بتمويل من الوطنية للعلوم والهندسة مجلس البحوث (NSERC) لJFXD، كلية الصحة في جامعة نيويورك ومؤلف لديه SO دكتوراه التمويل من مشكلة أونتاريو القمار ومركز بحوث (OPGRC).

<ol>
	<li>Stroop, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+interference+in+serial+verbal+reactions.">Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology. 18, 643-662 (1935).</li><li>Ovaysikia, S., Tahir, K. A., Chan, J. L., DeSouza, J. F. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Word+wins+over+face:+emotional+Stroop+effect+activates+the+frontal+cortical+network.">Word wins over face: emotional Stroop effect activates the frontal cortical network.</a> Front Hum. Neurosci. 4, 234 (2011).</li><li>Hallett, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+and+secondary+saccades+to+goals+defined+by+instructions.">Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions.</a> Vision Res. 18, 1279-1296 (1978).</li><li>Connolly, J. D., Goodale, M. A., DeSouza, J. F. X., Menon, R. S., Vilis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+frontoparietal+fMRI+activation+during+anti-saccades+and+anti-pointing.">A comparison of frontoparietal fMRI activation during anti-saccades and anti-pointing.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 84, 1645-1655 (2000).</li><li>DeSouza, J. F. X., Menon, R. S., Everling, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparatory+set+associated+with+pro-saccades+and+anti-saccades+in+humans+investigated+with+event-related+FMRI.">Preparatory set associated with pro-saccades and anti-saccades in humans investigated with event-related FMRI.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 89, 1016-1023 (2003).</li><li>Everling, S., DeSouza, J. F. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rule-dependent+activity+for+prosaccades+and+antisaccades+in+the+primate+prefrontal+cortex.">Rule-dependent activity for prosaccades and antisaccades in the primate prefrontal cortex.</a> J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 1483-1496 (2005).</li><li>Ford, K. A., Goltz, H. C., Brown, M. R. G., Everling, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+processes+associated+with+antisaccade+task+performance+investigated+with+event-related+fMRI.">Neural processes associated with antisaccade task performance investigated with event-related fMRI.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 94, 429-440 (2005).</li><li>DeSouza, J. F. X., Nicolle, D. A., Vilis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task-dependent+changes+in+the+shape+and+thickness+of+Listing's+plane.">Task-dependent changes in the shape and thickness of Listing's plane.</a> Vision Res. 37, 2271-2282 (1997).</li><li>Hadjikhani, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+migraine+aura+revealed+by+functional+MRI+in+human+visual+cortex.">Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 4687-4692 (2001).</li><li>DeSouza, J. F. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+position+signal+modulates+a+human+parietal+pointing+region+during+memory-guided+movements.">Eye position signal modulates a human parietal pointing region during memory-guided movements.</a> J. Neurosci. 20, 5835-5840 (2000).</li></ol>

ليس لدينا ما يكشف.

تحديد مناطق الدماغ يعتمد على خلق تباين دقيق بين مهام المسح الضوئي (أي في ستروب سواء، والعاطفة تتعارض مقابل المنسجمة وتعبيرات الوجه، أو مضادة للحركة العين مقابل الموالية حركة العين،) وذلك لإنتاج خريطة لتفعيل المتعلقة بهذه المهمة. ويمكن لهذه الخرائط وظيفي تكون أكثر د?...

A correction was made to <a href="http://http://www.jove.com/video/3237">Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis</a>. Joseph DeSouza and Laura Pynn middle initials were omitted at publication.
These have been corrected to:
Joseph F.X. DeSouza Laura K. Pynn

A correction was made to <a href="http://http://www.jove.com/video/3237">Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis</a>. Some of the authors middle initials were omitted.

Erratum: Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم المعدات </td><td> شركة </td></tr><tr><td> 3 تسلا آلة التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي </td><td> سيمنز Magnetom الثلاثي (الاحتفالات، ألمانيا) </td></tr><tr><td> iViewX العين تتبع </td><td> SensoMotoric الآلات، وشركة </td></tr><tr><td> BrainVoyager QX البرمجيات </td><td> الإبداع في الدماغ، ماستريخت، هولندا </td></tr><tr><td> أربع زر جويستيك </td><td> والنماذج الحالية، وشركة فيلادلفيا، بنسلفانيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية </td></tr></tbody></table> الجدول رقم 1. الكواشف ومعدات معينة.

correlating behavioral responses to fmri signals from human prefrontal cortex: examining cognitive processes using task analysis

والهدف من هذه الورقة هو وصف أساليب كيفية تطبيق تقنية تصوير الأعصاب لدراسة عمليات الدماغ التكميلية تشارك من قبل اثنين من مهام مماثلة. ويمكن بعد ذلك سلوك المشاركين أثناء أداء مهمة في جهاز الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي يمكن ربطها نشاط المخ باستخدام الدم والأوكسجين المستوى التي تعتمد على إشارة. نحن قياس السلوك لتكون قادرة على فرز الصحيح المحاكمات، حيث يخضع أداء هذه المهمة بشكل صحيح وبعد ذلك تكون قادرة على فحص الدماغ إشارات تتعلق تصحيح الأداء. على العكس، إذا لم يكن لموضوعات أداء المهمة بشكل صحيح، ويتم تضمين هذه المحاكمات في نفس التحليل مع التجارب الصحيح سوف نقدم التجارب التي لم تكن فقط من أجل الأداء الصحيح. وبالتالي، يمكن في كثير من الحالات أن تستخدم هذه الأخطاء لربط أنفسهم ثم نشاط الدماغ لهم. وصفنا مهمتين التكميلية التي يتم استخدامها في المختبر لفحص للدماغ أثناء قمع من الردود التلقائية: وستروب (1) والمهام المضادة للحركة العين. وعاطفي نموذج ستروب يرشد المشاركين أن يقدم إما فرضه العاطفية &quot;كلمة&quot; عبر وجوه العاطفية أو الوجه، تعابير &quot;الوجه المحفزات 1،2. عندما الكلمة والتعبير في الوجه تشير إلى المشاعر المختلفة، لا بد من صراع بين ما يقال ويحدث ما هو للقراءة آليا. المشارك لديها لتسوية النزاع بين عمليتين في وقت واحد من المتنافسين قراءة الكلمة والتعبير في الوجه. الرغبة لدينا لقراءة كلمة واحدة يؤدي إلى قوي &quot;التحفيز والاستجابة (SR) جمعيات، وبالتالي هذه قوي تثبيط ريال صعب جدا، والمشاركون هم عرضة لارتكاب أخطاء. التغلب على هذا الصراع، وتوجيه الانتباه بعيدا عن الوجه أو كلمة يتطلب هذا الموضوع لمنع عمليات القاعدة إلى القمة التي توجه عادة من الاهتمام لتحفيز أكثر بروزا. وبالمثل، في مهمة لمكافحة حركة العين 3،4،5،6، حيث يتم استخدام جديلة تعليمات لتوجيه الانتباه فقط إلى موقع التحفيز الطرفية ولكن بعد ذلك EYيرصد حركة ه على وظيفة مرآة الآخر. مرة أخرى نحن قياس السلوك من خلال تسجيل حركات العين من المشاركين والذي يسمح للفرز من الاستجابات السلوكية في المحاكمات الصحيح والخطأ (7) التي ثم يمكن أن يعزى إلى نشاط المخ. تصوير الأعصاب الآن يسمح للباحثين لقياس السلوكيات مختلفة من التجارب الصحيح والخطأ التي تدل على العمليات المعرفية المختلفة، وتحديد مختلف الشبكات العصبية المعنية.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis at JoVE.com

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

الهدف من أبحاثنا هو ربط السلوك إلى نشاط المخ. تدابير سلوكية دقيقة وتقنيات التصوير تسمح لنا لتوضيح الدماغ سلوك العلاقات.

ربط الاستجابات السلوكية لإشارات الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي من قشرة الفص الجبهي الإنسان: دراسة العمليات المعرفية عن طريق تحليل المهمة

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

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Neuroscience

12.7K Views.  Centre for Vision Research, York University. الهدف من أبحاثنا هو ربط السلوك إلى نشاط المخ. تدابير سلوكية دقيقة وتقنيات التصوير تسمح لنا لتوضيح الدماغ سلوك العلاقات.

Video: Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Recording Behavioral Responses to Reflection in Crayfish

Social behavior depends on sensory input from the visual, mechanical and olfactory systems. One important issue concerns the relative roles of each sensory modality in guiding behavior. The role of visual inputs has been examined by isolating visual stimuli from mechanical and chemosensory stimuli. In some studies (Bruski &amp; Dunham, 1987: Delgado-Morales et al., 2004) visual inputs have been removed with blindfolds or low light intensity, and effects of remaining sensory modalities have been elucidated. An alternative approach is to study the effects of visual inputs in the absence of any appropriate mechanical and chemosensory cues. This approach aims to identify the exclusive role of visual inputs. 
We have used two methods to provide visual stimuli to crayfish without providing chemical and mechanical cues. In one method, crayfish are videotaped in an aquarium where half of the walls are covered in mirrors to provide a reflective environment, and the other half are covered in a non-reflective (matte finish) plastic. This gives the crayfish a choice between reflective and non-reflective environments. The reflective environment provides visual cues in the form of reflected images of the crayfish as it moves throughout half of the tank; these visual cues are missing from the non-reflective half of the tank. An alternative method is to videotape the behavior of crayfish in an aquarium separated by a smaller chamber at each end, with a crayfish in one small chamber providing visual cues and an inert object in the opposite small chamber providing visual input from a non-moving, non-crayfish source. 
Our published results indicate that responses of crayfish to the reflective environment depend on socialization and dominance rank. Socialized crayfish spent more time in the reflective environment and exhibited certain behaviors more frequently there than in the non-reflective environment; isolated crayfish showed no such differences. Crayfish that were housed in same-sex pairs developed a social rank of either dominant or subordinate. Responses to reflection differed between dominant and subordinate crayfish (May &amp; Mercier, 2006; May &amp; Mercier, 2007). Dominant crayfish spent more time on the reflective side, entered reflective corners more frequently and spent more time in reflective corners compared to the non-reflective side. Subordinate crayfish walked in reverse more often on the reflective side than on the non-reflective side. Preliminary data suggest similar effects from visual cues provided by a crayfish in a small adjoining chamber (May et al., 2008).

We have developed two methods for studying effects of visual cues on behavior in the absence of tactile and chemical cues. One method involves videotaping responses of crayfish to reflective walls in an aquarium; the other examines effects of visual inputs provided by a live crayfish behind a transparent partition.

تسجيل الاستجابات السلوكية للتفكير في جراد البحر

Social behavior depends on sensory input from the visual, mechanical and olfactory systems.  One important issue concerns the relative roles of each ...

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal models, including monkeys, ferrets, bats, rodents, and cats. In order to draw suitable parallels between human and animal models of auditory function, it is important to establish a bridge between human functional imaging studies and animal electrophysiological studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established, minimally invasive method of measuring broad patterns of hemodynamic activity across different regions of the cerebral cortex. This technique is widely used to probe sensory function in the human brain, is a useful tool in linking studies of auditory processing in both humans and animals and has been successfully used to investigate auditory function in monkeys and rodents. The following protocol describes an experimental procedure for investigating auditory function in anesthetized adult cats by measuring stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in auditory cortex using fMRI. This method facilitates comparison of the hemodynamic responses across different models of auditory function thus leading to a better understanding of species-independent features of the mammalian auditory cortex.

Functional studies of the auditory system in mammals have traditionally been conducted using spatially-focused techniques such as electrophysiological recordings. The following protocol describes a method of visualizing large-scale patterns of evoked hemodynamic activity in the cat auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

التصوير الوظيفي للسمعي اللحاء في القطط الكبار باستخدام الحقل عالي الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal ...

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

This study uses cellular c-fos activation to assess effects of novel ingestion of fat and sugar on brain dopamine (DA) pathways in rats. Intakes of sugars and fats are mediated by their innate attractions as well as learned preferences. Brain dopamine, especially meso-limbic and meso-cortical projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), has been implicated in both of these unlearned and learned responses. The concept of distributed brain networks, wherein several sites and transmitter/peptide systems interact, has been proposed to mediate palatable food intake, but there is limited evidence empirically demonstrating such actions. Thus, sugar intake elicits DA release and increases c-fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) from individual VTA DA projection zones including the nucleus accumbens (NAC), amygdala (AMY) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as well as the dorsal striatum. Further, central administration of selective DA receptor antagonists into these sites differentially reduce acquisition and expression of conditioned flavor preferences elicited by sugars or fats. One approach by which to determine whether these sites interacted as a distributed brain network in response to sugar or fat intake would be to simultaneous evaluate whether the VTA and its major mesotelencephalic DA projection zones (prelimbic and infralimbic mPFC, core and shell of the NAc, basolateral and central-cortico-medial AMY) as well as the dorsal striatum would display coordinated and simultaneous FLI activation after oral, unconditioned intake of corn oil (3.5%), glucose (8%), fructose (8%) and saccharin (0.2%) solutions. This approach is a successful first step in identifying the feasibility of using cellular c-fos activation simultaneously across relevant brain sites to study reward-related learning in ingestion of palatable food in rodents.

The goal of this study is to identify reward-related distributed brain networks by delineating a reliable immunohistological technique using cellular c-fos activation to measure simultaneous changes in dopamine pathways and terminal sites after novel ingestion of fat and sugar in rats.

كشف في وقت واحد ج-فو التنشيط من مواقع مكافأة Mesolimbic والقشري المتوسطي الدوبامين بعد ساذج السكر والدهون الابتلاع في الجرذان

This study uses cellular c-fos activation to assess effects of novel ingestion of fat and sugar on brain dopamine (DA) pathways in rats. Intakes of sugars ...

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, evaluation of the functions of the human central olfactory system with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is still a challenge because of several technical difficulties. There are some significant variables to take into account when considering an effective method for mapping the function of the central olfactory system using fMRI, including proper odorant selection, the interaction between odor presentation and respiration, and potential anticipation of or habituation to odorants. An event-related, respiration-triggered olfactory fMRI technique can accurately administer odorants to stimulate the olfactory system while minimizing potential interference. It can effectively capture the precise onsets of fMRI signals in the primary olfactory cortex using our data post-processing method. The technique presented here provides an efficient and practical means for generating reliable olfactory fMRI results. Such a technique can ultimately be applied in the clinical realm as a diagnostic tool for diseases associated with olfactory degeneration, including Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s disease, as we begin to further understand the complexities of the human olfactory system.

We present the technical challenges and solutions for obtaining reliable functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the human central olfactory system. This includes special considerations in olfactory fMRI paradigm design, descriptions of fMRI data acquisition with an MRI-compatible olfactometer, odorant selection, and a special software tool for data post-processing.

A التنفس-- التنفس طريقة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي لدراسة وظيفة الإنسان الشمية

The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

التحفيز المغناطيسي Transcranial مجتمعة والمخ من قشرة Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Isolation of Adult Human Astrocyte Populations from Fresh-Frozen Cortex Using Fluorescence-Activated Nuclei Sorting

The complexity of human astrocytes remains poorly defined in primary human tissue, requiring better tools for their isolation and molecular characterization. Fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) can be used to successfully isolate and study human neuronal nuclei (NeuN+) populations from frozen archival tissue, thereby avoiding problems associated with handling&#160;fresh tissue. However, efforts to similarly isolate astroglia from the non-neuronal (NeuN-) element are lacking. A recently developed and validated immunotagging strategy uses three transcription factor antibodies to simultaneously isolate enriched neuronal (NeuN+), astrocyte (paired box protein 6 (PAX6)+NeuN-), and oligodendrocyte progenitor (OLIG2+NeuN-) nuclei populations from non-diseased, fresh (unfixed) snap-frozen&#160;postmortem human temporal neocortex tissue.
This technique was shown to be useful for the characterization of cell type-specific transcriptome alterations in primary pathological epilepsy neocortex. Transcriptomic analyses confirmed that PAX6+NeuN- sorted populations are robustly enriched for pan-astrocyte markers and capture astrocytes in both resting and reactive conditions. This paper describes the FANS methodology for the isolation of astrocyte-enriched nuclei populations from fresh-frozen human cortex, including tissue dissociation into single-nucleus (sn) suspension; immunotagging of nuclei with anti-NeuN and anti-PAX6 fluorescently conjugated antibodies; FANS gating strategies and quality control metrics for optimizing sensitivity and specificity during sorting and for confirming astrocyte enrichment; and recommended procurement for downstream transcriptome and chromatin accessibility sequencing at bulk or sn resolution. This protocol is applicable for non-necrotic, fresh-frozen, human cortical specimens with various pathologies and recommended postmortem tissue collection within 24 h.

We have developed a method that enriches for and isolates human astrocyte populations from fresh-frozen tissue for use in downstream molecular analyses.

عزل مجموعات الخلايا النجمية البشرية البالغة عن القشرة الطازجة المجمدة باستخدام فرز النوى المنشطة بالفلور

The complexity of human astrocytes remains poorly defined in primary human tissue, requiring better tools for their isolation and molecular ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. Traditional in vitro electrophysiological techniques use electrical stimulation to evoke synaptic transmission. A major drawback of this method is its nonspecific nature; all axons in the region of the stimulating electrode will be activated, making it difficult to attribute an effect to a particular afferent connection. This issue can be overcome by replacing electrical stimulation with optogenetic-based stimulation. We describe a method for combining optogenetics with in vitro patch-clamp recordings. This is a powerful tool for the study of both basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity of precise anatomically defined synaptic connections and is applicable to almost any pathway in the brain. Here, we describe the preparation and handling of a viral vector encoding channelrhodopsin protein for surgical injection into a pre-synaptic region of interest (medial prefrontal cortex) in the rodent brain and making of acute slices of downstream target regions (lateral entorhinal cortex). A detailed procedure for combining patch-clamp recordings with synaptic activation by light stimulation to study short- and long-term synaptic plasticity is also presented. We discuss examples of experiments that achieve pathway- and cell-specificity by combining optogenetics and Cre-dependent cell labeling. Finally, histological confirmation of the pre-synaptic region of interest is described along with biocytin labeling of the post-synaptic cell, to allow further identification of the precise location and cell type.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Here we present a protocol describing viral transduction of discrete brain regions with optogenetic constructs to permit synapse-specific electrophysiological characterization in acute rodent brain slices.

السابقين فيفو الاستجواب البصري الجيني للانتقال المتشابك بعيد المدى واللدونة من القشرة الجبهية الإنسية إلى القشرة التورية الجانبية

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. ...

Rapid Golgi Stain for Dendritic Spine Visualization in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex

Golgi impregnation, using the Golgi staining kit with minor adaptations, is used to impregnate dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. This technique is a marked improvement over previous methods of Golgi impregnation because the premixed chemicals are safer to use, neurons are consistently well impregnated, there is far less background debris, and for a given region, there are extremely small deviations in spine density between experiments. Moreover, brains can be accumulated after a certain point and kept frozen until further processing. Using this method any brain region of interest can be studied. Once stained and cover slipped, dendritic spine density is determined by counting the number of spines for a length of dendrite and expressed as spine density per 10 &#181;m dendrite.

The protocol describes a modification of the rapid Golgi method, which can be adapted to any part of the nervous system, for staining neurons in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex of the rat.

وصمة عار غولجي السريعة لتصور العمود الفقري الشجيري في الحصين والقشرة الجبهية

Golgi impregnation, using the Golgi staining kit with minor adaptations, is used to impregnate dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus and medial ...

تطوير رسم خرائط القشرة البصرية لتعزيز تقييم اضطرابات الرؤية

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

High-resolution retinotopic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a wide-view presentation can be used to functionally map the peripheral and central visual cortex. This method for measuring functional changes of the visual brain allows for functional mapping of the occipital lobe, stimulating &gt;100&#176; (&plusmn;50&#176;) or more of the visual field, compared to standard fMRI visual presentation setups which usually cover &lt;30&#176; of the visual field. A simple wide-view stimulation system for BOLD fMRI can be set up using common MR-compatible projectors by placing a large mirror or screen close to the subject's face and using only the posterior half of a standard head coil to provide a wide-viewing angle without obstructing their vision. The wide-view retinotopic fMRI map can then be imaged using various retinotopic stimulation paradigms, and the data can be analyzed to determine the functional activity of visual cortical regions corresponding to central and peripheral vision. This method provides a practical, easy-to-implement visual presentation system that can be used to evaluate changes in the peripheral and central visual cortex due to eye diseases such as glaucoma and the vision loss that may accompany them.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: رؤى حول أبحاث القشرة البصرية من خلال رسم خرائط التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي واسع النطاق 

We have developed techniques for mapping the visual cortex function utilizing more of the visual field than is commonly used. This approach has the potential to enhance the evaluation of vision disorders and eye diseases.

التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي (fMRI) للقشرة البصرية مع تحفيز شبكية شبكية واسع الرؤية

High-resolution retinotopic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a wide-view presentation can be ...