Name: studying effects of cigarette smoke on pseudomonas infection in lung epithelial cells
Uploaded: 2020-05-11T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by a National Institutes of Health R01 grants HL125435 and HL142997 (to CZ).

1. 100% CSE preparation
<ol>
	<li>Draw 10 mL of serum-free cell culture media (DMEM/F12 for BEAS-2B cells; airway epithelial cell basal medium for HSAEC cells) into a 60 mL syringe.</li>
	<li>Reversely attach an appropriately trimmed 1 mL pipette tip to the nozzle of the syringe as an adapter to hold the cigarette (3R4F).</li>
	<li>Remove the filter of the cigarette. Attach a cigarette to the tip adaptor and combust the cigarette.</li>
	<li>Draw 40 mL of smoke-containing air into 10 mL of serum-free media. Mix the smok...

<ol>
	<li>Vogelmeier, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+Strategy+for+the+Diagnosis,+Management,+and+Prevention+of+Chronic+Obstructive+Lung+Disease+2017+Report.+GOLD+Executive+Summary.">Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report. GOLD Executive Summary.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 195 (5), 557-582 (2017).</li><li>Malhotra, J., Malvezzi, M., Negri, E., La Vecchia, C., Boffetta, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+for+lung+cancer+worldwide.">Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide.</a> European Respiratory Care Journal. 48 (3), 889-902 (2016).</li><li>Lugade, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cigarette+smoke+exposure+exacerbates+lung+inflammation+and+compromises+immunity+to+bacterial+infection.">Cigarette smoke exposure exacerbates lung inflammation and compromises immunity to bacterial infection.</a> Journal of Immunology. 192 (11), 5226-5235 (2014).</li><li>Strzelak, A., Ratajczak, A., Adamiec, A., Feleszko, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tobacco+Smoke+Induces+and+Alters+Immune+Responses+in+the+Lung+Triggering+Inflammation,+Allergy,+Asthma+and+Other+Lung+Diseases:+A+Mechanistic+Review.">Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 15 (5), (2018).</li><li>Zuo, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrelated+role+of+cigarette+smoking,+oxidative+stress,+and+immune+response+in+COPD+and+corresponding+treatments.">Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments.</a> American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 307 (3), 205-218 (2014).</li><li>Morse, D., Rosas, I. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomous+immunity+in+mucosal+epithelial+cells:+fortifying+the+barrier+against+infection.">Autonomous immunity in mucosal epithelial cells: fortifying the barrier against infection.</a> Microbes Infection. 18 (6), 387-398 (2016).</li><li>Bedi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor-gamma+agonists+attenuate+biofilm+formation+by+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists attenuate biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> FASEB Journal. 31 (8), 3608-3621 (2017).</li><li>Tomita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+p21(CIP1/WAF1)+and+B+cell+lymphoma+leukemia-x(L)+expression+and+reduced+apoptosis+in+alveolar+macrophages+from+smokers.">Increased p21(CIP1/WAF1) and B cell lymphoma leukemia-x(L) expression and reduced apoptosis in alveolar macrophages from smokers.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 166 (5), 724-731 (2002).</li><li>Gally, F., Chu, H. W., Bowler, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cigarette+smoke+decreases+airway+epithelial+FABP5+expression+and+promotes+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+infection.">Cigarette smoke decreases airway epithelial FABP5 expression and promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.</a> PLoS One. 8 (1), 51784 (2013).</li><li>Thorne, D., Adamson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+in+vitro+cigarette+smoke+exposure+systems.">A review of in vitro cigarette smoke exposure systems.</a> Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 65 (7-8), 1183-1193 (2013).</li><li>Keyser, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+quantitative+method+for+assessment+of+dose+in+in+vitro+evaluations+using+a+VITROCELL(R)+VC10(R)+smoke+exposure+system.">Development of a quantitative method for assessment of dose in in vitro evaluations using a VITROCELL(R) VC10(R) smoke exposure system.</a> Toxicology In Vitro. 56, 19-29 (2019).</li><li>Del Arroyo, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMDA+receptor+modulation+of+glutamate+release+in+activated+neutrophils.">NMDA receptor modulation of glutamate release in activated neutrophils.</a> EBioMedicine. 47, 457-469 (2019).</li><li>Lai, Y., Li, J., Li, X., Zou, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide+modulates+p300+and+Sirt1+to+promote+PRMT1+stability+via+an+SCF(Fbxl17)-recognized+acetyldegron.">Lipopolysaccharide modulates p300 and Sirt1 to promote PRMT1 stability via an SCF(Fbxl17)-recognized acetyldegron.</a> Journal of Cell Sciences. 130 (20), 3578-3587 (2017).</li><li>Bauman, S. J., Kuehn, M. 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C., Ocampo, M., Salazar, L. M., Patarroyo, M. 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Bacterial invasion into lung epithelial cells is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. The process of bacterial invasion into the cells can be broken down into the following three steps: First, the bacteria contact and adhere to the surface of the epithelial cell using their flagella. Second, the bacteria either undergo internalization or penetrate the cellular membrane. Finally, the bacteria replicate and colonize the cells if they successfully escape cellular defense mechanisms25...

Cigarette smoking affects the public health of millions of people worldwide. Many deleterious diseases, including lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are reported to be related to cigarette smoking1,2. Cigarette smoking increases susceptibility to acute microbial infections in the respiratory system3,4,5. Furthermore, mounting evidence proves that cigarette smoking enhances the pathogenesis of many chronic disorders6,7,8. For instance, cigarette smoking may increase viral or bacterial infections that cause COPD exacerbation9. Among the bacterial pathogens that etiologically contribute to acute exacerbation of COPD, an opportunistic gram-negative bacillus pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, causes infections that correlate with poor prognoses and higher mortalities10,11. COPD exacerbation worsens the disease by accelerating pathological progression. There are no effective therapies against COPD exacerbation except for the antisymptomatic management12. COPD exacerbation promotes patient mortality, decreases quality of life, and increases economic burden on society13.
The respiratory airway is an open system, continuously subjected to various microbial pathogens present externally. Opportunistic bacterial pathogens are usually detected in the upper airways but sometimes are observed in the lower airways14,15. In animal models P. aeruginosa can be detected in alveolar sacs as soon as 1 h after infection16. As a major defense mechanism, immune cells such as macrophages or neutrophils eliminate the bacteria in the airways. Lung epithelial cells, as the first physiological barrier, perform a unique role in the host defense against microbial infections. Lung epithelial cells may regulate microbial invasion, colonization, or replication independent of immune cells17. Some molecules found in epithelial cells, including PPARg, exert antibacterial functions, thereby regulating bacterial colonization and replication in lung epithelial cells18. Cigarette smoking may alter the molecules and impair normal defense function in lung epithelial cells19,20. Recent studies reported direct exposure of cigarette smoke to lung epithelial cells using robot smoking apparatus21,22. Exposure to smoke can be performed in other ways, however, including application of CSE. Preparation of CSE is a reproducible approach with potential applications in other cell types, including vascular endothelial cells that are indirectly exposed to cigarette smoke.
This report describes a protocol to generate cigarette smoke extract to alter bacterial load in lung epithelial cells. CSE increases the bacterial load of P. aeruginosa, and it may contribute to the recurrence of bacterial infections usually seen in COPD exacerbation. A conventional method is used for the preparation of CSE. Lung epithelial cells, at their exponential growth stage, are treated with 4% CSE for 3 h. Alternatively, monolayer-cultured lung epithelial cells can be directly exposed to cigarette smoke in an air-liquid interface. CSE-treated cells are then challenged with Pseudomonas at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. The bacteria are propagated at a particular shaking speed to ensure the morphology of their flagella remains intact to retain their full invasive capacity. Gentamycin is employed to kill the bacteria left in the culture medium, thereby reducing the potential contamination during the subsequent determination of the bacterial load. The protocol also uses&#160;GFP-labeled Pseudomonas, which has been utilized&#160;as&#160;a powerful tool in studying Pseudomonas infection in different models. A representative strain is P. fluorescens Migula23. The degree of infection or bacterial load after CSE treatment is determined in three ways: the drop plate method with colony counting, quantitative PCR using Pseudomonas 16S rRNA-specific primers, or flow cytometry in cells infected with fluorescent Pseudomonas. This protocol is a simple and reproducible approach to study the effect of cigarette smoke on bacterial infections in lung epithelial cells.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:691px;" width="690">
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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">50mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">airway epithelial cell basal medium</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td>PCS-300-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Bacteria shaker</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">bronchial epithelial cell growth kit</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td>PCS-300-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Cell Counter</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">CFX96 Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">High-Capacity RNA-to-DNA KIT</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">4387406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">HITES medium</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC 30-2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">human BEAS-2B cells</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC CRL-9609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">human primary small airway epithelial cells</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC PCS-300-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LSRII flow cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Nikkon confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Nikkon</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">OD reader</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">PCR primers</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ITD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC 47085</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">PAO1-LAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ATCC 27853</td>
			<td>P.aeruginosa GFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Research-grade cigarettes (3R4F)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">University of Kentucky</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">TP-7-VA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">74106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Transprent PET Transwell Insert</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Corning Costar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Tryptic Soy Broth</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

studying effects of cigarette smoke on pseudomonas infection in lung epithelial cells

Cigarette smoking is the major etiological cause for lung emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking also promotes susceptibility to bacterial infections in the respiratory system. However, the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial infections in human lung epithelial cells have yet to be thoroughly studied. Described here is a detailed protocol for the preparation of cigarette smoking extracts (CSE), treatment of human lung epithelial cells with CSE, and bacterial infection and infection determination. CSE was prepared with a conventional method. Lung epithelial cells were treated with 4% CSE for 3 h. CSE-treated cells were, then, infected with Pseudomonas at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Bacterial loads of the cells were determined by three different methods. The results showed that CSE increased Pseudomonas load in lung epithelial cells. This protocol, therefore, provides a simple and reproducible approach to study the effect of cigarette smoke on bacterial infections in lung epithelial cells.

A diagram is used to illustrate the protocol in Figure 1. Lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells were treated with CSE and challenged with Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas in the culture medium were killed by the added gentamycin and the cells were subjected to the drop plate assay, RT-qPCR detection of Pseudomonas ribosome 16S RNA, and flow cytometry. Compared with control, CSE treatment substantially increased bacterial infection in drop plate methods (Figure...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells

Described here is a protocol to study how cigarette smoke extract affects bacterial colonization in lung epithelial cells.

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells

Cigarette smoking is the major etiological cause for lung emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking also promotes ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological ...

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

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Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

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There  is growing concern about the relevance of in vitro antimicrobial  susceptibility tests when applied to isolates of P. aeruginosa from  cystic ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model

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In order to study human acute lung injury and pneumonia, it is important to develop animal models to mimic various pathological features of this disease. ...

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Stromal cells regulate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes during inflammation through cross-talk with neighboring endothelial cells. Here we ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...