وأيد هذا البحث من خلال منحة مقدمة من مواطنين المتحدة للبحوث في مجال الصرع (CURE) لSLB.

<p class="jove_title"&gt; 1. مواد بناء</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; هي التي شيدت لقسطرة الوريد الوداجي من قطعة (100 ملم) من أنابيب البولي اثيلين PE - 50 ، مشطوف في نهاية واحدة ، وملأت المياه المالحة ثم مع الهيبارين (50 U الهيبارين / المالحة مل).</li&gt;<liهي التي شيدت&gt; تسجيل تخطيط القلب وأقطاب من أطوال 100 ملم two من سلك معزول الفضية (30AWG). هي واحدة من نهاية تجريد كل من الأسلاك وملحوم على microconnector ، والعزل الملتوية لتشكيل الأسلاك الثالثة التي يتم استخدام الأرض. وجردت خمسة ملم العزل من نهاية البعيدة للأسلاك والمهملة.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 2. قسطرة الوريد الوداجي زرع</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; تخدير الحيوان قبل إدارة يوريسين ، والملكية الفكرية (1.2 غرام / كغ).</li&gt;<li&gt; فحص روتيني (فترات دقيقة 10) عمق التخدير بتقييم استجابة دواسة الانسحاب و / أو ردود الفعل العين. إذا لزم الأمر ، تكملة التخدير.</li&gt;<li&gt; بعد هذا الحيوان هو في الطائرة المناسبة من التخدير ، ويحلق في الجانب الأيمن من الرقبة من الترقوة والذقن.</li&gt;<li&gt; إجراء شق طولي (10-15 ملم) في الجلد فوق الشريان السباتي وفتح شق.</li&gt;<li&gt; استخدام تقنيات تشريح حادة ، تنتشر في العضلات الأساسية لتحديد وعزل الوريد الوداجي الحق.</li&gt;<li&gt; ضع قطعتين من الحرير الجراحية (# 2) تحت حبل الوريد ، وموقف الغرز في أجزاء منقاري والذيلية أكثر من شق. ربط ربطة منقاري لوقف تدفق من خلال الوريد.</li&gt;<li&gt; التراجع عن ربطة الذيلية لرفع السفينة قبالة الأنسجة الكامنة وتقديم قطع صغيرة. ثم إدراج نهاية مشطوف من القسطرة الهيبارين مليئة PE - 50 (50 U / المالحة مل) البولي إثيلين (100 ملم في الطول) ، ودفع الطرف حوالي 8 ملم الى مستوى الأذين الأيمن.</li&gt;<li&gt; ومن أجل تأمين القسطرة ، ربط ربطة عجزي حول السفينة على حد سواء ، والقسطرة. أخيرا ، أغلق الجرح مع لقطات أو خياطة الجرح.</li&gt;<li&gt; خلال زرع القسطرة ، وإما فرضت نهاية يتعرض مع مرقئ أو توصيله مرة أخرى لمنع تدفق الدم قبل التعلق مضخة الحقن في الوريد.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 3. زرع أقطاب CG</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; ضع الحيوان على ظهره ويحلق في الصدر.</li&gt;<li&gt; للحصول على وضع الأقطاب ، وجعل اثنين من الشقوق الطولية (≈ 10 ملم) ، واحدة في الجزء العلوي الأيمن ، وواحدة في الأرباع السفلى اليسرى من الصدر ، وخالية من الجلد المغطي لفضح عضلات القفص الصدري.</li&gt;<li&gt; خياطة واحدة من النصائح 5 ملم المكشوفة من أقطاب الفضة سلك في عضلات الصدر في كل من المناطق المكشوفة ، ومكان القطب الأرض تحت الجلد.</li&gt;<li&gt; إغلاق الشقوق مع مقاطع الجرح وسد microconnector في جهاز تسجيل.</li&gt;<li&gt; لف الحيوان فضفاضة في منشفة للحفاظ على درجة حرارة الجسم أثناء العملية.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 4. تسجيل تخطيط القلب</p&gt;<ol&gt;<liمصنوعة&gt; تسجيلات باستخدام نظام الحصول على البيانات وPowerlab كمبيوتر ماكنتوش أو أجهزة مماثلة / البرمجيات (تضخيم ، 50X ؛ تصفيتها ، 1000-1000 هرتز).</li&gt;<li&gt; وبعد موازنة دقيقة 20-30 الفترة ، سجل ECG لمدة 20 دقيقة.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 5. عدم انتظام ضربات القلب البطيني حمل</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; إرفاق قسطرة الوريد الوداجي إلى حقنة النائية وضعت في مضخة التسريب للبرمجة.</li&gt;<li&gt; بدء ضخ أكونيتين بمعدل لتقديم جرعة ثابتة من 5 ميكروغرام / كغ / دقيقة لمدة 7 دقائق.</li&gt;<li&gt; الرجفان البطيني أو بعد انتهاء فترة التسريب ، الموت ببطء الحيوان باستخدام إجراء الموافقة عليها.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 6. تحليل تخطيط القلب</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; الفاصل الزمني QT يمثل المدة الإجمالية للنشاط البطين الكهربائية. التين. 1 يظهر نموذج تسجيل تخطيط القلب ومدة الفاصل الزمني QT. حساب الوقت بين يعني بدء موجة Q - وإنهاء موجة - T لجميع المراكز الحيوية المسجلة على مدى فترة خمس دقائق تم الحصول عليها خلال فترة التسجيل 20 دقيقة.</li&gt;<li&gt; لتصحيح الفاصل الزمني QT الاختلافات في معدل ضربات القلب (QTc) ، استخدم صيغة Bazett وQTc = كيو تي / (RR)<sup&gt; ½</sup&gt; ، حيث RR هي الفترة الفاصلة بين دقات القلب يعني. يتم حساب الفاصل RR ، وهي المدة بين الموجات المتعاقبة Q - تم الحصول عليها خلال الفترة التي تم تحليلها.</li&gt;<liويتم احتساب&gt; وتشتت QT (QTd) عن طريق طرح QT QT الحد الأدنى من الحد الأقصى المسجل لكل حيوان.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 7. تحليل تغير معدل نبضات القلب</p&gt;<ol<liوتستخدم برامج برمجيات&gt; (أي LabChart 7 ، ADInstruments ، المؤتمر الوطني العراقي) لتحليل التباين في فترات RR تم الحصول عليها خلال فترة التحليل الآلي لحساب التباين الزمني على حد سواء و / أو الطيفية في معدل ضربات القلب.</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 8. تحليل الحساسية لعدم انتظام ضربات القلب البطيني</p&gt;<ol<li&gt; أحسب الكمون من بدء ضخ أكونيتين إلى تقلص البطين المبكرة الأولى (PVC ، الشكل 2 ، لوحة 1) ، وتسرع القلب البطيني (VT ، الشكل (2) ، والفريق 2) ، والرجفان البطيني (VF ، الشكل 2 الفريق 3 ).</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 9. ممثل النتائج</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"&gt; الشكل. 3 يوضح مقياس واحد للHRV في المجال الطيفي (الجذر التربيعي يعني الانحراف المعياري الفاصل RR ، RMSSD) في الفئران والتحكم في الحيوانات التي خضعت SE أسبوع واحد قبل الاختبار. هذا التدبير من HRV ، والتي تمثل تغيرات في التحكم بالجهاز السمبتاوي من وظيفة القلب<sup&gt; 26</sup&gt; ، وانخفض بشكل ملحوظ في حالة صرعية الحيوانات التالية. التين. 4 يدل على أن يتم زيادة كبيرة سواء تصحيح QT الفاصل الزمني (QTc ، لوحة أ) ، وكيو تي التشتت (QTd ، لوحة ب) أسبوعين عقب SE<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;. أخذت معا ، وهذه البيانات التكهن بأن SE يزيد من خطر عدم انتظام ضربات القلب البطيني. ويؤكد هذا التوقع من خلال النتائج أن فترات ضخ أكونيتين اللازمة للحث على عدم انتظام ضربات القلب التجريبية (PVC ، VT ، VF) لوحظ في هذه الدراسات كانت أصغر بكثير في الحيوانات SE التالية (الشكل 5)<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig1.jpg" alt="figure 1" /<br /<strong&gt; الشكل 1.</strong&gt; تسجيل ECG نموذج لضربات القلب طبيعية تظهر P ، QRS ، وموجات تي. ويتم احتساب الفترة الفاصلة كيو تي والفترة الزمنية الفاصلة بين الخطوط المتقطعة.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig2.jpg" alt="figure 2" /<br /<strong&gt; الشكل 2. لوحة 1)</strongمعزولة&gt; انكماش بطيني من السابق لأوانه (PVCs) تقلصات في البطينين (B) التي تحدث بين دقات القلب الطبيعي (A). وتتميز تسجيلات PVC بسبب عدم وجود موجات P و T.<strong&gt; لوحة 2</strong&gt; تسرع القلب البطيني (VT) هو عبارة عن سلسلة من تقلصات البطين متعددة (C) التي تحدث مع أي ضربات القلب الطبيعية الفاصلة (A).<strong&gt; لوحة 3</strong&gt; الرجفان البطيني (VF) هو عدم وجود ملحوظ وإيقاع أي ارتباط بين QRS وموجات P (D).</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig3.jpg" alt="figure 3" /<br /<strong&gt; الشكل 3.</strong&gt; الجذر التربيعي يعني الانحراف المعياري (RMSSD ؛ مللي ثانية) من الفترات الفاصلة بين دقات القلب التي لوحظت في الفئران والتحكم في الحيوانات تشهد حالة صرعية (SE) 1 أسبوع قبل الاختبار. ** ع &lt;0.01 مقارنة التحكم.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig4.jpg" alt="figure 4" /<br /<strong&gt; الشكل 4.</strong&gt; متوسط ​​تصحيح QT الفاصل الزمني (لوحة أ) ، وكيو تي التشتت (لوحة B) المحسوبة من التسجيلات التي تم الحصول عليها من الحيوانات ECG التحكم (يتبع) والفئران التي تمر من حالة صرعية (SE) قبل أسبوعين من اختبار. * P &lt;0.05 مقارنة مع كونتي. (ميتكالف ، وآخرون ، آم. J. الفيزيولوجيا. القلب وCIRC ، 2009 ، هل الفيزيولوجيا سوك ، وتستخدم بإذن من<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;).</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig5.jpg" alt="figure 5" /<br /<strong&gt; الشكل 5.</strong&gt; الإختفاء (ثانية) بين بدء ضخ أكونيتين و1 تقلص البطين سابقا لأوانه (PVC) ، تسرع القلب البطيني (VT) ، والرجفان البطيني (VF) في مراقبة الحيوانات (يتبع) والفئران التي تمر حالة صرعية (SE) قبل أسبوعين للاختبار. * P &lt;0.05 ، ** ع &lt;0.01 مقارنة مع كونتي. (ميتكالف ، وآخرون ، آم. J. الفيزيولوجيا. القلب وCIRC ، 2009 ، هل الفيزيولوجيا سوك ، وتستخدم بإذن من<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;).</p&gt;

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. , 415-432 (2006).</li><li>Turski, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limbic+seizures+produced+by+pilocarpine+in+rats:+behavioral+electroencephalographic,+and+neuropathological+study.">Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: behavioral electroencephalographic, and neuropathological study.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 9, 315-335 (1989).</li><li>Kulkarni, S. K., George, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium-pilocarpine+neurotoxicity:+a+potential+model+of+status+epilepticus.">Lithium-pilocarpine neurotoxicity: a potential model of status epilepticus.</a> Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharamacol. 17, 551-567 (1995).</li><li>Stein, P. K., Bosner, M. S., Kleiger, R. E., Conger, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hart+rate+variability:+a+measure+of+cardiac+autonomic+tone.">Hart rate variability: a measure of cardiac autonomic tone.</a> Am. Heart J. 127, 1376-1381 (1994).</li><li>Metcalf, C. S., Poelzing, S., Little, J. G., Bealer, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Status+epilepticus+induces+cardiac+myofilament+damage+and+increased+susceptibility+to+arrhythmias+in+rat.">Status epilepticus induces cardiac myofilament damage and increased susceptibility to arrhythmias in rat.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 297, H2120-H2127 (2009).</li></ol>

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جانبين من جوانب الإجراءات المذكورة هي ذات أهمية حاسمة. أولا ، يجب أن يكون معدل الادارة أكونيتين إلى القلب عبر ما يعادل الحيوانات. وهذا يتطلب وضع ثابت من النصائح الوريد الوداجي النسبية القسطرة إلى القلب ، والتكيف الحذر من معدل الحقن في الوريد. يجب أن يكون سعر التسليم أ...

methods for ecg evaluation of indicators of cardiac risk, and susceptibility to aconitine-induced arrhythmias in rats following status epilepticus

Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a 
non-invasive, easily obtained electrocardiogram (ECG) are established, well-validated prognostic indicators of cardiac risk in patients suffering 
from a number of cardiomyopathies. Increased heart rate, decreased heart rate variability (HRV), and increased duration and variability of cardiac 
ventricular electrical activity (QT interval) are all indicative of enhanced cardiac risk 1-4. In animal models, it is valuable to compare 
these ECG-derived variables and susceptibility to experimentally induced arrhythmias. Intravenous infusion of the arrhythmogenic agent aconitine has
 been widely used to evaluate susceptibility to arrhythmias in a range of experimental conditions, including animal models of depression 5 and 
 hypertension 6, following exercise 7 and exposure to air pollutants 8, as well as determination of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of pharmacological 
 agents 9,10. 
It should be noted that QT dispersion in humans is a measure of QT interval variation across the full set of leads from a 
standard 12-lead ECG. Consequently, the measure of QT dispersion from the 2-lead ECG in the rat described in this protocol is different than that 
calculated from human ECG records. This represents a limitation in the translation of the data obtained from rodents to human clinical medicine.
Status epilepticus (SE) is a single seizure or series of continuously recurring seizures lasting more than 30 min 
11,12 11,12, and results in mortality in 20% of cases 13. Many individuals survive the SE, but die within 30 days 14,15.
 The mechanism(s) of this delayed mortality is not fully understood. It has been suggested that lethal ventricular arrhythmias contribute to many of these 
 deaths 14-17. In addition to SE, patients experiencing spontaneously recurring seizures, i.e. epilepsy, are at risk of premature 
 sudden and unexpected death associated with epilepsy (SUDEP) 18. As with SE, the precise mechanisms mediating SUDEP are not known. 
 It has been proposed that ventricular abnormalities and resulting arrhythmias make a significant contribution 18-22.
 To investigate the mechanisms of seizure-related cardiac death, and the efficacy of cardioprotective therapies, it is 
 necessary to obtain both ECG-derived indicators of risk and evaluate susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias in animal models of seizure disorders 
 23-25. Here we describe methods for implanting ECG electrodes in the Sprague-Dawley laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus), following SE,
 collection and analysis of ECG recordings, and induction of arrhythmias during iv infusion of aconitine.
 These procedures can be used to directly determine the relationships between ECG-derived measures of cardiac electrical 
 activity and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in rat models of seizure disorders, or any pathology associated with increased risk of sudden 
 cardiac death.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus at JoVE.com

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

موصوفة تقنيات لقياس النشاط الكهربائي للقلب عن طريق الكهربائي (ECG) ، وتحليل عوامل الخطر على القلب وعدم انتظام ضربات القلب بعد التعرض لحالة صرعية (SE) في الفئران.

أساليب التقييم تخطيط القلب من مؤشرات الخطر على القلب ، والقابلية للأكونيتين عدم انتظام ضربات القلب التي يسببها في الفئران بعد حالة صرعية

Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a 
non-invasive, easily ...

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17.6K Views.  University of Utah. موصوفة تقنيات لقياس النشاط الكهربائي للقلب عن طريق الكهربائي (ECG) ، وتحليل عوامل الخطر على القلب وعدم انتظام ضربات القلب بعد التعرض لحالة صرعية (SE) في الفئران.

Video: Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we describe a detailed surgical procedure for creating pressure overload and cardiac hypertrophy in rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. After anesthesia, the trachea is intubated by inserting a cannula through a half way incision made between two cartilage rings of trachea. Then a skin incision is made at the level of the second intercostal space on the left chest wall and muscle layers are cleared to locate the ascending portion of aorta. The ascending aorta is constricted to 50&#8211;60% of its original diameter by application of a small sized titanium clip. Following aortic constriction, the second and third ribs are approximated with prolene sutures. The tracheal cannula is removed once spontaneous breathing was re-established. The animal is allowed to recover on the heating pad by gradually lowering anesthesia. The intensity of pressure overload created by constriction of the ascending aorta is determined by recording the pressure gradient using trans-thoracic two dimensional Doppler-echocardiography. Overall this protocol is useful to study the remodeling events and contractile properties of the heart during the gradual onset and progression from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure stage.

We describe a stepwise procedure for creating pressure overload and left ventricular hypertrophy in Wistar rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. This model is extensively used for studying remodeling changes during cardiac hypertrophy and for identifying and evaluating strategies for regression of such changes.

تصاعدي الأورطي انقباض في الفئران لخلق الضغط الزائد تضخم القلب النموذجي

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is estimated to contribute to 19- 25% of all clinical cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. AKI detection has historically relied on metrics such as serum creatinine (sCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are demonstrably inadequate in full assessment of nephrotoxicity in the early phase of renal dysfunction. Currently, there is no robust diagnostic method to accurately detect hemodynamic alteration in the early phase of AKI while such alterations might actually precede the rise in serum biomarker levels. Such early detection can help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis and help in in decision making for therapeutic strategy. Rats were treated with Cisplatin to induce AKI. Nephrotoxicity was assessed for six days using high-frequency sonography, sCr measurement and upon histopathology of kidney. Hemodynamic evaluation using 2D and Color-Doppler images were used to serially study nephrotoxicity in rats, using the sonography. Our data showed successful drug-induced kidney injury in adult rats by histological examination. Color-Doppler based sonographic assessment of AKI indicated that resistive-index (RI) and pulsatile-index (PI) were increased in the treatment group; and peak-systolic velocity (mm/s), end-diastolic velocity (mm/s) and velocity-time integral (VTI, mm) were decreased in renal arteries in the same group. Importantly, these hemodynamic changes evaluated by sonography preceded the rise of sCr levels. Sonography-based indices such as RI or PI can thus be useful predictive markers of declining renal function in rodents. From our sonography-based observations in the kidneys of rats that underwent AKI, we showed that these noninvasive hemodynamic measurements may consider as an accurate, sensitive and robust method in detecting early stage kidney dysfunction. This study also underscores the importance of ethical issues associated with animal use in research.

Early stage hemodynamic dysfunction is critical to the development of kidney disease. Yet, detection methodologies are limited. Recent advances in sonography provide a noninvasive, accurate option for early detection of kidney injury. This study outlines a step-by-step, sonographic methodology for detecting kidney dysfunction using a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

الكشف المبكر عن المخدرات التي يسببها الفشل الكلوي الدورة الدموية الجنسي لدى الرجال عن طريق سنوغرفيك] تكنولوجيا في الفئران

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

الرنين المغناطيسي القلبي لتقييم الجلطات القلبية المشتبه بها: التقنيات التقليدية والناشئة

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional imaging to study the cardiac anatomy of the left ventricle and M-mode echo to assess its dimensions. However, this could limit a comprehensive study. Herein, we describe a protocol that allows an assessment of the heart chamber size, left ventricular function (systolic and diastolic) and valvular function. A conventional medical ultrasound machine was used in this protocol and different echo views were obtained through left parasternal, apical and suprasternal windows. In the left parasternal window, the long and short axis were acquired to analyze left chamber dimensions, right ventricle and pulmonary artery dimensions, and mitral, pulmonary and aortic valve function. The apical window allows the measurement of heart chamber dimensions and evaluation of systolic and diastolic parameters. It also allows Doppler assessment with detection and quantification of heart valve disturbances (regurgitation or stenosis). Different segments and walls of the left ventricle are visualized throughout all views. Finally, the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta can be imaged through the suprasternal window. A combination of ultrasound imaging, Doppler flow and tissue Doppler assessment have been obtained to study cardiac morphology and function. This represents an important contribution to improve the assessment of cardiac function in adult rats with impact for research using these animal models.

A non-invasive protocol for transthoracic echocardiography assessment of cardiac anatomy and function for adult rats is presented in the current study. The heart valves, all four cardiac chambers and the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta are studied in detail.

تقييم تخطيط صدي لتشريح القلب ووظيفته في الفئران البالغة

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily and highly reproducible MI induction procedure is required to obtain further insight and better understanding of the underlying pathological changes. This procedure can also be used to evaluate the effects or potency of new and promising treatments (as drugs or interventions) in acute MI, subsequent remodeling and heart failure (HF). After intubation and pre-operative preparation of the animal, an anesthetic protocol with isoflurane was performed, and the surgical procedure was conducted&#160;quickly. Using a minimally invasive approach, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was located and occluded by a ligature. The occlusion can be performed acutely for subsequent reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion injury). Alternatively, the vessel can be ligated permanently to investigate the development of chronic MI, remodeling or HF. Despite common pitfalls, the drop-out rates are minimal. Various treatments such as remote ischemic conditioning can be examined for their cardioprotective potential pre-, peri- and post-operatively. The post-operative recovery was quick as the anesthesia was precisely controlled and the duration of the operation was short. Post-operative analgesia was administered for three days. The minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid recovery. The &#8220;working heart&#8221; measurements were performed ex vivo and enabled precise control of preload, afterload and flow. This procedure requires specific equipment and training for adequate performance. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step introduction for conducting these measurements.

This article presents an efficient method to perform myocardial ischemia and subsequent chronic reperfusion in rats using a minimally invasive approach. In addition, left ventricular hemodynamic function of rats is assessed by echocardiography and isolated working heart methods.&#160;

طريقة شبه طفيفة التوغل للحث على احتشاء عضلة القلب في الفئران وتقييم وظيفة القلب من قبل نظام القلب العامل المعزول

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

تحليل تسجيلات تخطيط كهربية القلب على المدى الطويل للكشف عن عدم انتظام ضربات القلب في الفئران

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

Modified Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplantation and a Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model in Rats

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical technique. Modifying the transplantation procedure to strengthen the myocardial protection could prolong the ischemia time while preserving the donor&#39;s cardiac function. This technique&#39;s key points are as follows: transecting the donor&#39;s abdominal aorta before harvesting to unload the donor&#39;s heart; perfusing the donor&#39;s coronary arteries with a cold cardioplegic solution; and topical cooling of the donor&#39;s heart during the anastomosis procedure. Consequently, since this procedure prolongs the acceptable ischemia time, beginners can easily perform it and achieve a high success rate.
Moreover, a new aortic regurgitation (AR) model was established in this work using a technique different from the existing one,&#160;which is created by inserting a catheter from the right carotid artery and puncturing the native aortic valve under continuous echocardiographic guidance. A heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation was performed using the novel AR model. In the protocol, after the donor&#39;s heart is harvested, a stiff guidewire is inserted into the donor&#39;s brachiocephalic artery and advanced toward the aortic root. The aortic valve is punctured by pushing the guidewire further even after the resistance is felt, thus inducing AR. It is easier to damage the aortic valve using this method than with the procedure described in the conventional AR model. Additionally, this novel AR model does not contribute to the recipient&#39;s circulation; therefore, this method is expected to produce a more severe AR model than the conventional procedure.

This study demonstrates a reproducible heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation technique in rats that beginners can learn and perform. Additionally, a novel aortic regurgitation model in rats is generated by performing heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation and damaging the donor's aortic valve using a guidewire after harvesting.

زراعة قلب البطن غير المتجانسة المعدلة ونموذج قلس الأبهر الجديد في الفئران

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical ...

التلاعب Tuina موحدة لهشاشة العظام في الركبة في الفئران

Tuina Manipulation to Reduce Inflammation and Cartilage Loss in Knee Osteoarthritis Rats

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its mechanism. Therefore, the manipulation of animal models of knee osteoarthritis is critical. This protocol provides a standard process for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and a preliminary exploration of the mechanism of Tuina for KOA. The press and kneading manipulation method (a kind of Tuina manipulation that refers to pressing and kneading the specific area of the body surface) is applied on 5 acupoints around the knee joint of rats. The force and frequency of the manipulation were standardized by finger pressure recordings, and the position of the rat during manipulation is described in detail in the protocol. The effect of manipulation can be measured by pain behavior tests and microscopic findings in synovial and cartilage. KOA rats showed significant improvement in pain behavior. The synovial tissue inflammatory infiltration was reduced in the Tuina group, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&#945; was significantly lower. Compared to the control group, chondrocyte apoptosis was less in the Tuina group. This study provides a standardized protocol for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and preliminary proof that the therapeutic effects of Tuina may be related to reducing synovial inflammation and delayed chondrocyte apoptosis.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: فهم آلية التلاعب Tuina في الفئران 

We present a protocol for Tuina manipulation performed on plaster-immobilized-induced knee osteoarthritis rats. Based on the preliminary results, it suggested that the efficacy of the method relied on the reduction of inflammation and cartilage loss.

التلاعب Tuina للحد من الالتهاب وفقدان الغضروف في الفئران هشاشة العظام في الركبة

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its ...