JS and UMN acknowledge funding by the Volkswagen Foundation (Az. 84905). We thank the University of Marburg for funding participant reimbursements and the Universitaetsstiftung of the University of Marburg for funding the biochemical analyses. Furthermore, we thank Johanna M. Doerr for her contribution to the study design and Nadine Skoluda for her involvement in the analysis of the saliva samples.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

هنا، يتم تقديم بروتوكول الدراسة على كيفية التحقيق في آثار الاستماع إلى الموسيقى على الإجهاد بعلم النفس في الحياة اليومية. الاستفادة من تصميم التقييم المتنقلة هي أن آثار الاستماع إلى الموسيقى على الإجهاد يمكن التحقيق في الموائل الطبيعية للمشاركين في حين أنهم ذاهبون...

ويرتبط الاستماع إلى الموسيقى مع الحد من الإجهاد آثار 1، 2. ومع ذلك، أجريت معظم الدراسات السابقة في إعدادات التجريبية، والتحقيق في السكان المريض انتقائية للغاية. على وجه الخصوص، وضعت العديد من الدراسات في إعدادات الجراحية، التي يحدث الاستماع إلى الموسيقى سواء قبل أو أثناء أو بعد إجراء المجهدة 3. على الرغم من أن بعض هذه الدراسات تظهر الآثار المفيدة من الاستماع إلى الموسيقى، وتبقى النتائج ملتبسة. قد يكون هذا يرجع إلى عدد من الأسباب المنهجية (أي منهجيات دراسة مختلفة وتصاميم الدراسة المختلفة قد يؤدي إلى نتائج مختلفة). على سبيل المثال، الإعداد الاصطناعي للدراسة المختبري يجعل من غير الواضح ما إذا كانت نتائج هذه الدراسات التجريبية يمكن نقلها إلى بيئات الحياة الحقيقية. كما الاستماع إلى الموسيقى هو نشاط شعبي من الحياة اليومية 4 التي كثيرا ما تستخدم للاسترخاءأغراض أوجه 5، 6، 7، هو في غاية الأهمية لدراسة آثار الاستماع للموسيقى على الإجهاد بعلم النفس (والآليات الكامنة المحتملة) في إعدادات الحياة اليومية التي تتميز صحة بيئية عالية. دراسات المنصوص عليها في الحياة اليومية غالبا ما يشار إليها باسم البيئية حظة التقييمات (EMA)، تجربة طرق أخذ العينات (ESM)، أو الإسعافية تقييم (AA) 8. المشترك بين جميع هذه النهج هو حقيقة أن البيانات يتم التقاط مرارا وتكرارا على مر الزمن في البيئة في العالم الحقيقي للمشاركين. وفقا لShiffman، والحجر، وHufford 9 والدراسات المنصوص عليها في الحياة اليومية مما يسمح لل(أ) تحديد خصائص الفروق الفردية، (ب) وصف التاريخ الطبيعي، (ج) تقييم الجمعيات السياقية، و (د) توثيق تسلسل الزمني. لذلك، فمن الممكن لدراسة العلاقات الحيويةبين متغيرات الفائدة مع حد أدنى من التحيز استدعاء وبحد أقصى صحة البيئية 9. على الرغم من أن الشروط وغالبا ما تستخدم EMA، ESM، وAA بالتبادل، يجب أن يتم بعض الفروق 8. في حين EMA والإدارة السليمة بيئيا الرجوع إلى تقييم التقارير الذاتية الذاتية، ويعرف AA إلى تقييم في وقت واحد من التقارير الذاتية، وسجلات السلوك، و / أو القياسات الفسيولوجية في الحياة اليومية في حين تسير المشاركين عن الروتين اليومي 10 الخاصة بهم. تتميز الدراسات AA من التدابير المتكررة من الخبرات والسلوكيات الحالية بالتزامن مع البيانات الفسيولوجية 11. وعلاوة على ذلك، AA يسمح للقياس الإجهاد في الحياة اليومية من منظور بعلم النفس، كما يمكن تقييم التقارير الذاتية وعلامات الفسيولوجية في الموائل الطبيعية للمشاركين. والمهاد البصري، النخامية، الغدة الكظرية (HPA) المحور والجهاز العصبي اللاإرادي (ANS) لإعادة نظامين من التوتر حساسة بارزة في الجسم. محور HPA هي المسؤولة عن الاستجابة للضغط النفسي الغدد الصماء. عندما تعاني من الإجهاد، ويتم تنشيط هذا المحور. هذا التنشيط يمكن قياسها من خلال إفراز هرمون الكورتيزول. ويمكن قياس الاستجابة للتوتر اللاإرادي عبر مجموعة من علامات اللاإرادي، مثل معدل ضربات القلب وتصرف الجلد. العلامات البيولوجية الجديدة نسبيا يعكس نشاط ANS هي انزيم اللعاب ألفا الأميليز 12. كلا محور HPA وANS النشاط يمكن أن يكون قياس noninvasively وبصورة متزامنة في اللعاب عن طريق الكورتيزول اللعابية واللعاب ألفا الأميليز على التوالي 13. دراسات المنصوص عليها في الحياة اليومية يشمل كلا ذاتية وكذلك علامات الفسيولوجية للإجهاد لا تزال نادرة، حيث أن معظم الدراسات على الاستماع للموسيقى في الحياة اليومية تعتمد على ذاتية التقارير الذاتية 6، 7، 14 &lt;/ سوب&gt;، 15، 16، 17. من هذه الدراسات، يمكن الاستنتاج أن الاستماع إلى الموسيقى هو نشاط شعبي من الحياة اليومية 15 و 17 مقترن الآثار المفيدة لذاتي الرفاه 6 و 7 و 18. الأمر المثير للاهتمام، وجدت العديد من الدراسات أن الاستماع للموسيقى في الحياة اليومية ويرتبط مع مشاعر ذاتية من الاسترخاء 6 و 7. وعلاوة على ذلك، والاسترخاء هو السبب الشائع لالاستماع للموسيقى في الحياة اليومية 6. من ناحية أخرى، ودراسات تقييم المتنقلة على تأثير الحد من الإجهاد من الاستماع إلى الموسيقى - وخاصة تلك التي تشمل مؤشرات على حد سواء النفسية وكذلك الفسيولوجية للإجهاد - نادرة جدا. لقد أظهرنا سابقا في تيالتعليم الجامعي دراسات تقييم المتنقلة يرتبط أن الاستماع إلى الموسيقى مع وجود تأثير على الحد من التوتر لدى المشاركين الأصحاء 19 و 20. وعلى النقيض من هذه النتائج في الشباب الأصحاء، لم نكن قادرين على العثور على أثر تخفيض الإجهاد من الاستماع إلى الموسيقى في عينة المرضى 21. وبالتالي، فإنه من الأهمية خاصة لدراسة آثار الاستماع للموسيقى في الحياة اليومية باستخدام تقييم المتنقلة، كما يسمح هذا النهج النظر في مجموعة واسعة من الحالات التي يحدث الاستماع إلى الموسيقى لقرار زمنية عالية (مقارنة إلى حالة مصطنعة في تجربة) والصلاحية الخارجية عالية. من خلال دراسات تقييم المتنقلة، فمن الممكن للتحقيق عوامل السياق التأثير على آثار الاستماع للموسيقى في الحياة اليومية. وفي الوقت نفسه، فإن الآليات الكامنة يمكن التحقيق من خلال تقييم بالتزامن المعلمات الفسيولوجية. يجعل هذا النهج من الممكن لكشف الآليات المعقدة التي يقوم عليها تأثير الحد من الإجهاد من الاستماع للموسيقى في الحياة اليومية. يوضح هذا البروتوكول كيفية تقييم آثار الاستماع للموسيقى على الإجهاد بعلم النفس في الحياة اليومية من خلال وضع على (1) تصميم الدراسة، (2) المواد والأساليب، (3) اختيار المشاركين، و (4) الاعتبارات الإحصائية، استنادا إلى الدراسات المذكورة آنفا 19، 20، 21.

<table><tbody><tr><td>SaliCap Set</td><td>IBL International GmbH, a Tecan Group company</td><td>RE69985</td><td>Sampling tubes for collection of saliva samples to be used in the IBL Saliva Immunoassays</td></tr><tr><td>Cortisol Saliva ELISA</td><td>IBL International GmbH, a Tecan Group company</td><td>RE52611</td><td>Enzyme Immunoassay for the quantitative determination of free cortisol in human saliva</td></tr><tr><td>Calibrator f.a.s. w/o diluent</td><td>Roche Diagnostics</td><td>10759350190</td><td>Ready-for-use calibrator consisting of a buffered description aqueous solution with biological materials added as required to obtain desired component levels.</td></tr><tr><td>Precinorm U</td><td>Roche Diagnostics</td><td>10171743122</td><td>Ready-for-use control</td></tr><tr><td>Precipath U</td><td>Roche Diagnostics</td><td>10171760122</td><td>Ready-for-use control</td></tr><tr><td>AMY EPS HIT 917 liquid</td><td>Roche Diagnostics</td><td>11876473 316</td><td>R1: &amp;alpha;-glucosidase; R2: 4,6-ethylidene-(G7) p-nitrophenyl-(G1)-&amp;alpha;,D-maltoheptaoside</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Further materials include typical laboratory utensils, &lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;, micropipettes, oribtal shaker, vortex mixer, 8-channel micropipettor, wash bottle, automated or semi-automated microtiter plate washing system, precision scale, microtiter plate reader capable of reading absorbance.</td></tr><tr><td>Apple iPod touch, 8 GB, 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Generation</td><td>Apple Inc.</td><td>n/a</td><td>mobile diary device</td></tr><tr><td>iDialogPad</td><td>Mutz Elektronik Entwicklung</td><td>n/a</td><td>software for programming items occuring in the ambulatory assessment</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessing the effects of music listening on psychobiological stress in daily life

ويرتبط الاستماع إلى الموسيقى مع آثار الحد من التوتر. ومع ذلك، جمعت معظم النتائج على الاستماع إلى الموسيقى والتوتر في إعدادات التجريبية. كما الاستماع إلى الموسيقى هو نشاط شعبي من الحياة اليومية، فإنه من الأهمية بمكان دراسة آثار الاستماع إلى الموسيقى على الإجهاد بعلم النفس في كل يوم، وتحديد يوميا للحياة. هنا، يتم تقديم بروتوكول الدراسة التي تسمح للتقييم الارتباط بين الاستماع إلى الموسيقى والإجهاد بعلم النفس في الحياة اليومية من خلال قياس noninvasively الكورتيزول اللعابية (كعلامة من المهاد البصري، النخامية، الغدة الكظرية (HPA) المحور) واللعاب ألفا الأميليز (كما علامة على الجهاز العصبي اللاإرادي (ANS)). ويتضمن بروتوكول المشورة بشأن تصميم الدراسة (على سبيل المثال، بروتوكول أخذ العينات)، والمواد والأساليب (على سبيل المثال، فإن تقييم الإجهاد بعلم النفس في الحياة اليومية، وتقييم الاستماع إلى الموسيقى، ودليل)، اختيار المشاركين (على سبيل المثال، موافقةالمؤسسي مجلس المراجعة ومعايير الاشتمال)، والتحليلات الإحصائية (على سبيل المثال، فإن نهج متعدد المستويات). توفر نتائج ممثل دليل على وجود تأثير الحد من الإجهاد من الاستماع للموسيقى في الحياة اليومية. بشكل خاص، أسباب محددة للاستماع إلى الموسيقى (وخاصة الاسترخاء)، وكذلك وجود الآخرين أثناء القيام بذلك، وزيادة هذا التأثير، والحد من التوتر. وفي الوقت نفسه، الاستماع إلى الموسيقى في الحياة اليومية تؤثر بشكل مختلف على محور HPA وANS يعمل، وبالتالي التأكيد على الحاجة إلى تقييم متعدد الأبعاد من الإجهاد في الحياة اليومية.

ويهدف هذا البروتوكول إلى تقديم مثال واحد كيف يمكن فحص آثار الاستماع للموسيقى على الإجهاد بعلم النفس في الحياة اليومية. وقد وضعت إجراءات للتحقيق في الارتباط بين الاستماع إلى الموسيقى، وتقارير الإجهاد ذاتية، إفراز الكورتيزول اللعابية، والنشاط من ا?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life at JoVE.com

Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

A study protocol is presented on how to assess associations between music listening and psychobiological stress (as measured by subjective stress levels, salivary cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase) in daily life. Advice on study design, materials, methods, selection of participants, and statistical handling is provided. Representative results are presented and discussed.

تقييم آثار الاستماع إلى الموسيقى على الإجهاد بعلم النفس في الحياة اليومية

Music listening is associated with stress-reducing effects. However, most of the results on music listening and stress were gathered in experimental ...

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Introduction to Psychology

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Stress and Lifestyle

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13.1K Views.  University of Marburg. A study protocol is presented on how to assess associations between music listening and psychobiological stress (as measured by subjective stress levels, salivary cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase) in daily life. Advice on study design, materials, methods, selection of participants, and statistical handling is provided. Representative results are presented and discussed. 

Video: Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

بديل لاختبار المعصرة الباردة التقليدية: التفاف ذراع المعصرة الباردة

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Mindfulness in Motion (MIM): An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

A pragmatic mindfulness intervention to benefit personnel working in chronically high-stress environments, delivered onsite during the workday, is timely and valuable to employee and employer alike. Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) is a Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) offered as a modified, less time intensive method (compared to Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction), delivered onsite, during work, and intends to enable busy working adults to experience the benefits of mindfulness. It teaches mindful awareness principles, rehearses mindfulness as a group, emphasizes the use of gentle yoga stretches, and utilizes relaxing music in the background of both the group sessions and individual mindfulness practice. MIM is delivered in a group format, for 1 hr/week/8 weeks. CDs and a DVD are provided to facilitate individual practice. The yoga movement is emphasized in the protocol to facilitate a quieting of the mind. The music is included for participants to associate the relaxed state experienced in the group session with their individual practice. To determine the intervention feasibility/efficacy we conducted a randomized wait-list control group in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). ICUs represent a high-stress work environment where personnel experience chronic exposure to catastrophic situations as they care for seriously injured/ill patients. Despite high levels of work-related stress, few interventions have been developed and delivered onsite for such environments. The intervention is delivered on site in the ICU, during work hours, with participants receiving time release to attend sessions. The intervention is well received with 97% retention rate. Work engagement and resiliency increase significantly in the intervention group, compared to the wait-list control group, while participant respiration rates decrease significantly pre-post in 6/8 of the weekly sessions. Participants value institutional support, relaxing music, and the instructor as pivotal to program success. This provides evidence that MIM is feasible, well accepted, and can be effectively implemented in a chronically high-stress work environment.

Mindfulness in Motion MIM: An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention MBI for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

The Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) protocol offers a pragmatic Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) on-site, for persons working in chronically high-stress work environments that significantly increases resiliency and work engagement. The protocol has proven feasible, beneficial, and is easily adaptable to other high-stress workplaces.

الذهن في الحركة (MIM): تدخل اليقظه وبناء المنشاة (MBI) لبيئات العمل عالية مزمنة الإجهاد إلى زيادة المرونة والعمل المشاركة

A pragmatic mindfulness intervention to benefit personnel working in chronically high-stress environments, delivered onsite during the workday, is timely ...

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

اختبار الإجهاد ترير الاجتماعي بروتوكول لإحداث الضغط النفسي

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Medicine

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents

The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is a well validated and widely used social stressor that has been shown to induce a 2-4 fold increase in cortisol, the biological output produced by the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis in humans. While studies have explored how modifications to the TSST influence stress responsivity, few studies have created a modified TSST appropriate for vulnerable youth that elicits a significant cortisol stress response. Thus, the current study sought to modify or adjust the TSST in a culturally sensitive way for a vulnerable sample of 14 year-old adolescents. The present study took place within the context of a longitudinal birth cohort study of Mexican American families in California called the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS). The CHAMACOS sample was optimal to test the effectiveness of a modified culturally appropriate TSST, as it is comprised of Mexican American youth, who are often excluded from research. These youths also have experienced significant early life adversity. Example modifications included timed prompts, alternative math tasks, use of same-ethnicity peers as confederates, debriefing immediately after the conclusion of the TSST, and using an unknown youth examiner to administer the debrief. Saliva samples were collected at baseline (after a resting phase), and then again at 15, 30, and 45 min post-TSST onset to assess cortisol concentration. A pilot study of 50 participants (50% female) have been analyzed for cortisol reaction to the TSST. Results confirmed that this modified version of the TSST was successful at eliciting a significant cortisol reaction, with a wide range of variability likely due to individual differences. Goals for modifications and ethnicity considerations are discussed. This study provides the foundation for future research to utilize a modified TSST with vulnerable youth.

Here, we present a protocol that provoked cortisol reactivity in a vulnerable adolescent Mexican American sample utilizing a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Saliva samples were collected at baseline, 15, 30, and 45 min post-TSST onset. Future research could utilize this modified TSST with vulnerable youth.

اختبار ترير تعديل الإجهاد الاجتماعي للمراهقين الأمريكيين المكسيكيين الضعفاء

The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is a well validated and widely used social stressor that has been shown to induce a 2-4 fold increase in cortisol, the ...

Developmental Biology

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here investigates how listening to music influences driving behaviors. A driving simulation was selected because it offers both a well-controlled environment and a good level of ecological validity. Driving behaviors were assessed through a car-following task. In practice, participants were instructed to follow a lead vehicle as they would do in real life. The lead vehicle speed changed over time requiring constant speed adjustments for the participants. The inter-vehicular time was used to assess driving behaviors. To complement the driving behaviors, the subjective mood and physiological level of arousal were also collected. As such, the results collected using this method offer insights on both the human internal state (i.e., subjective mood and physiological arousal) and driving behaviors in the car following task.

Here, we present a protocol to assess driving behaviors while following a vehicle in a simulated driving environment. The presented protocol is used to compare the impact of different auditory backgrounds on driving behaviors.

القيادة تحت التأثير: كيف يؤثر الاستماع الموسيقى على سلوك القيادة

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here ...

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Visitation to natural environments has been linked to psychological stress reduction. Although most stress-related research has relied on self-report formats, a growing number of studies now incorporate biological stress-related hormones and catalysts, such as cortisol and &#945;-amylase, to measure levels of stress. Presented here is a protocol to examine the effects on levels of biophysical and psychological stress following visitation to three different locations with differing levels of nature. Biophysical and self-reported psychological stress levels are measured immediately upon entering the selected locations and just prior to the visitors leaving the site. Using a &#34;drool&#34;&#160;method, the biophysical measure consists of 1-2 mL samples of saliva provided by study subjects upon entry to one of three study locations. As prescribed by extant literature, the saliva is collected within a 45 minute time frame following the end of the visitor&#8217;s engagement at the location. Following saliva collection, the samples are labeled and transported to a biological lab. Cortisol is the biophysical variable of interest in this study and measured using an ELISA process with a TECAN plate reader. To measure self-reported stress, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), which reports levels of worry, tension, joy, and perceived demands. Data are collected at all three sites in the late afternoon through early evening. When compared across all three settings, stress levels, as measured by both the biological markers and self-reports, are significantly lower after visitation to the most natural setting.

The purpose of this paper is to identify changes in stress levels after visitation to three different settings and to describe the methods used in identifying stress levels based on measures of salivary cortisol, &#945;-amylase, and a psychological self-report instrument.&#160;

قياس مستويات الإجهاد البيوفيزيائي والنفسي بعد الزيارة إلى ثلاثة مواقع ذات مستويات مختلفة من الطبيعة

Visitation to natural environments has been linked to psychological stress reduction. Although most stress-related research has relied on self-report ...

Psychophysiological Stress Assessment Using Biofeedback 

In the last half century, research in biofeedback has shown the extent to which the human mind can influence the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, previously thought to be outside of conscious control. By letting people observe signals from their own bodies, biofeedback enables them to develop greater awareness of their physiological and psychological reactions, such as stress, and to learn to modify these reactions. Biofeedback practitioners can facilitate this process by assessing people s reactions to mildly stressful events and formulating a biofeedback-based treatment plan. During stress assessment the practitioner first records a baseline for physiological readings, and then presents the client with several mild stressors, such as a cognitive, physical and emotional stressor. Variety of stressors is presented in order to determine a person's stimulus-response specificity, or differences in each person's reaction to qualitatively different stimuli. This video will demonstrate the process of psychophysiological stress assessment using biofeedback and present general guidelines for treatment planning.

Psychophysiological Stress Assessment Using Biofeedback

In this video we will describe one method of assessing person's psychophysiological reaction to stress using biofeedback. We will also present general guidelines for treatment planning.

Psychophysiological تقييم الإجهاد عن طريق بيوفيدباك

In the last half century, research in biofeedback has shown the extent to which the human mind can influence the functioning of the autonomic nervous ...

Biology

Modeling Social Stress

Stress negatively affects our quality of life. In particular, some individuals experience social stress when placed in a social environment that they are unfamiliar with or have difficulty adjusting to. Since it is hard to examine mechanisms of social stress in humans, modeling this condition in animals may help scientist in developing new therapies for treating this commonly encountered problem.
This science education video begins by discussing the known anatomy and physiology behind stress response. Then, we explain a well-established paradigm for modeling social stress in rodents, the Resident-Intruder task. In the applications section, we review some example studies in which response to stress is measured.

Physiology of Stress; Social Stress- Resident-Intruder Task

Stress negatively affects our quality of life. In particular, some individuals experience social stress when placed in a social environment that they are ...

JoVE Science Education

Psychology

Behavioral Science

Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle

Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and decision-making, and individuals often lose their sense of humor. Behaviorally, it can lead to overeating or increased emotional reactivity, such as crying. A particularly severe stressor, known as a traumatic event, can have long-term psychological and health consequences.
Stress can be categorized into two types: distress and eustress. Distress arises from unpleasant stressors, such as job loss and relationship conflicts. At the same time, eustress stems from positive events that require adaptation, such as marriage, a job promotion, or the birth of a child. Even though these events are often seen as positive, they can still cause stress due to the significant lifestyle changes they demand. For example, while the birth of a baby is a joyous event, it can also lead to concerns about the child&#39;s health, contributing to stress. Research indicates that women who are highly anxious or experience negative life events during pregnancy have an increased risk of premature delivery compared to those with lower stress levels.
Researchers approach stress in three complementary ways:
<ol>
	<li>Stress as stimulus: This focuses on identifying external stressors, such as life events like job loss or illness, that cause stress.</li>
	<li>Stress as a response: This examines the psychological and physical reactions individuals have to stress, including emotional and physiological responses like anxiety or elevated heart rate.</li>
	<li>Stress as a transaction: This approach looks at the dynamic interaction between stressful events and how individuals perceive, evaluate, and cope with them, emphasizing personal interpretation and coping mechanisms.</li>
</ol>
The study of stress often involves examining the outcomes of exposure to stressful stimuli, whether in laboratory settings or real-world scenarios. Scientists measure variables such as emotional responses (e.g., depression and hostility) and physiological markers, including elevated heart rates and the release of corticosteroids. Interestingly, highly stressful events, such as natural disasters, can sometimes lead to posttraumatic growth, where individuals report personal growth and positive change following adversity. Stress responses are highly individual, with people reacting differently to the same life events depending on how they interpret and cope with them.

Stress refers to the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to events perceived as threatening or challenging.
Physically, it can cause ...

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Types of Stressors

A stressor is any event, condition, or stimulus that triggers stress and causes a physical or psychological response in the body. Stressors can be categorized into three main types: catastrophes; significant life changes; and daily hassles, including social stress. Each can be detrimental to physical and mental well-being.
Catastrophes 
Catastrophes refer to large-scale, unpredictable events that create overwhelming stress and a sense of threat. Examples include natural disasters like earthquakes, tornadoes, and hurricanes, as well as human-made disasters such as wars. These events not only cause immediate physical harm but also result in long-lasting emotional and psychological damage. For individuals displaced by catastrophes, such as those forced to emigrate, the stress is compounded by the challenges of adjusting to a new cultural environment, which may involve language barriers, climate adaptation, and social integration issues.
Significant Life Changes 
Major life transitions also contribute significantly to stress. Events such as marriage, divorce, job loss, or the death of a loved one demand substantial emotional adjustment. Even positive changes can be sources of stress; graduating or moving to a new city can be sources of stress, as they often require new routines, responsibilities, and adaptations. Coping with these changes plays a central role in the stress experience, as they disrupt an individual&#39;s normal state of equilibrium.
Daily Hassles and Social Stress 
While major events contribute to long-term stress, daily hassles often have a more immediate impact. Minor frustrations &#8212; traffic jams, social media overload, or interpersonal conflicts &#8212; may seem trivial but can accumulate to affect overall health. Daily stressors are closely linked to short-term ailments such as headaches, colds, and muscle tension, reflecting their direct impact on well-being.
Likewise, social stress, arising from frequent social interactions and constant social media notifications, can amplify daily frustrations and negatively impact overall well-being. This type of stress is linked to the pressure to respond, keep up with information, and manage relationships online, which can lead to feelings of anxiety, overwhelm, and mental fatigue. Over time, this continuous exposure to social demands can contribute to stress-related issues like burnout, sleep problems, and lower emotional resilience.

Stressors refer to events that cause stress and can be grouped into three main categories: catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles, ...