in living animals, while minimizing the photobleaching generated during image acquisition. To date, different models for 2P-IVM of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs have been described. However, imaging of respiratory organs remains a challenge due to the movement associated with the breathing cycle of the animal.
Here, we describe a protocol to visualize in vivo immune cell interactions in the trachea of mice infected with influenza virus using 2P-IVM. To this purpose, we developed a custom imaging platform, which included the surgical exposure and intubation of the trachea, followed by the acquisition of dynamic images of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC) in the mucosal epithelium. Additionally, we detailed the steps needed to perform influenza intranasal infection and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the trachea. Finally, we analyzed neutrophil and DC motility as well as their interactions during the course of a movie. This protocol allows for the generation of stable and bright 4D images necessary for the assessment of cell-cell interactions in the trachea.

In this work, we described a detailed protocol to study in vivo the motility and the interactions between neutrophils and DC during influenza infection in murine trachea (Figure 3A). To this purpose, we isolated CFP+ neutrophils (92% purity; Figure 3B) from CK6-ECFP mice and we adoptively transferred them into a CD11c-YFP mouse infected with influenza. After that, we performed 2P-IVM of the trachea at day 3 p....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy at JoVE.com

Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy

In this study, we present a protocol to perform two-photon intravital imaging and cell interaction analysis in the murine tracheal mucosa after infection with influenza virus. This protocol will be relevant for researchers studying immune cell dynamics during respiratory infections.

The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Monitoring cellular communication by intravital deep-tissue multi-photon microscopy is the key for understanding the fate of immune cells within thick ...

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous ...

Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice

Liver inflammation as a response to injury is a highly dynamic process involving the infiltration of distinct subtypes of leukocytes including monocytes, ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Cell Membrane Repair Assay Using a Two-photon Laser Microscope

Numerous pathophysiological insults can cause damage to cell membranes and, when coupled with innate defects in cell membrane repair or integrity, can ...

Two-photon Intravital Imaging of Leukocytes During the Immune Response in Lipopolysaccharide-treated Mouse Liver

Sepsis is a type of severe infection that can cause organ failure and tissue damage. Although the mortality and morbidity rates associated with sepsis are ...

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

Virus spreading is a major cause of epidemic diseases. Thus, understanding the interaction between the virus and the host is very important to extend our ...