We thank the numerous University personnel, National Forest, and Bureau of Land Management personnel who helped conduct demonstrations and gather data. The field work for this method was supported by the U.S.D.A. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Washington D.C., and Pacific Northwest Region offices. The findings and conclusions in this publication are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent any official U.S.D.A. or U.S. Government determination or policy.

NOTE: Additional details on the operation of the BACB can be found in the operator&#39;s manual that comes with the equipment.
1. Transportation to site
<ol>
	<li>Using a Class 5 commercial duty hitch (ball size 2-5/16 inch or 58.75 cm), hitch the BACB onto a 1-ton or larger pickup truck, adjusting the hitch height to ensure the frame rails are level for transport. Before towing, check the brake controller, break-away system, brakes, wheels, and trailer lighting.</li>
	<li>M...

Air Curtain Burners and Biochar &amp;#8211; Advancing Forest Health and Carbon Capture

<ol>
	<li>Barrett, S. W., Arno, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indian+fires+as+an+ecological+influence+in+the+northern+Rockies.">Indian fires as an ecological influence in the northern Rockies.</a> J Forestry. 80, 647-651 (1982).</li><li>Savage, M., Swetnam, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+19th+century+fire+decline+following+sheep+pasturing+in+the+Navajo+ponderosa+pine+forest.">Early 19th century fire decline following sheep pasturing in the Navajo ponderosa pine forest.</a> Ecology. 71, 2374-2378 (1990).</li><li>Sohn, J. A., Hartig, F., Kohler, M., Huss, J., Bauhus, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heavy+and+frequent+thinning+promotes+drought+adaptation+in+Pinus+sylvestris+forests.">Heavy and frequent thinning promotes drought adaptation in Pinus sylvestris forests.</a> Eco Appl. 26, 2190-2205 (2016).</li><li>. Air Burners, Inc Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://airburners.com/technology/principle">https://airburners.com/technology/principle</a> (2024)</li><li>U.S. Department of Energy. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2016+Billion-ton+report:+Advancing+domestic+resources+for+a+thriving+bioeconomy.">2016 Billion-ton report: Advancing domestic resources for a thriving bioeconomy.</a> U.S. Department of Energy. , (2016).</li><li>Jang, W., Page-Dumroese, D. S., Han, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+heat+transfer+and+soil+impacts+of+air+curtain+burner+burning+and+slash+pile+burning.">Comparison of heat transfer and soil impacts of air curtain burner burning and slash pile burning.</a> Forests. 8, 297 (2017).</li><li>Rhoades, C. C., Fegel, T. S., Zaman, T., Fornwalt, P. J., Miller, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+soil+changes+responsible+for+persistent+slash+pile+burn+scars+in+lodgepole+pine+forests.">Are soil changes responsible for persistent slash pile burn scars in lodgepole pine forests.</a> Forest Eco Management. 490, 119090 (2021).</li><li>Rodriguez Franco, C., Page-Dumroese, D. S., Archuleta, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forest+management+and+biochar+for+continued+ecosystem+services.">Forest management and biochar for continued ecosystem services.</a> J Soil Water Cons. 77, 60-64 (2020).</li><li>Lee, E., Han, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Air+Curtain+Burners:+A+tool+for+disposal+of+forest+residues.">Air Curtain Burners: A tool for disposal of forest residues.</a> Forests. 8, 296 (2017).</li><li>Fornwalt, P. J., Rhoades, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rehabilitating+slash+pile+burn+scars+in+upper+montane+forests+of+the+Colorado+Front+Range.">Rehabilitating slash pile burn scars in upper montane forests of the Colorado Front Range.</a> Natural Area J. 31 (2), 177-182 (2011).</li><li>Blanco-Canqui, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+biochar+improve+all+soil+ecosystem+services.">Does biochar improve all soil ecosystem services.</a> GCB-Bioenergy. 13, 291-304 (2020).</li><li>. USDA Forest Service Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/">https://www.fs.usda.gov/</a> (2024)</li><li>Razzaghi, F., Obour, P. B., Arthur, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+biochar+improve+soil+water+retention?+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Does biochar improve soil water retention? A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Geoderma. 361, 1 (2020).</li><li>U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology and Development Program. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+air+curtain+destructors+for+fuel+reduction.+Fire+Management+Tech+Tips+#0251+1317-SDTDC.">The use of air curtain destructors for fuel reduction. Fire Management Tech Tips #0251 1317-SDTDC.</a> U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology and Development Program. , 5 (2002).</li><li>Puettmann, M., Sahoo, K., Wilson, K., Oneil, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+cycle+assessment+of+biochar+produced+from+forest+residues+using+portable+systems.">Life cycle assessment of biochar produced from forest residues using portable systems.</a> J Cleaner Prod. 250, 119564 (2020).</li><li>Miller, C. A., Lemieux, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emissions+from+the+burning+of+vegetative+debris+in+air+curtain+destructors.">Emissions from the burning of vegetative debris in air curtain destructors.</a> Air Waste Management Assoc. 57, 959-967 (2007).</li><li>Rodriguez Franco, C., Page-Dumroese, D. S., Pierson, D., Nicosia, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochar+utilization+as+a+forestry+climate-smart+tool.">Biochar utilization as a forestry climate-smart tool.</a> Sustainability. 16, 1714 (2024).</li><li>Busse, M. D., Shestak, C. J., Hubbert, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+heating+during+burning+of+forest+slash+piles+and+wood+piles.">Soil heating during burning of forest slash piles and wood piles.</a> Int J Wildland Fire. 22 (6), 786-796 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The first critical step in this method is to ensure the equipment is placed nearly level on both axes so that the firebox side panels block smoke from leaving and air from entering the firebox. Other critical steps are to conduct frequent conversations with the excavator operator to place the feedstock into the firebox where needed and brief all workers on the safety aspects of operating the air burner and excavator. There are a few modifications that can be made with this equipment, but running the conveyor belt and sha...

Across the U.S.A., many forest stands have increased in standing tree volume in the absence of frequent low-intensity fires, historically set by indigenous people and suppressed in modern times1,2. From this fire exclusion, the resulting overstocked stands pose challenges for land managers striving to enhance forest resilience against wildfires, pests, diseases, and drought effects3. Standard management practices for reducing tree volume include prescribed fire, pre-commercial thinning, and mature stand harvesting. These operations generate substantial amounts of low- and no-value woody biomass, often called residues. For example, in the 15 states of the western U.S.A., it is estimated that harvest operations produce nearly 8 million dry tons of residues each year4. Further, the USDA Forest Service has implemented a wildfire crisis plan, which will treat an additional 50 million acres (20 million hectares) over a 10-year period. This will result in the need to dispose of additional unmerchantable material and likely require the use of a variety of place-based options. Although tops, limbs, and unmerchantable trees can be used for bioenergy or biofuels, limited market opportunities often lead to these residues being piled and burned. Building slash piles aims to reduce wildfire and insect risk, create growing space for understory plants, and address other land management objectives.
Open pile burning is a low cost, relatively fast method for reducing wood volume, but it also produces smoke and air pollutants, including greenhouse gases5. Further, it may also cause undesirable impacts on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, leading to burn scars that can persist for decades6. To mitigate the detrimental side effects of open burning, alternative approaches are needed that reduce negative impacts on climate change, wildfire risk, and soil health7.
Here, we focus on the use of a novel method for continuous biochar production developed through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, and Air Burners, Inc. (Palm City, FL). The resulting technology, henceforth referred to as the biochar-producing air curtain burner (BACB; Figure 1), continuously produces biochar from woody residues while limiting smoke and particulate emissions. Compared with open burning, the functionality of the BACB reduces fire risk and the spread of smoke8, creating avenues for the safe extension of operational burn windows. Unlike traditional methods that leave residue piles on the landscape where they contribute to fuel accumulations9 or alternative combustion methods that primarily produce smoke and ash, the BACB effectively reduces fuel loads while protecting the soil and creating biochar, a consistent, high carbon charcoal, that can be used for soil restorations&#39; on or near the site of processing. Further, the BACB is mobile and can easily be sited, for example, at a log landing, along a roadside, or in a campground. It can also burn wet or dry wood, mixed feedstock types, and sizes, and can be used in inclement weather and at times when weather conditions are too risky for open pile burning.
Biochar produced in the BACB is generally 70%-90% carbon, highly porous, and consistent in particle size distribution, making it suitable for remediating degraded soils, often found at abandoned mines, log landings, skid trails, riparian areas, or agricultural sites. Biochar can also be used as a mix with compost or in livestock feedlots to adsorb nutrients and reduce odor. In general, the best soil uses for woody residue biochar are to reduce erosion and nitrate leaching while enhancing soil aggregate stability and available water in coarse-textured, low organic matter soils10,11.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Mobile biochar-producing air curtain burner. The test site shows the general configuration of the slash and the biochar-producing air curtain burner. This figure has been modified from12. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66716/66716fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Overview of design and operation 
Although there are several types of air curtain burners available, the BACB continuously creates biochar. The unit is approximately 7 m long x 2.5 m wide x 2 m high. It has an air manifold along the top of the firebox that provides a steady curtain of air to contain smoke, particulates, and embers within it and promotes complete oxidation of emissions. For optimal operation, the firebox is loaded to a level just below the manifold, ensuring uninterrupted airflow across the firebox. The BACB can be towed behind any vehicle with a standard hitch package and adequate towing capacity. A level, smooth site is prepared close to the piled biomass (also called feedstock), but with enough room around the site to allow equipment and staff to move freely and safely. Once positioned, the unit is secured by lowering the firebox sides onto the soil using the onboard hydraulic system. A blower motor pressurizes the air curtain manifold, which runs the length of the firebox on one side. Biomass is initially lit and burned to establish a bed of coals in the firebox. Then, additional biomass can be added periodically while keeping incoming material below the air curtain. As the material burns, coal is produced and falls through an opening in the bottom of the firebox, where they are cleared from the machine by the conveyor belt. One panel inside the firebox oscillates to facilitate this process. Ash or fine materials fall through the conveyor belt onto the soil below. Hot coals exit the machine through a slot in the bottom of the firebox and are deposited into a pan filled with water, which stops combustion and cools the biochar to a temperature where it can be handled safely. When ready to cease operation, the firebox is cleared by allowing any remaining material to burn down. Typically, the unit cools overnight and can be moved safely the next day, as needed. Do not attempt to move the BACB while it is burning wood or cooling unless there is an emergency. In case of emergency, sand or soil can be used to extinguish the fire and smother the coals. Water should never be sprayed directly on the ceramic tiles in the firebox.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CharBoss air curtain burner</td>
			<td>Air Burners, Inc.</td>
			<td>T26</td>
			<td>Comes with 36&#34; landscape rake, sifting shovel, 1/2&#34; drive standard ratchet with 1 1/8&#34; socket, grease gun, and quench pan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diesel fuel (Ultra-low sulfur)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purchased locally</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diesel fuel tanks</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>H-1849Y</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Engine oil (diesel grade)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any diesel grade oil 15W40 or 10W40.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excavator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Local rental company.&#160; Smaller sizes require less fuel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High temperature anti-seize lubricant (16 oz cartridge)</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>1288K97</td>
			<td>lubricating hydraulic fittings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydraulic Oil</td>
			<td>Amsoil</td>
			<td>HVH05-EA (ISO32) /HVG05-EA (ISO22)</td>
			<td>Any ISO32 synthetic hydraulic oil, ISO22 option for cold weather. Amsoil ISO32 is factory installed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large buckets</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>5495</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lighting torch (propane)</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>9RCF3</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-ton pickup (or larger)</td>
			<td>Rent locally</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for transporting CharBoss to site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viewing step</td>
			<td>Gorilla</td>
			<td>GLP=WP</td>
			<td>Stable step to allow viewing into firebox or other bench-style step&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water truck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any available water truck with minimum 300 gallon capacity; gravity feed of water to the quench pan can be used.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheel chocks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Blocks of 4&#34;x 4&#34; lumber or commercially available chocks while hitching/unhitching unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal protective equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ear protection</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>S-22141</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye protection</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire shirt</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>12R487</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire pants</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>39EM96</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hard hat</td>
			<td>Discount Safety Gear</td>
			<td>SFTSCHH1000038126</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leather gloves</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>S-6777M</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sturdy boots</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any thick soled, leather boot.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emergency gear</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Garmin InReach</td>
			<td>Cabelas</td>
			<td>100195666</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulaski axe</td>
			<td>Forestry suppliers</td>
			<td>85274</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire rake</td>
			<td>Forestry suppliers</td>
			<td>85210</td>
			<td>or similar</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

continuous in-woods production of biochar using a trailer-mounted air curtain burner

Fuel treatments and other forest restoration thinning practices aim to reduce wildfire risk while building forest resilience to drought, insects, and diseases and increasing aboveground carbon (C) sequestration. However, fuel treatments generate large amounts of unmerchantable woody biomass residues that are often burned in open piles, releasing significant quantities of greenhouse gases and particulates, and potentially damaging the soil beneath the pile. Air curtain burners offer a solution to mitigate these issues, helping to reduce smoke and particulates from burning operations, more fully burn biomass residues compared to pile burning, and eliminate the direct and intense fire contact that can harm soil beneath the slash pile. In an air curtain burner, burning takes place in a controlled environment. Smoke is contained and recirculated by the air curtain, and therefore burning can be conducted under a variety of climatic conditions (e.g.,&#160;wind, rain, snow), lengthening the burning season for disposal of slash material. The mobile pyrolysis unit that continuously creates biochar was specifically designed to dispose of residual woody biomass at log landings, green wood at landfills, or salvaged logged materials and create biochar in the process. This high-carbon biochar output can be used to enhance soil resilience by improving its chemical, physical, and biological properties and has potential applications in remediating contaminated soils, including those at abandoned mine sites. Here, we describe the general use of this equipment, appropriate siting, loading methods, quenching requirements, and lessons learned about operating this new technology.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Place-Based Biochar Production for Ecosystem Restoration and Soil Health

Continuous In-woods Production of Biochar Using a Trailer-Mounted Air Curtain Burner

Our research focuses on implementing place-based biochar production methods as a strategy to reduce hazardous fuels in the forest while simultaneously improving forest and soil health. Currently, most biochar is created in large-scale bioenergy plants, but place-based technologies have a place in many areas where it's too expensive to ship low value woody residues or where infrastructure is lacking. We have learned the appropriate application rates, production methods, and additional uses for in-woods-produced biochar.We're beginning to understand its usefulness for mine site restoration, reduction of invasive weeds, and soil health benefits.

From January 2022 through October 2023, the BACB pyrolyzed various feedstocks into biochar (Table 1). Based on field trials, the BACB can burn approximately 1 ton (900 kg)&#160;of feedstock per h, and approximately 11%-25% of dry mass of the feedstock will be retained as biochar, with the balance going to gas (water vapor, CO2, etc.) and ash. Carbon content ranges from 70%-90%. Larger pieces of wood (&#62;30 cm) take a longer time to pyrolyze than wood with a diameter ranging from 2-30 cm. The...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Continuous In-woods Production of Biochar Using a Trailer-mounted Air Curtain Burner at JoVE.com

We describe the use of a place-based mobile pyrolysis unit equipped with an air curtain to continuously create biochar. The technology reduces the need for open slash pile burning, which results in lower emissions and fewer soil impacts. The protocol includes guidelines for site selection, loading, and quenching.

Fuel treatments and other forest restoration thinning practices aim to reduce wildfire risk while building forest resilience to drought, insects, and ...

continuous-woods-production-biochar-using-trailer-mounted-air-curtain

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Transportation and On-Site Preparation of Biochar-Producing Air Curtain Burner 

To begin, position the biochar-producing air curtain burner unit at the desired location while still attached to the tow vehicle. Then chock the wheels and lower the jack stand. Disconnect the unit from the tow vehicle, and adjust the jack stand to ensure the chassis is level front to back.Then start the engine and allow it to warm up before initiating the hydraulics. Make sure that the hydraulic motor powering the shaker panel located between the firebox and the enclosed engine does not touch the green frame. After leveling the equipment and lowering the firebox sides, place soil around the sides to prevent air from entering and smoke from exiting the firebox.Ensure that the worker wears non-synthetic clothing, a high visibility vest, a hard hat, leather gloves, and eye and hearing protection.

Operation of Biochar-Producing Air Curtain Burner

After placing the biochar-producing air curtain burner, load the firebox with dry feedstock using a mini excavator or by hand if a mini excavator is not available. Fill the firebox to approximately 2/3 full, alternating the direction of the materials to create air spaces that assist in burning. Allow the base fire in the firebox to burn until it is about 1/2 full of burning residues and coals.Then, start the engine and adjust the fan speed according to the fire conditions. Take care not to blow out the fire when advancing the air flow with the green rabbit button on the control panel. Once a solid base of coals is established, signal the mini excavator driver to add more feedstock without smothering the fire.Once the base fire has stabilized and additional feedstock has been added, set the fan speed to 2, 800 rpm. After that, switch the system power switch to biochar. Then, activate the conveyor and shaker, which will cycle every three minutes automatically.To maintain continuous biochar production, alternate the system power switch from biochar to firebox. Using the wide rake, pull the biochar to the end of the quench pan, then use the sifting shovel to transfer the biochar from the pan to a pile. Check the pressure gauges on the main control panel when responding to warning strobes.Turn off the shaker to burn down bound wood or manually advance the conveyor belt counterclockwise at the manual control point to clear a conveyor bind. Based on field trials, the biochar-producing air curtain burner can burn approximately one ton of feedstock per hour and produce carbon content ranging from 70 to 90%

525 Views.  USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.  We describe the use of a place-based mobile pyrolysis unit equipped with an air curtain to continuously create biochar. The technology reduces the need for open slash pile burning, which results in lower emissions and fewer soil impacts. The protocol includes guidelines for site selection, loading, and quenching. 

Air Curtain Burners and Biochar – Advancing Forest Health and Carbon Capture

Summary