This research was supported by a grant from the Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE) to SLB.

1. Materials to Construct
 <ol>
	<li>A jugular vein catheter is constructed from a piece (100 mm) of PE-50 polyethylene tubing, beveled at one end, and then filled with heparin saline (50 U heparin/mL saline).</li>
	<li>The ECG recording electrodes are constructed from two 100 mm lengths of insulated silver wire (30AWG). One end of both wires is stripped and soldered to a microconnector, and the insulation is twisted to form a third wire that is used as ground. Five-mm of insulation is stripped from the distal end of the wires and discarded.</li>
</ol>
2. Implanting Jugular Vein Catheter
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize the animal by administration of Urethane, ip (1.2 g/kg).</li>
	<li>Routinely check (10 min intervals) depth of anesthesia by evaluating the pedal withdrawal response and/or eye reflexes. If needed, supplement anesthesia.</li>
	<li>After the animal is at the appropriate plane of anesthesia, shave the right side of the neck from the clavicle to the chin.</li>
	<li>Make a longitudinal incision (10-15 mm) in the skin above the carotid artery and open the incision.</li>
	<li>Using blunt dissection techniques, spread the underlying muscle to locate and isolate the right jugular vein.</li>
	<li>Place two pieces of surgical silk (#2) under the jugular vein, and position the sutures at the rostral and caudal most portions of the incision. Tie the rostral ligature to discontinue flow through the vein.</li>
	<li>Retract the caudal ligature to lift the vessel off the underlying tissue and make a small cut. Then insert the beveled end of the heparin-filled (50 U/ml saline) PE-50 polyethylene catheter (100 mm in length), and advance the tip approximately 8 mm to the level of the right atrium. </li>
	<li>In order to secure the catheter, tie the caudal ligature around both the vessel and catheter. Finally, close the wound with either wound clips or suture.</li>
	<li>During the implantation of the catheter, the exposed end is either clamped with a hemostat or plugged to prevent back flow of blood prior to attachment to an infusion pump.</li>
</ol>
3. Implanting CG Electrodes
<ol>
	<li>Place the animal on its back and shave the chest. </li>
	<li>For placement of the electrodes, make two longitudinal incisions (&asymp; 10 mm), one in the upper right and one in the lower left quadrants of the chest, and free the overlying skin to expose the thoracic muscles.</li>
	<li>Suture one of the exposed 5-mm tips of the silver-wire electrodes into the thoracic muscles in each of the exposed areas, and place the ground electrode subcutaneously.</li>
	<li>Close the incisions with wound clips and plug the microconnector into the recording device.</li>
	<li>Wrap the animal loosely in a towel to maintain body temperature during the procedure.</li>
</ol>
4. Recording ECG
<ol>
	<li>Recordings are made using a Powerlab Data Acquisition System and Macintosh computer or similar hardware/software (amplified, 50X; filtered, 1-1000 Hz). </li>
	<li>Following a 20-30 min equilibration period, record ECG for 20 min.</li>
</ol>
5. Inducing Ventricular Arrhythmias
<ol>
	<li>Attach the jugular vein catheter to a remote syringe placed in a programmable infusion pump.</li>
	<li>Initiate the aconitine infusion at a rate to deliver a constant dose of 5 ug/kg/min for 7 minutes. </li>
	<li>Following ventricular fibrillation or the end of the infusion period, euthanize the animal using an approved procedure. </li>
</ol>
6. Analysis of ECG 
<ol>
	<li>The QT interval represents the total duration of ventricular electrical activity. Fig. 1 shows a model ECG recording and the duration of the QT interval. Calculate the mean time between the initiation of the Q-wave and termination of the T-wave for all recorded heartbeats over a five-minute interval obtained during the 20 min recording period. </li>
	<li>To correct the QT interval for differences in heart rate (QTc), use Bazett&#x2019;s formula, QTc=QT/(RR)&frac12;, where RR is the mean interval between heartbeats. The RR interval is calculated as the duration between successive Q-waves obtained during the analyzed period.</li>
	<li>The QT dispersion (QTd) is calculated by subtracting the minimum QT from the maximum QT recorded for each animal.</li>
</ol>
7. Analysis of Heart Rate Variability
<ol><li>Software programs (i.e. LabChart 7, ADInstruments, Inc.) that analyze variability in the RR intervals obtained during the period of analysis are used for automated calculation of both temporal and/or spectral variance in heart rate. </li></ol>
8. Analysis of Susceptibility to Ventricular Arrhythmias
<ol><li>Calculate the latency from the initiation of aconitine infusion to the first premature ventricular contraction (PVC, Fig. 2, Panel 1), ventricular tachycardia (VT, Fig, 2, Panel 2) and ventricular fibrillation (VF, Fig. 2 Panel 3). </li></ol>
9. Representative Results
Fig. 3 illustrates one measure of HRV in the spectral domain (root mean squared of the standard deviation of the RR 
interval, RMSSD) in control rats and in animals that underwent SE one week prior to testing. This measure of HRV, which represents changes in the 
parasympathetic control of cardiac function 26, is significantly decreased in animals following status epilepticus. Fig. 4 shows that both 
corrected QT interval (QTc, Panel A) and QT dispersion (QTd, Panel B) are significantly increased two weeks following SE27. Taken together, these 
data predict that SE increases risk of ventricular arrhythmias. This prediction is confirmed by the findings that the periods of aconitine infusion 
necessary to induce the experimental arrhythmias (PVC, VT, VF) observed in these studies were significantly smaller in animals following SE (Fig. 5)27.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig1.jpg" alt="figure 1" /> Figure 1.Model ECG recording of a normal heartbeat showing P, QRS, and T waves. The QT interval is calculated as the time between the dashed lines.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig2.jpg" alt="figure 2" /> Figure 2. Panel 1) Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are isolated contractions of the ventricles (B) that occur between normal heartbeats (A). PVC recordings are characterized by the absence of P and T waves. 
Panel 2 Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a series of multiple ventricular contractions (C) that occur with no intervening normal heartbeats (A).
Panel 3 Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the lack of discernable rhythm and no association between QRS and P waves (D).
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig3.jpg" alt="figure 3" /> Figure 3. The root mean squared of the standard deviation (RMSSD; msec) of the intervals between heartbeats observed in control rats and in animals undergoing status epilepticus (SE) 1 wk prior to testing. **p&lt;0.01 compared to Control.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig4.jpg" alt="figure 4" /> Figure 4. Mean corrected QT interval (Panel A) and QT dispersion (Panel B) calculated from ECG recordings obtained from control animals (Cont) and from rats undergoing status epilepticus (SE) two weeks prior to testing. *p&lt;0.05 compared to Cont. (Metcalf, et al., Am. J. Physiol. Heart and Circ, 2009, Am Physiol Soc, used with permission from 27).
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig5.jpg" alt="figure 5" /> Figure 5. Latencies (sec) between the initiation of aconitine infusion and the 1st premature ventricular contraction (PVC), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) in control animals (Cont) and rats undergoing status epilepticus (SE) two weeks prior to testing. *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01 compared to Cont. (Metcalf, et al., Am. J. Physiol. Heart and Circ, 2009, Am Physiol Soc, used with permission from 27).

<ol>
	<li>Chugh, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determinants+of+prolonged+QT+interval+and+their+contribution+to+sudden+death+risk+in+coronary+artery+disease:+The+Oregon+sudden+unexpected+death+study.">Determinants of prolonged QT interval and their contribution to sudden death risk in coronary artery disease: The Oregon sudden unexpected death study.</a> Circulation. 119, 663-670 (2009).</li><li>Darbar, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+and+specificity+of+QTc+dispersion+for+identification+of+risk+of+cardiac+death+in+patients+with+peripheral+vascular+disease.">Sensitivity and specificity of QTc dispersion for identification of risk of cardiac death in patients with peripheral vascular disease.</a> BMJ. 312, 874-878 (1996).</li><li>Bruyne, M. C. d. e. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=QTc+dispersion+predicts+cardiac+mortality+in+the+elderly:+The+Rotterdam+study.">QTc dispersion predicts cardiac mortality in the elderly: The Rotterdam study.</a> Circulation. 97, 467-472 (1998).</li><li>Malik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+rate+variability:+standards+of+measurement,+physiological+interpretation,+and+clinical+use.">Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use.</a> Circulation. 93, 1043-1065 (1996).</li><li>Grippo, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+susceptibility+to+ventricular+arrhythmias+in+a+rodent+model+of+experimental+depression.">Increased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in a rodent model of experimental depression.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 286, H619-H626 (2004).</li><li>Li, M., Wang, J., Xie, H. H., Shen, F. M., Su, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+susceptibility+of+ventricular+arrhythmia+to+aconitine+in+conscious+hypertensive+rats.">The susceptibility of ventricular arrhythmia to aconitine in conscious hypertensive rats.</a> Acta. 28, 211-215 (2007).</li><li>Beig, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voluntary+exercise+does+not+affect+stress-induced+tachycardia,+but+improves+resistance+to+cardiac+arrhythmias+in+rats.">Voluntary exercise does not affect stress-induced tachycardia, but improves resistance to cardiac arrhythmias in rats.</a> Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol. , (2010).</li><li>Hazari, M. S., Haykai-Coates, N., Winsett, D. W., Costa, D. L., Farraj, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+exposure+to+particulate+or+gaseous+ari+pollution+increases+the+risk+of+aconitine-induced+cardiac+arrhythmia+in+hypertensive+rats.">A single exposure to particulate or gaseous ari pollution increases the risk of aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in hypertensive rats.</a> Toxicol. Sci. 112, 532-542 (2009).</li><li>Amran, M. S., Hashimoto, K., Homma, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+sodium-calcium+exchange+inhibitors,+KB-R7943+and+SEA0400,+on+aconitine-induced+arrhythmias+in+guinea+pigs+in+vivo,+in+vitro,+and+in+computer+simulation+studies.">Effects of sodium-calcium exchange inhibitors, KB-R7943 and SEA0400, on aconitine-induced arrhythmias in guinea pigs in vivo, in vitro, and in computer simulation studies.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310, 83-89 (2004).</li><li>Klekot, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antiarrhythmic+activity+of+a+membrane-protecting+agent+Sal'magin+in+rats+with+aconitine-induced+arrhythmias.">Antiarrhythmic activity of a membrane-protecting agent Sal'magin in rats with aconitine-induced arrhythmias.</a> Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 142, 209-211 (2006).</li><li>Lowenstein, D. H., Alldredge, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Status+Epilepticus.">Status Epilepticus.</a> New England J. Med. 338, 970-976 (1998).</li><li>Walker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Status+epilepticus:+an+evidence+based+guide.">Status epilepticus: an evidence based guide.</a> BMJ. 331, 673-677 (2005).</li><li>Shorvon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Status epilepticus: its clinical features and treatment in children and adults. , (1994).</li><li>Boggs, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemodynamic+monitoring+prior+to+and+at+the+time+of+death+in+status+epilepticus.">Hemodynamic monitoring prior to and at the time of death in status epilepticus.</a> Epilepsy Res. 31, 199-209 (1998).</li><li>Walton, N. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+effects+of+generalized+convulsive+status+epilepticus.">Systemic effects of generalized convulsive status epilepticus.</a> Epilepsia. 34, S54-S58 (1993).</li><li>Boggs, J. G., Painter, J. A., DeLorenzo, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+electrocardiographic+changes+in+status+epilepticus.">Analysis of electrocardiographic changes in status epilepticus.</a> Epilepsy Res. 14, 87-94 (1993).</li><li>Painter, J. A., Shiel, F. O., DeLorenzo, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+pathology+findings+in+status+epilepticus.">Cardiac pathology findings in status epilepticus.</a> Epilepsia. 34, 30-30 (1993).</li><li>Lathers, C. M., Schraeder, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+pharmacology:+drugs+as+a+benefit+and/or+risk+in+sudden+unexpected+death+in+epilepsy.">Clinical pharmacology: drugs as a benefit and/or risk in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.</a> J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42, 123-126 (2002).</li><li>Dashieff, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sudden+unexpected+death+in+epilepsy:+a+series+from+an+epilepsy+surgery+program+and+specualtion+of+the+relationship+to+sudden+cardiac+death.">Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a series from an epilepsy surgery program and specualtion of the relationship to sudden cardiac death.</a> J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 8, 216-222 (1991).</li><li>Tigaran, P. -. C. o. d. r. e. a., Dalager-Pedersen, S., Baandrup, S., Dam, U., M, ., Vesterby-Charles, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sudden+unexpected+death+in+epilepsy:+is+death+by+seizures+a+cardiac+event.">Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: is death by seizures a cardiac event.</a> Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 26, 99-105 (2005).</li><li>Leung, H., Kwan, P., Elger, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finding+the+missing+link+between+ictal+bradyarrhythmia,+ictal+asystole,+and+sudden+unexpected+death+in+epilepsy.">Finding the missing link between ictal bradyarrhythmia, ictal asystole, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.</a> Epilepsy and Behavior. 9, 19-30 (2006).</li><li>Nei, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+and+ECG+in+sudden+unexplained+death+in+epilepsy.">EEG and ECG in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy.</a> Epilepsia. 45, 338-345 (2004).</li><li>Dudek, F. E., Clark, S., Williams, P. A., Grabenstatter, H. L., Pitkanen, A., Schwartzkroin, P. A., Moshe, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. , 415-432 (2006).</li><li>Turski, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limbic+seizures+produced+by+pilocarpine+in+rats:+behavioral+electroencephalographic,+and+neuropathological+study.">Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: behavioral electroencephalographic, and neuropathological study.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 9, 315-335 (1989).</li><li>Kulkarni, S. K., George, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium-pilocarpine+neurotoxicity:+a+potential+model+of+status+epilepticus.">Lithium-pilocarpine neurotoxicity: a potential model of status epilepticus.</a> Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharamacol. 17, 551-567 (1995).</li><li>Stein, P. K., Bosner, M. S., Kleiger, R. E., Conger, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hart+rate+variability:+a+measure+of+cardiac+autonomic+tone.">Hart rate variability: a measure of cardiac autonomic tone.</a> Am. Heart J. 127, 1376-1381 (1994).</li><li>Metcalf, C. S., Poelzing, S., Little, J. G., Bealer, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Status+epilepticus+induces+cardiac+myofilament+damage+and+increased+susceptibility+to+arrhythmias+in+rat.">Status epilepticus induces cardiac myofilament damage and increased susceptibility to arrhythmias in rat.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 297, H2120-H2127 (2009).</li></ol>

We have nothing to disclose.

Two aspects of the described procedures are of critical importance. Firstly, the rate of aconitine administration to the 
heart must be equivalent across animals. This requires consistent placement of the jugular vein catheter tips relative to the heart, and careful 
adjustment of the infusion rate. The rate of aconitine delivery to the hearts must be equal in order to appropriately evaluate the onset of 
ventricular arrhythmias relative to altered susceptibility. If aconitine delivery varies, then the latency to arrhyt...

methods for ecg evaluation of indicators of cardiac risk, and susceptibility to aconitine-induced arrhythmias in rats following status epilepticus

Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a 
non-invasive, easily obtained electrocardiogram (ECG) are established, well-validated prognostic indicators of cardiac risk in patients suffering 
from a number of cardiomyopathies. Increased heart rate, decreased heart rate variability (HRV), and increased duration and variability of cardiac 
ventricular electrical activity (QT interval) are all indicative of enhanced cardiac risk 1-4. In animal models, it is valuable to compare 
these ECG-derived variables and susceptibility to experimentally induced arrhythmias. Intravenous infusion of the arrhythmogenic agent aconitine has
 been widely used to evaluate susceptibility to arrhythmias in a range of experimental conditions, including animal models of depression 5 and 
 hypertension 6, following exercise 7 and exposure to air pollutants 8, as well as determination of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of pharmacological 
 agents 9,10. 
It should be noted that QT dispersion in humans is a measure of QT interval variation across the full set of leads from a 
standard 12-lead ECG. Consequently, the measure of QT dispersion from the 2-lead ECG in the rat described in this protocol is different than that 
calculated from human ECG records. This represents a limitation in the translation of the data obtained from rodents to human clinical medicine.
Status epilepticus (SE) is a single seizure or series of continuously recurring seizures lasting more than 30 min 
11,12 11,12, and results in mortality in 20% of cases 13. Many individuals survive the SE, but die within 30 days 14,15.
 The mechanism(s) of this delayed mortality is not fully understood. It has been suggested that lethal ventricular arrhythmias contribute to many of these 
 deaths 14-17. In addition to SE, patients experiencing spontaneously recurring seizures, i.e. epilepsy, are at risk of premature 
 sudden and unexpected death associated with epilepsy (SUDEP) 18. As with SE, the precise mechanisms mediating SUDEP are not known. 
 It has been proposed that ventricular abnormalities and resulting arrhythmias make a significant contribution 18-22.
 To investigate the mechanisms of seizure-related cardiac death, and the efficacy of cardioprotective therapies, it is 
 necessary to obtain both ECG-derived indicators of risk and evaluate susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias in animal models of seizure disorders 
 23-25. Here we describe methods for implanting ECG electrodes in the Sprague-Dawley laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus), following SE,
 collection and analysis of ECG recordings, and induction of arrhythmias during iv infusion of aconitine.
 These procedures can be used to directly determine the relationships between ECG-derived measures of cardiac electrical 
 activity and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in rat models of seizure disorders, or any pathology associated with increased risk of sudden 
 cardiac death.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus at JoVE.com

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Techniques for measurement of electrical activity of the heart by electrocardiogram (ECG), and analysis of cardiac risk factors and susceptibility to arrhythmias following status epilepticus (SE) in the rat are described.

Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a 
non-invasive, easily ...

methods-for-ecg-evaluation-indicators-cardiac-risk-susceptibility-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.6K Views.  University of Utah. Techniques for measurement of electrical activity of the heart by electrocardiogram (ECG), and analysis of cardiac risk factors and susceptibility to arrhythmias following status epilepticus (SE) in the rat are described. 

Video: Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus