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<ol>
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عملية توليد الجليد باستخدام محلول ملحي كمبرد الثانوية ينطوي على مزيج من الحرارة ونقل الجماعي. إذا كان نقل الحرارة أكبر، ثم أشكال الجليد قبل أن الماء لديه فرصة لخلط مع السوائل السائبة. ولوحظ أنه عندما يكون هناك حركة نسبية بين الماء قدم ومحلول ملحي بالجملة هادئة (أي</...

<html> وتستخدم عجائن الجليد على نطاق واسع في الصناعة، واحد التطبيق الناجح بشكل خاص هو-ولادة الخنازير تكنولوجيا الثلج 1 و 2. بالمقارنة مع رغوة التقليدية وخنزير الصلبة، يمكن للخنزير الجليد السفر من خلال طبولوجيا معقدة على مسافة طويلة بسبب تأثير تزييت الطور السائل وارتفاع درجة التجمد لها وبعض من الجليد بلورات تذوب 3، 4، 5 . حتى لو كان يحصل عالقا الخنزير، يمكن للمرء ببساطة الانتظار للعجائن الجليد في الذوبان واستئناف عملية التنظيف في وقت لاحق. هذه الطريقة في التنظيف الأنابيب هي رخيصة وسهلة الاستخدام. جزء الجليد يلعب دورا رئيسيا في أداء الخنزير الجليد. لقياس نسبة الجليد، يمكن للمرء استخدام كافيتيري (الصحافة الفرنسية) لتحديد ما إذا كان الطين الجليد سميكا بما يكفي 6،&quot;&gt; 7. هناك جزء الجليد عالية كافيتيري، عادة 80٪، مطلوب عند إجراء ولادة الخنازير الجليد. وأظهرت البحوث التي أجريت مؤخرا على الإنترنت كشف جزء الجليد أن كلا من الموجات الكهرومغناطيسية والموجات فوق الصوتية هي مناسبة لهذا المنصب 8، 9، 10، 11. عادة ما تكون مصنوعة الخنزير الجليد صانع الجليد كشط سطح من حل كلوريد الصوديوم 5٪ بالوزن (الماء المالح). بل هو أيضا وسيلة أساسية لجعل عجائن الجليد في الصناعة. هذا النوع من صنع الثلج يتجمد الماء أو محلول ملحي على سطح معدني بارد، عادة ما يكون سطح أملس 316 الفولاذ المقاوم للثم ماكينة القص دوريا جزيئات الجليد قبالة. واجهات السائل إلى المعدن معقدة جدا وتتأثر مجموعة واسعة من العوامل التي لا بد منها لصنع الثلج 12. واجهة بين غير المعدنية والماء يمكن أن تكون مختلفة جدا، ومثال واحد خاصة للاهتمام هو الكولنيت. وKaolواجهة المياه inite هو خاص بسبب عدم وجود بنية الجليد مواتية المجاور لسطح صلب، ولكن بدلا طبقة من السائل الركيزة مذبذب أن تشجع مجموعات المستعبدين الهيدروجين مثل الجليد لتشكيل فوقه 13 و 14. وهناك طريقة أخرى لإنتاج الخنزير الجليد يتطلب تكسير كتل الجليد ولم يضف بينما يتم إضافة عالية التركيز محلول ملحي في وقت واحد. لهذا الأسلوب، يمكن للنظام التبريد تشغيل عند درجة حرارة التبخر أعلى من ذلك بكثير بسبب عدم إضافة أية اكتئاب نقطة التجمد (حماية الأسرة) قبل تشكيل الجليد. وبالتالي يعتبر أكثر كفاءة نظرا لنسبة ضغط خفضت والسلطة تراجعت عن واجب إعطاء تبريد 15، 16، 17. هناك طريقتان إنتاج الآيس الأخرى: إنتاج الثلج من المياه فائق التبريد ووضع التبريد والمياه في اتصال مباشر <supالطبقة = &quot;XREF&quot;&gt; 18 و 19. الأسلوب ينطوي على البرودة الفائقة تعكير المياه فائق التبريد متبدل الاستقرار لتوليد التنوي الجليد والنمو. المشكلة الأكبر لهذا الأسلوب هو تشكيل الجليد غير المرغوب فيها التي يمكن منع النظام. يعتبر وسيلة اتصال مباشر وليس مناسبة للولادة الخنازير الجليد لأنه لا التبريد ولا زيت التشحيم مطلوبون في المنتج الجليد النهائي. تشكيل الجليد يتطلب الحرارة ونقل الجماعي بسبب الحرارة الكامنة للانصهار ولدت في هذه العملية. اكتشفت لأول مرة من قبل أوسبورن رينولدز في عام 1874 أن نقل الحرارة والكتلة في الغازات تقترن بقوة ويمكن التعبير عنها في صيغ رياضية مماثلة 20. شكل هذا العمل ورقة رائدة في موضوع الزخم والحرارة ونقل الجماعي في السوائل وطبع عدة مرات 21 و 22. هذا الموضوع ثم درست من قبلعدد من الآخرين، من كلا النهجين التحليلية والتجريبية، للغازات والسوائل، والمعدن المنصهر 23، 24، 25، 26، 27، 28، 29، 30، 31، 32، 33. وبصرف النظر عن انتقال الحرارة والكتلة، يحتاج السائل مواقع التنوي حيث يمكن للنمو الجليد شجيري تتطور. ونظرة حديثة إلى نمو بلورات الثلج يستخدم القانون Constructal، التي وضعتها أدريان بيجان، ليشرح لماذا ينمو الجليد في هذا الطريق 34، 35، 36. تشكيل الجليد في الماء المالح مختلفة جدا عن تلك في الماء النقي بسبب وجود الملح. أولا،<html> الملح يغير الديناميكا الحرارية من السوائل ويقلل درجة التجمد لها. ثانيا، الملح لا يمكن أن تذوب في مصفوفة الجليد (باستثناء هيدروهاليت، التي يمكن أن تشكل فقط عندما تصل درجة الحرارة إلى نقطة سهل الانصهار)، ورفض أن السائل بكميات كبيرة عندما يبدأ الجليد في النمو. تم اكتشاف الرفض من الملح في كل من الجليد البحري والجليد درس في المختبر 37 و 38. منذ رفض محلول ملحي عالي التركيز هو على درجة حرارة أقل بكثير من درجة التجمد لمياه البحر، حيث ينزل، وينمو الجليد في التفاعل بين المياه المالحة المتدفقة والسوائل بكميات كبيرة هادئة. وقد اكتشفت هذه الهوابط الجليد، واسمه أيضا brinicles، لأول مرة في ماكموردو الصوت، والقطب الجنوبي وكان درس التجربة 39، 40، 41، 42. في عام 2011، بي بي سي بتصوير تشكيل brinicles في سلسلة المجمدة كوكب لها&quot;XREF&quot;&gt; 43 و 44. في المختبر، واكتشف أن طريق عكس السوائل المتدفقة وهادئة عند تقديم الماء للحمام من محلول ملحي بارد، والماء قد تتحول إلى جليد وفقا للشروط الصحيحة 45. وقد تبين أن الموقع حيث يتم إدخال الماء، وتدفق الريولوجيا، ودرجة حرارة المياه المالحة والتركيز كلها عوامل رئيسية تؤثر في الكيفية التي يمكن أن تنتج الكثير من الجليد. ويتمثل الهدف العام من هذه الدراسة هو التحقيق في ما إذا كان يمكن تطوير صانع الجليد من خلال هذه الآلية لتوليد عجائن الجليد، بالنظر إلى أن درجة حرارة المبخر مرتفعة وارتفاع معدل نقل الحرارة السائل إلى سائل يمكن أن تعزز كفاءة استخدام الطاقة. هذه المادة سهم الجوانب الرئيسية من التجربة.

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ice generation and the heat and mass transfer phenomena of introducing water to a cold bath of brine

ونحن لشرح طريقة لدراسة الحرارة والكتلة نقل والظواهر تجميد في بيئة المياه المالحة subcooled. وأظهرت تجربتنا أنه في ظل الظروف المناسبة، والجليد يمكن أن تنتج عندما يتم إدخال الماء إلى حمام من محلول ملحي بارد. لجعل شكل جليد، بالإضافة إلى وجود مزيج الماء المالح والماء، فإن معدل نقل الحرارة يجب تجاوز ذلك من نقل الجماعي. عندما يتم إدخال الماء في شكل قطرات صغيرة على سطح الماء المالح، وطريقة نقل الحرارة والشامل عن طريق الانتشار. توقف الطفو المياه من الاختلاط مع الماء المالح تحت، ولكن كما الجليد ينمو أكثر سمكا، ويبطئ معدل انتقال الحرارة، مما يجعل الجليد من الصعب أن ينمو نتيجة لذلك. عندما يتم إدخال الماء داخل محلول ملحي في شكل تدفق، تم العثور على عدد من العوامل التي تؤثر على مقدار الجليد يمكن أن تشكل. درجة حرارة الماء المالح وتركيز، والتي هي القوة الدافعة والحرارة ونقل الجماعي، على التوالي، يمكن أن تؤثر على تحويل راتي الماء إلى جليدس؛ انخفاض درجات الحرارة حمام وتركيز المحلول الملحي تشجع المزيد من الجليد لتشكيل. والريولوجيا التدفق، والتي يمكن أن تؤثر بشكل مباشر على كل من الحرارة ومعاملات نقل الجماعي، هو أيضا عامل رئيسي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، الريولوجيا تدفق يتغير مجال الاتصال من تدفق مع السوائل السائبة.

الشكل 1 يقارن آثار المياه أدخلت على سطح الماء المالح إلى الماء المحقون من خلال محلول ملحي. في السيناريو &quot;الايس كاب&quot;، والجليد المتكون هو صلب لأن الماء لا يختلط كثيرا مع السوائل السائبة. الفرق في درجة الحرارة والكثافة بين السوائل اثنين ي?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine at JoVE.com

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

هنا، نقدم بروتوكول للتدليل على جيل من الجليد عند تقديم الماء لحمام بارد من محلول ملحي، وكمبرد الثانوية، في مجموعة من درجات الحرارة أقل بكثير من نقطة تجمد الماء. ويمكن استخدامه كطريقة بديلة لإنتاج الجليد للصناعة.

الجيل الجليد وانتقال الحرارة والكتلة الظواهر من إدخال المياه إلى حمام الباردة من الماء المالح

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed ...

ice-generation-heat-mass-transfer-phenomena-introducing-water-to-cold

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13.8K Views.  University of Bristol.  هنا، نقدم بروتوكول للتدليل على جيل من الجليد عند تقديم الماء لحمام بارد من محلول ملحي، وكمبرد الثانوية، في مجموعة من درجات الحرارة أقل بكثير من نقطة تجمد الماء. ويمكن استخدامه كطريقة بديلة لإنتاج الجليد للصناعة. 

Video: Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

التحكم في الحجم والشكل والاستقرار من البوليمرات Supramolecular في الماء

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Horizontal and vertical electrohydrodynamic liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields and polar dielectric liquids. The construction of basic apparatus and operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

لإعداد Electrohydrodynamic جسور من السوائل القطبية عازل

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

ومنصة الروبوتية لدراسة Foreflipper من أسد البحر كاليفورنيا

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern. Hybrid wettable patterns were produced by coating superhydrophilic SiO2 on a masked, hydrophobic, cylindrical copper surface. Using de-ionized (DI) water as the working fluid, pool-boiling heat-transfer studies were conducted on the different surface-treated copper cylinders of a 25-mm diameter and a 40-mm length. The experimental results showed that the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern influenced the wall superheat and the HTC. By increasing the number of interlines, the HTC was enhanced when compared to the plain surface. Images obtained from the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera indicated that more bubbles formed on the interlines as compared to other parts. The hybrid wettable pattern with the lowermost section being hydrophobic gave the best heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). The experimental results indicated that the bubble dynamics of the surface is an important factor that determines the nucleate boiling.

Pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were carried out to observe the effects of hybrid wettable patterns on the heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). The parameters of investigation are the number of interlines and the pattern orientation of the modified wettable surface.

تعزيز بركة الغليان نقل الحرارة على أسطواني السطوح مع أنماط قابل للبلل الهجين

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the ...

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

To improve the accuracy of the chloride distribution along the depth of cement paste under cyclic wet-dry conditions, a new method is proposed to obtain a high-precision chloride profile. Firstly, paste specimens are molded, cured, and exposed to cyclic wet-dry conditions. Then, powder samples at different specimen depths are grinded when the exposure age is reached. Finally, the water-soluble chloride content is detected using a silver nitrate titration method, and chloride profiles are plotted. The key to improving the accuracy of the chloride distribution along the depth is to exclude the error in the powderization, which is the most critical step for testing the distribution of chloride. Based on the above concept, the grinding method in this protocol can be used to grind powder samples automatically layer by layer from the surface inward, and it should be noted that a very thin grinding thickness (less than 0.5 mm) with a minimum error less than 0.04 mm can be obtained. The chloride profile obtained by this method better reflects the chloride distribution in specimens, which helps researchers to capture the distribution features that are often overlooked. Furthermore, this method can be applied to studies in the field of cement-based materials, which require high chloride distribution accuracy.

A protocol for obtaining a water-soluble chloride profile by using a high precision milling method is presented.

الكشف عن توزيع الأسمنت لصق كلوريد للذوبان في الماء بطريقة عالية الدقة

To improve the accuracy of the chloride distribution along the depth of cement paste under cyclic wet-dry conditions, a new method is proposed to obtain a ...

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient as a function of the liquid flow rate in a transparent pipe. With certain amendments, the approach is extended to gas-liquid flows, with a particular emphasis on the effect of a single elongated (Taylor) air bubble on heat transfer enhancement. A non-invasive thermography technique is applied to measure the instantaneous temperature of a thin metal foil heated electrically. The foil is glued to cover a narrow slot cut in the pipe. The thermal inertia of the foil is small enough to detect the variation in the instantaneous foil temperature. The test section can be moved along the pipe and is long enough to cover a considerable part of the growing thermal boundary layer.
At the beginning of each experimental run, a steady state with a constant water flow rate and heat flux to the foil is attained and serves as the reference. The Taylor bubble is then injected into the pipe. The heat transfer coefficient variations due to the passage of a Taylor bubble propagating in a vertical pipe is measured as function of the distance of the measuring point from the bottom of the moving Taylor bubble. Thus, the results represent the local heat transfer coefficients. Multiple independent runs preformed under identical conditions allow accumulating sufficient data to calculate reliable ensemble-averaged results on the transient convective heat transfer. In order to perform this in a frame of reference moving with the bubble, the location of the bubble along the pipe has to be known at all times. Detailed description of measurements of the length and of the translational velocity of the Taylor bubbles by optical probes is presented.

This manuscript describes methods aimed at measuring the local instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficients in a single or two-phase pipe flow. A simple optical method to determine the length and the propagation velocity of an elongated (Taylor) air bubble moving at a constant velocity is also presented.

قياسات لنقل الحرارة الحمل الحراري لحظية المحلية في أنبوب--تدفق واحد ومرحلتين

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer ...

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that characterize the transport phenomena in a rotating channel are identified via the parametric analysis of the momentum and energy equations referring to a rotating frame of reference. Based on these dimensionless flow equations, an experimental strategy that links the design of the test module, the experimental program and the data analysis is formulated with the attempt to reveal the isolated Coriolis-force and buoyancy effects on heat transfer performances. The effects of Coriolis force and rotating buoyancy are illustrated using the selective results measured from rotating channels with various geometries. While the Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy impacts share several common features among the various rotating channels, the unique heat transfer signatures are found in association with the flow direction, the channel shape and the arrangement of heat transfer enhancement devices. Regardless of the flow configurations of the rotating channels, the presented experimental method enables the development of physically consistent heat transfer correlations that permit the evaluation of isolated and interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on the heat transfer properties of rotating channels.

Here, we present an experimental method for decoupling the interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on full-field heat transfer distributions of a rotating channel.

قوة كوريوليس يفصل وآثار الطفو الدورية على الحرارة كامل-ميدان نقل خصائص قناة الدورية

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

تصميم وتصنيع الألياف الضوئية مصنوعة من الماء

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...

Nerve Stem Cell Differentiation by a One-step Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment In Vitro

As the development of physical plasma technology, cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) have been widely investigated in decontamination, cancer treatment, wound healing, root canal treatment, etc., forming a new research field named plasma medicine. Being a mixture of electrical, chemical, and biological reactive species, CAPs have shown their abilities to enhance nerve stem cells differentiation both in vitro and in vivo and are becoming a promising way for neurological disease treatment in the future. The much more exciting news is that using CAPs may realize one-step, and safely directed, differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) for tissue transportation. We demonstrate here the detailed experimental protocol of using a self-made CAP jet device to enhance NSC differentiation in C17.2-NSCs and primary rat neural stem cells, as well as observing the cell fate by inverted and fluorescence microscopy. With the help of immunofluorescence staining technology, we found both the NSCs showed an accelerated differential rate than the untreated group, and ~75% of the NSCs selectively differentiated into neurons, which are mainly mature, cholinergic, and motor neurons.

Nerve Stem Cell Differentiation by a One-step Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment In Vitro

This protocol aims to provide detailed experimental steps of a cold atmospheric plasma treatment on neural stem cells and immunofluorescence detection for differentiation enhancement.

تمايز الخلايا الجذعية العصب خطوة واحدة بلازما باردة الغلاف الجوي علاج في المختبر

As the development of physical plasma technology, cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) have been widely investigated in decontamination, cancer treatment, ...

Procedure for the Transfer of Polymer Films Onto Porous Substrates with Minimized Defects

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support substrates. Accomplishing this transfer in a highly controlled, mechanized, and reproducible manner can eliminate the creation of macroscale defect structures (e.g., tears, cracks, and wrinkles) within the thin film that compromise device performance and the usable area per sample. Here, we describe a general protocol for the highly controlled and mechanized transfer of a polymeric thin film onto an arbitrary porous support substrate for eventual use as a water filtration membrane device. Specifically, we fabricate a block copolymer (BCP) thin film on top of a sacrificial, water-soluble poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layer and silicon wafer substrate. We then utilize a custom-designed, 3D-printed transfer tool and drain chamber system to deposit, lift-off, and transfer the BCP thin film onto the center of a porous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) support disc. The transferred BCP thin film is shown to be consistently placed onto the center of the support surface due to the guidance of the meniscus formed between the water and the 3D-printed plastic drain chamber. We also compare our mechanized transfer-processed thin films to those that have been transferred by hand with the use of tweezers. Optical inspection and image analysis of the transferred thin films from the mechanized process confirm that little-to-no macroscale inhomogeneities or plastic deformations are produced, as compared to the multitude of tears and wrinkles produced from manual transfer by hand. Our results suggest that the proposed strategy for thin film transfer can reduce defects when compared to other methods across many systems and applications.

We present a procedure for highly controlled and wrinkle-free transfer of block copolymer thin films onto porous support substrates using a 3D-printed drain chamber. The drain chamber design is of general relevance to all procedures involving transfer of macromolecular films onto porous substrates, which is normally done by hand in an irreproducible fashion.

إجراءات نقل أفلام البوليمر إلى ركائز مسامية مع عيوب أقل

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support ...