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Chapter 5
Complexometric titrations involve reactions of ligands with suitable metal ions to generate metal–ligand complexes. The titration is often performed ...
Complexation titrations may employ different monodentate or polydentate ligands. Polydentate ligands, such as derivatives of amino carboxylic acids, ...
Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl ...
In complexation reactions, although ligands of various denticities can be used, polydentate ligands are generally preferred, as they form highly stable ...
Each EDTA molecule has six binding sites: four carboxyl groups and two amino groups. The fully protonated form of EDTA is represented as H6Y2+. However, ...
EDTA titrations require high-pH conditions, under which the active complexing form of EDTA predominates. However, under alkaline conditions, many metal ...
The EDTA titration types for metal ion analysis include direct titration, back-titration, and replacement titration. Direct titration involves buffering ...
Like direct, back, and displacement titration, indirect titration is an EDTA titration involving metal ions. In an indirect titration, anions are ...
EDTA titration curves determine the free metal ion concentration. The titration curve represents the change in concentration of free metal ions (p ...
End-point detection in EDTA titration includes visual and instrumental methods. A visual metal-ion indicator, which forms a stable complex with a metal ...
The selectivity of EDTA reactions is improved by masking and demasking agents. A masking agent chelates with a potential interfering ion to form a more ...
In precipitation titrations, the analyte mixed with visual indicators reacts with the titrant to form a colored precipitate or a soluble, colored complex ...
In the titration of chloride with silver nitrate, the initial silver ion concentration is low due to the limited redissolution of the sparingly soluble ...
In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a ...
Gravimetry is a quantitative analytical method where the analyte is isolated and weighed either directly or after conversion into a substance of known ...
Common inorganic precipitants yield insoluble precipitates that can be used to quantify several cations and anions. The formation of precipitates such as ...
In precipitation gravimetry, the analyte reacts with a precipitant to yield a precipitate that is isolated and weighed. The precipitate should be of low ...
In precipitation gravimetry, ideally, the precipitant reacts specifically or selectively with the analyte to yield a precipitate with certain attributes. ...
Slow addition of the precipitant in a dilute solution with constant stirring lowers the solute concentration, that is, Q, decreasing the relative ...
Colloidal precipitates have a large surface-to-mass ratio that encourages surface adsorption. For example, colloidal silver chloride obtained by adding ...
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. Surface adsorption can introduce ...
Following filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as ...
