sieving-fruit-pulp-to-detect-immature-tephritid-fruit-flies

Sieving Fruit Pulp to Detect Immature Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Field

Fruit flies of the Tephritidae family are among the most destructive and invasive agricultural pests in the world. Many countries undertake expensive ...

University of Florida

The reproductive biology of Fidiobia dominica Evans (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) was studied in the laboratory (25.6 +/- 1 degrees C) using host eggs of Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). F. dominica readily parasitized D. abbreviatus eggs on both host plant and wax paper substrates. The number of egg masses parasitized and the number of offspring produced were higher when females were offered more than one host egg mass but did not differ when either two or three egg masses were offered. Female parasitoids that were provided with host eggs and a honey food source lived significantly longer than those that were not provided a food source; however, they did not parasitize more D. abbreviatus eggs. Oviposition occurred in host eggs from 0 to 7 d old, and host mortality was relatively consistent for eggs 0-5 d old and lower for eggs 6-7 d old. Successful parasitoid emergence seldom occurred after host eggs were 4 d old, and by 7 d, no adults successfully emerged. Developmental time from egg to adult was 19.3 +/- 0.2 d for males, significantly more rapid than the females (20.4 +/- 0.1 d). The mean longevity of adult females was 8.0 +/- 0.4 d, with a mean oviposition period of 2.7 +/- 0.3 d; males survived 8.1 +/- 0.4 d. The demographic parameters including intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)), generation time (T), and net reproduction (R(o)) were 0.142/d, 22 d, and 22.4 female eggs/d, respectively.

Reproductive biology of Fidiobia dominica (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), an egg parasitoid of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Raoiella &#x7C7C;&#x7A3B;&#x5DF2;&#x5FEB;&#x901F;&#x8513;&#x5EF6;&#x81F3;&#x87A8;&#x635F;&#x5BB3;&#x4E86;&#x7ECF;&#x6D4E;&#x548C;&#x751F;&#x6001;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x7684;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x70ED;&#x5E26;&#x5730;&#x533A;&#x3002;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4E86;&#x4E09;&#x4E2A;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x6B96;&#x6C11;&#x5730;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x9002;&#x5B9C;&#x6027;&#x6307;&#x6807;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x5404;&#x4E2A;&#x751F;&#x547D;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x5382; R.&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x7C7C;&#x7A3B;&#x3002;&#x4ED9;&#x7AE5;&#x70ED;&#x5E26;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x56ED; (&#x8FC8;&#x963F;&#x5BC6;&#x6234;&#x5FB7;&#x53BF;&#xFF0C;&#x4F5B;&#x7F57;&#x91CC;&#x8FBE;&#x5DDE;&#xFF0C;&#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#xFF09; &#x548C;&#x7687;&#x5BB6;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x56ED; (&#x897F;&#x73ED;&#x7259;&#x6E2F;&#xFF0C;&#x7279;&#x7ACB;&#x5C3C;&#x8FBE;&#x548C;&#x591A;&#x5DF4;&#x54E5;&#xFF09; &#x7684;&#x5B9A;&#x671F;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x786E;&#x5B9A; 27 &#x65B0;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x5BC4;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x53CC;&#x5B50;&#x53F6;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x548C;&#x4E09;&#x4E2A;&#x672C;&#x673A;&#x4F5B;&#x7F57;&#x91CC;&#x8FBE;&#x68D5;&#x6988;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x7684;&#x9002;&#x5B9C;&#x6027;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4E86;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x3002;&#x63D0;&#x4EA4;&#x7684;&#x94A2;&#x7B4B;&#x7C7C;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x5BC4;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x5217;&#x8868;&#x3002;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x4E3B;&#x673A; (91 &#x690D;&#x7269;&#x7269;&#x79CD;) &#x7684;&#x94A2;&#x7B4B;&#x7C7C;&#x662F;&#x5355;&#x5B50;&#x53F6;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x4ECE;&#x8BA2;&#x5355; Arecales &#xFF08;&#x68D5;&#x6988;&#x79D1;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#xFF09;&#x3001; &#x59DC; &#xFF08;Heliconiaceae&#x3001; Musaceae&#x3001; &#x65C5;&#x4EBA;&#x3001; &#x59DC;&#x79D1;&#x690D;&#x7269;)&#x3001; &#x9732;&#x515C;&#x6811; (Pandanaceae)&#x3002;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x662F;&#x68D5;&#x6988;&#x6811;&#x7684;&#x68D5;&#x6988;&#x79D1;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x8D77;&#x6E90;&#x4E8E;&#x4E1C;&#x534A;&#x7403; &#xFF1B; &#x5730;&#x533A;&#x5BB6;&#x5EAD;&#x7EA6;&#x6709;&#x56DB;&#x5206;&#x4E4B;&#x4E00;&#x7684;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x662F;&#x65B0;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x7684;&#x672C;&#x673A;&#x7684;&#x53EF;&#x89C6;&#x4E3A;&#x94A2;&#x7B4B;&#x7C7C;&#x65B0;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x534F;&#x4F1A;&#x3002;&#x516D;&#x5E74;&#x4E4B;&#x540E;&#x5728;&#x52A0;&#x52D2;&#x6BD4;&#x5730;&#x533A;&#xFF0C;&#x521D;&#x6B65;&#x68C0;&#x6D4B;&#x94A2;&#x7B4B;&#x7C7C;&#x5DF2;&#x6269;&#x5927;&#x5176;&#x5BC4;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x62A5;&#x544A; 27 &#x65B0;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x7684;&#x94A2;&#x7B4B;&#x7C7C;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x5382;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x4E0A;&#x589E;&#x52A0; 30%&#x3002;&#x968F;&#x7740;&#x6B64;&#x87A8;&#x7EE7;&#x7EED;&#x8BE5;&#x70ED;&#x5E26;&#x5730;&#x533A;&#x8513;&#x5EF6;&#x591A;&#x79CD;&#x591A;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4F1A;&#x53D7;&#x5230;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x3002;

&#x4E3B;&#x673A;&#x5382; Raoiella &#x7CFB;&#x5217;&#x7C7C; (&#x8731;&#x87A8;&#x4E9A;&#x7EB2;&#xFF1A; Tenuipalpidae) &#x5730;&#x533A;&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x7684;&#x5165;&#x4FB5;&#x3002;

Raoiella indica has spread rapidly through the Neotropical region where the mite damages economically and ecologically important plants. Three studies were conducted to determine the host plant range of R. indica, using the presence of colonies containing all life stages as an indicator of reproductive suitability. Periodic surveys at the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (Miami Dade County, FL, USA) and the Royal Botanical Gardens (Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago) identified 27 new reproductive host plants. The reproductive suitability of two dicotyledonous species and three native Florida palm species was examined. An updated list of reproductive host plants of R. indica is presented. All reported reproductive hosts (91 plant species) of R. indica are monocots from the orders Arecales (Arecaceae), Zingiberales (Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae) and Pandanales (Pandanaceae). Most are palms of the family Arecaceae that originated in areas of the Eastern Hemisphere; about one fourth of the reported hosts are native to the New World and could be considered new host associations of R. indica. Six years after the initial detection in the Caribbean, R. indica has expanded its host plant range. Here we report 27 new reproductive host of R. indica that represent 30% of increase on previous host plant records. As this mite continues spreading in the Neotropical region a great diversity of plants is potentially affected.

Host plant range of Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in areas of invasion of the New World.

Raoiella indica s&#39;est propag&eacute; rapidement &agrave; travers la r&eacute;gion n&eacute;otropicale, o&ugrave; la mite endommage les plantes &eacute;conomiquement et &eacute;cologiquement importantes. Trois &eacute;tudes ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;es pour d&eacute;terminer l&#39;h&ocirc;te usine gamme de R. indica, &agrave; l&#39;aide de la pr&eacute;sence de colonies contenant toutes les &eacute;tapes de la vie comme un indicateur des qualit&eacute;s de reproduction. Des enqu&ecirc;tes p&eacute;riodiques &agrave; la Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (Miami Dade County, Floride, USA) et les jardins botaniques royaux (Port of Spain, Trinidad et Tobago) identifi&eacute; 27 nouvelles plantes h&ocirc;te de reproduction. L&#39;aptitude de reproduction de deux esp&egrave;ces dicotyl&eacute;dones et trois esp&egrave;ces de palmiers indig&egrave;nes Florida a &eacute;t&eacute; examin&eacute;e. Une liste actualis&eacute;e des plantes h&ocirc;tes reproduction de r. indica est pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e. Tous d&eacute;clar&eacute;s reproduction h&ocirc;tes (91 esp&egrave;ces de plantes) de r. indica sont des monocotyl&eacute;dones de l&#39;ordre Arecales (Arecaceae), des Zingiberales (Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae) et Pandanales (Pandanaceae). La plupart sont des palmiers de la famille des Arecaceae originaire des r&eacute;gions de l&#39;h&eacute;misph&egrave;re oriental ; environ un quart des h&ocirc;tes signal&eacute;s sont originaire du nouveau monde et pourrait &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme de nouvelles associations h&ocirc;te de r. indica. Six ans apr&egrave;s la d&eacute;tection initiale dans les Cara&iuml;bes, r. indica a &eacute;largi sa gamme de plante h&ocirc;te. Nous rapportons ici 27 nouvel h&ocirc;te reproduction de r. indica qui repr&eacute;sentent 30 % d&#39;augmentation sur les records pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents de plante h&ocirc;te. Comme cet acarien continue &agrave; r&eacute;pandre dans la r&eacute;gion n&eacute;otropicale une grande diversit&eacute; de plantes est susceptibles d&#39;&ecirc;tre touch&eacute;e.

Accueillir l&#39;usine gamme de Raoiella indica (Acari : Tenuipalpidae) dans les zones d&#39;invasion du nouveau monde.

Raoiella Indica hat durch die neotropische Region Fleischrinder wo die Milbe &ouml;konomisch und &ouml;kologisch wichtige Pflanzen sch&auml;digt. Drei Studien wurden durchgef&uuml;hrt, um die Host Pflanze Palette von R. Indica, die Verwendung des Vorliegens der Kolonien, enth&auml;lt alle Lebensphasen als Indikator f&uuml;r reproduktive Eignung zu bestimmen. Regelm&auml;&szlig;ige Umfragen auf der Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (Miami-Dade County, FL, USA) und die Royal Botanic Gardens (Port-Of-Spain, Trinidad und Tobago) identifiziert 27 neue reproduktive Wirtspflanzen. Die reproduktive Eignung der beiden Magnoliophyta Arten und drei native Florida Palm wurde untersucht. Eine aktualisierte Liste der reproduktiven Wirtspflanzen von R. Indica wird vorgestellt. Alle gemeldeten reproduktive Hosts (91 Pflanzenarten) R. Indica geh&ouml;ren von den Auftr&auml;gen Arecales (Arecaceae), Ingwerartige (Heliconiaceae, Bananengew&auml;chse, Strelitziengew&auml;chse Ingwergew&auml;chse) und Pandanales (Pandanaceae) sind. Die meisten sind Palmen aus der Familie der Palmengew&auml;chse (Arecaceae), die im Gebiete der &ouml;stlichen Hemisph&auml;re entstanden; etwa ein Viertel der gemeldeten Gastgeber sind in der neuen Welt und neuen Host-Verb&auml;nde von R. Indica gezogen werden. Sechs Jahre nach der Erkennung in der Karibik, hat R. Indica ihre Host-Pflanze-Produktpalette erweitert. Hier berichten wir 27 neue reproduktive Host R. Indica, die 30 % Steigerung gegen&uuml;ber fr&uuml;heren Hosteintr&auml;ge Pflanze darstellen. Da diese Milbe weiter verbreitet in der neotropischen Region ist eine gro&szlig;e Vielfalt von Pflanzen potentiell betroffen.

Host Pflanze Palette von Raoiella Indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Bereichen der Invasion der neuen Welt.

Raoiella indica si &egrave; diffuso rapidamente attraverso la regione neotropicale, dove l&#39;acaro danneggia economicamente ed ecologicamente importanti piante. Tre studi sono stati condotti per determinare l&#39;host pianta gamma di R. indica, utilizzando la presenza di colonie contenenti tutte le fasi della vita come un indicatore dell&#39;idoneit&agrave; riproduttiva. Indagini periodiche presso il Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (Miami Dade County, FL, USA) e i giardini botanici reali (Port of Spain, Trinidad e Tobago) identificato 27 nuove piante ospiti riproduttiva. &Egrave; stato esaminato l&#39;idoneit&agrave; riproduttiva delle due specie di dicotiledoni e tre specie di palme Florida native. Viene presentato un elenco aggiornato delle piante ospiti riproduttiva di r. indica. Tutto segnalato riproduttivo host (91 specie vegetali) di r. indica sono monocotiledoni da ordini Arecales (Arecaceae), Zingiberales (Heliconiaceae Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae) e Pandanales (Pandanaceae). La maggior parte sono palme della famiglia Arecaceae che ha origine nelle zone dell&#39;emisfero orientale; circa un quarto degli ospiti segnalati sono nativo del nuovo mondo e potrebbe essere considerato nuove associazioni di host di r. indica. Sei anni dopo la rilevazione iniziale nel Mar dei Caraibi, r. indica ha ampliato la propria gamma di pianta ospite. Qui riportiamo 27 nuovo host riproduttiva di r. indica che rappresentano il 30% di aumento sul precedente record di pianta ospite. Come questo acaro continua diffusione nella regione neotropicale una grande diversit&agrave; di piante &egrave; potenzialmente interessate.

Ospitare impianto gamma di Raoiella indica (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae) nelle aree di invasione del nuovo mondo.

Raoiella &#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AB;&#x306F;&#x3069;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x640D;&#x5BB3;&#x8CE0;&#x511F;&#x306E;&#x7D4C;&#x6E08;&#x7684;&#x3001;&#x751F;&#x614B;&#x5B66;&#x4E0A;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x65B0;&#x71B1;&#x5E2F;&#x533A;&#x306E;&#x5730;&#x57DF;&#x3092;&#x901A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x6025;&#x901F;&#x306B;&#x5E83;&#x304C;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x306E;&#x9069;&#x5408;&#x6027;&#x306E;&#x6307;&#x6A19;&#x3068;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x30E9;&#x30A4;&#x30D5; &#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30FC;&#x30B8;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080;&#x690D;&#x6C11;&#x5730;&#x306E;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x3092;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x690D;&#x7269; R. &#x7BC4;&#x56F2;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AB;&#x3092;&#x6C7A;&#x5B9A;&#x3059;&#x308B; 3 &#x3064;&#x306E;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3092;&#x884C;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x5B9A;&#x671F;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x8ABF;&#x67FB;&#x30D5;&#x30A7;&#x30A2;&#x30C1;&#x30E3;&#x30A4;&#x30EB;&#x30C9;&#x71B1;&#x5E2F;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x5712; &#xFF08;&#x30DE;&#x30A4;&#x30A2;&#x30DF; Dade &#x90E1;&#x3001;&#x30D5;&#x30ED;&#x30EA;&#x30C0;&#x5DDE;&#x3001;&#x7C73;&#x56FD;&#xFF09; &#x3068;&#x738B;&#x7ACB;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x5712; &#xFF08;&#x30DD;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x30AA;&#x30D6;&#x30B9;&#x30DA;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x3001;&#x30C8;&#x30EA;&#x30CB;&#x30C0;&#x30FC;&#x30C9; &#x30FB; &#x30C8;&#x30D0;&#x30B4;) 27 &#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x5BBF;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x3092;&#x8B58;&#x5225;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;2 &#x53CC;&#x5B50;&#x8449;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x7A2E;&#x3068; 3 &#x30CD;&#x30A4;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x30D6; &#x30D5;&#x30ED;&#x30EA;&#x30C0; &#x30D1;&#x30FC;&#x30E0;&#x7A2E;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x306E;&#x9069;&#x5408;&#x6027;&#x3092;&#x691C;&#x8A0E;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x30AD;&#x30AB;&#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30B5;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x306E;&#x5BC4;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30EA;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x304C;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8; (91 &#x690D;&#x7269;&#x7A2E;) &#x30AD;&#x30AB;&#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30B5;&#x306E;&#x5358;&#x5B50;&#x8449;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x6CE8;&#x6587; Arecales &#xFF08;&#x30E4;&#x30B7;&#xFF09; &#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30AC;&#x76EE; &#xFF08;&#x30D8;&#x30EA;&#x30B3;&#x30CB;&#x30A2;&#x30B1;&#x30A2;&#x30A8;&#x3001;&#x30D0;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x79D1;&#x3001;&#x30B4;&#x30AF;&#x30E9;&#x30AF;&#x30C1;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30AB;&#x79D1;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30A6;&#x30AC;&#x79D1;&#xFF09; &#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073; Pandanales (&#x79D1;&#x306E;&#x6A19;&#x6E96;) &#x304B;&#x3089;&#x304C;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x307B;&#x3068;&#x3093;&#x3069;&#x5BB6;&#x65CF;&#x6771;&#x534A;&#x7403;&#x5730;&#x57DF;&#x3067;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x30E4;&#x30B7;&#x306E;&#x624B;&#x306E;&#x3072;&#x3089;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x305D; 4 &#x5206;&#x306E; 1 &#x306F;&#x3001;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x30CD;&#x30A4;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x30D6;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3001;&#x30AD;&#x30AB;&#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30B5;&#x306E;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x304C;&#x8003;&#x3048;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;6 &#x5E74;&#x5F8C;&#x3001;&#x30AB;&#x30EA;&#x30D6;&#x6D77;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x521D;&#x671F;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x30AD;&#x30AB;&#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30B5;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x5BBF;&#x4E3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x7BC4;&#x56F2;&#x3092;&#x62E1;&#x5927;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;27 &#x306E;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x306E; 30 &#xFF05; &#x306E;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x306E;&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x30EC;&#x30B3;&#x30FC;&#x30C9;&#x306E;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3092;&#x8868;&#x3059;&#x30AD;&#x30AB;&#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30B5;&#x3092;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x65B0;&#x71B1;&#x5E2F;&#x533A;&#x306E;&#x5730;&#x57DF;&#x306B;&#x5E83;&#x304C;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x7D9A;&#x3051;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x5049;&#x5927;&#x306A;&#x591A;&#x69D8;&#x6027;&#x306F;&#x6F5C;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x5F71;&#x97FF;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x30DB;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x690D;&#x7269; Raoiella &#x7BC4;&#x56F2;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AB; (&#x30C0;&#x30CB;&#x76EE;: &#x30D2;&#x30E1;&#x30CF;&#x30C0;&#x30CB;) &#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x306E;&#x4FB5;&#x7565;&#x306E;&#x5206;&#x91CE;&#x3067;&#x3002;

Raoiella indica &#xB9C8;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; &#xACBD;&#xC81C;&#xC801;, &#xC0DD;&#xD0DC;&#xD559;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC911;&#xC694; &#xD55C; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C;&#xC744; &#xC190;&#xC0C1; Neotropical &#xC601;&#xC5ED;&#xC744; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xBE60;&#xB974;&#xAC8C; &#xD655;&#xC0B0; &#xC788;&#xB2E4;. 3 &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xC0DD;&#xC2DD; &#xC801;&#xD569;&#xC131;&#xC758; &#xC9C0;&#xD45C;&#xB85C; &#xC11C; &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xC0B6;&#xC758; &#xB2E8;&#xACC4;&#xB97C; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC2DD;&#xBBFC;&#xC9C0;&#xC758; &#xC874;&#xC7AC;&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xACF5;&#xC7A5; R. &#xBC94;&#xC704; indica &#xD655;&#xC778;&#xC744; &#xC2E4;&#xC2DC; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xD398;&#xC5B4;&#xCC28;&#xC77C;&#xB4DC; &#xC5F4; &#xB300; &#xBCF4;&#xD0C0; &#xB2C9; &#xAC00;&#xB4E0; (&#xB9C8;&#xC774;&#xC560;&#xBBF8; &#xB370; &#xC774;&#xB4DC; &#xCE74;&#xC6B4;&#xD2F0;, &#xD50C;&#xB85C;&#xB9AC;&#xB2E4;, &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D;)&#xACFC; (&#xD3EC;&#xD2B8;&#xC758; &#xC2A4;&#xD398;&#xC778;, &#xD2B8;&#xB9AC; &#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xB4DC; &#xD1A0;&#xBC14;&#xACE0;) &#xC655;&#xB9BD; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C;&#xC6D0;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC8FC;&#xAE30;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; 27 &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC0DD;&#xC2DD; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xC2DD;&#xBCC4;. &#xB450; &#xAC1C;&#xC758; dicotyledonous &#xC885;&#xACFC; 3 &#xB124;&#xC774;&#xD2F0;&#xBE0C; &#xD50C;&#xB85C;&#xB9AC;&#xB2E4; &#xD31C; &#xC885;&#xC871;&#xC758; &#xC0DD;&#xC2DD; &#xC801;&#xD569;&#xC131; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. R. indica&#xC758; &#xC0DD;&#xC2DD; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C;&#xC758; &#xC5C5;&#xB370;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; &#xB41C; &#xBAA9;&#xB85D;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xC0DD;&#xC2DD; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; (91 &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xC885;) R. indica monocots &#xC8FC;&#xBB38; Arecales (Arecaceae), &#xC0DD;&#xAC15;&#xBAA9; (Heliconiaceae, &#xD30C; &#xCD08;&#xACFC;, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae)&#xC640; Pandanales (Pandanaceae)&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0;. &#xB300;&#xBD80;&#xBD84;&#xC740; &#xAC00;&#xC871;; &#xB3D9;&#xBD80; &#xBC18;&#xAD6C;&#xC758; &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC2DC;&#xC791; &#xB41C; Arecaceae&#xC758; &#xC190;&#xBC14;&#xB2E5; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC138;&#xACC4;&#xB97C; &#xB124;&#xC774;&#xD2F0;&#xBE0C;&#xC640; R. indica&#xC758; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xC5F0;&#xACB0;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xAC04;&#xC8FC; &#xB420; &#xC218;&#xC758; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0; &#xB41C; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xC758; &#xC57D; 1 4. &#xCE74;&#xB9AC;&#xBE0C;&#xD574;, &#xCD08;&#xAE30; &#xAC80;&#xC0C9; &#xD6C4; 6 &#xB144; R. indica&#xC758; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xACF5;&#xC7A5; &#xBC94;&#xC704;&#xB97C; &#xD655;&#xB300; &#xD558;&#xACE0;&#xC788;&#xB2E4;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xC774;&#xC804; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xACF5;&#xC7A5; &#xB808;&#xCF54;&#xB4DC;&#xC5D0; &#xC99D;&#xAC00;&#xC758; 30%&#xB97C; &#xB300;&#xD45C; &#xD558;&#xB294; R. indica&#xC758; 27 &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC0DD;&#xC2DD; &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0;&#xC11C;. &#xC774; &#xB9C8;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; Neotropical &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xC5D0; &#xD655;&#xC0B0; &#xB418; &#xACE0; &#xC9C0;&#xC18D;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C;&#xC758; &#xD070; &#xB2E4;&#xC591;&#xC131;&#xC744; &#xC7A0;&#xC7AC;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC601;&#xD5A5;&#xC744; &#xBC1B;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xACF5;&#xC7A5; Raoiella &#xBC94;&#xC704; indica &#xD638;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; (&#xC9C4;&#xB4DC;&#xAE30;: Tenuipalpidae) &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC138;&#xACC4;&#xC758; &#xCE68;&#xB7B5;&#xC758; &#xC601;&#xC5ED;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;.

Raoiella indica se propag&oacute; r&aacute;pidamente a trav&eacute;s de la regi&oacute;n Neotropical, donde el &aacute;caro da&ntilde;a las plantas de importancia ecol&oacute;gica y econ&oacute;mica. Se realizaron tres estudios para determinar el anfitri&oacute;n planta gama de R. indica, con la presencia de colonias que contiene todas las etapas de la vida como un indicador de la aptitud reproductiva. Las encuestas peri&oacute;dicas en el Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (Condado de Miami Dade, FL, USA) y el Real Jard&iacute;n Bot&aacute;nico (Puerto Espa&ntilde;a, Trinidad y Tobago) identificaron 27 nuevas plantas de host reproductivos. La aptitud reproductiva de dos especies de dicotiled&oacute;neas y tres especies de palmeras nativas de Florida fue examinada. Se presenta una lista actualizada de hospederas reproductiva de r. indica. Todos registrados anfitriones reproductivos (91 especies) de r. indica son las monocotiled&oacute;neas de las &oacute;rdenes Arecales (Arecaceae), Zingiberales (Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae) y Pandanales (Pandanaceae). La mayor&iacute;a son palmeras de la familia Arecaceae que se origin&oacute; en &aacute;reas del hemisferio oriental; aproximadamente una cuarta parte de los anfitriones divulgados son nativa del nuevo mundo y podr&iacute;a considerarse nuevas asociaciones de anfitri&oacute;n de r. indica. Seis a&ntilde;os despu&eacute;s de la detecci&oacute;n inicial en el Caribe, r. indica ha ampliado su gama de la planta hu&eacute;sped. Aqu&iacute; divulgamos 27 nuevo host reproductivos de r. indica que representan el 30% de aumento en anteriores registros de planta de host. Este &aacute;caro contin&uacute;a extendiendo en la regi&oacute;n Neotropical potencialmente depende de una gran diversidad de plantas.

Sede de planta gama de Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) en &aacute;reas de invasi&oacute;n del nuevo mundo.

The mutualism between xyleborine beetles in the genus Euwallacea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and members of the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) represents one of 11 known evolutionary origins of fungiculture by ambrosia beetles. Female Euwallacea beetles transport fusarial symbionts in paired mandibular mycangia from their natal gallery to woody hosts where they are cultivated in galleries as a source of food. Native to Asia, several exotic Euwallacea species were introduced into the United States and Israel within the past two decades and they now threaten urban landscapes, forests and avocado production. To assess species limits and to date the evolutionary diversification of the mutualists, we reconstructed the evolutionary histories of key representatives of the Fusarium and Euwallacea clades using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Twelve species-level lineages, termed AF 1-12, were identified within the monophyletic AFC and seven among the Fusarium-farming Euwallacea. Bayesian diversification-time estimates placed the origin of the Euwallacea-Fusarium mutualism near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary ∼19-24 Mya. Most Euwallacea spp. appear to be associated with one species of Fusarium, but two species farmed two closely related fusaria. Euwallacea sp. #2 in Miami-Dade County, Florida cultivated Fusarium spp. AF-6 and AF-8 on avocado, and Euwallacea sp. #4 farmed Fusarium ambrosium AF-1 and Fusarium sp. AF-11 on Chinese tea in Sri Lanka. Cophylogenetic analyses indicated that the Euwallacea and Fusarium phylogenies were largely incongruent, apparently due to the beetles switching fusarial symbionts (i.e., host shifts) at least five times during the evolution of this mutualism. Three cospeciation events between Euwallacea and their AFC symbionts were detected, but randomization tests failed to reject the null hypothesis that the putative parallel cladogenesis is a stochastic pattern. Lastly, two collections of Euwallacea sp. #2 from Miami-Dade County, Florida shared an identical cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) allele with Euwallacea validus, suggesting introgressive hybridization between these species and/or pseudogenous nature of this marker. Results of the present study highlight the importance of understanding the potential for and frequency of host-switching between Euwallacea and members of the AFC, and that these shifts may bring together more aggressive and virulent combinations of these invasive mutualists.

Discordant phylogenies suggest repeated host shifts in the Fusarium-Euwallacea ambrosia beetle mutualism.

We summarize the information available on ambrosia beetle species that have been associated in Florida with Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva, the primary symbiont of Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff and cause of laurel wilt. In total, 14 species in Ambrosiodmus, Euwallacea, Premnobius, Xyleborus, Xyleborinus, and Xylosandrus were either reared from laurel wilt-affected host trees or trapped in laurel wilt-affected stands of the same, and assayed for R. lauricola. In six collections from native species in the southeastern United States [Persea borbonia (L.), Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg., and Persea humilis Nash] and four from avocado (Persea americana Mill.), extracted mycangia or heads (taxa with mandibular mycangia) or intact bodies (taxa with mycangia in other locations) were surface-disinfested before assays on a semi-selective medium for the isolation of Raffaelea (CSMA+). Raffaelea lauricola was identified based on its characteristic phenotype on CSMA+, and the identity of a random subset of isolates was confirmed with taxon-specific microsatellite markers. The pathogen was recovered from 34% (246 of 726) of the individuals that were associated with the native Persea spp., but only 6% (58 of 931) of those that were associated with avocado. Over all studies, R. lauricola was recovered from 10 of the ambrosia beetle species, but it was most prevalent in Xyleborus congeners. This is the first record of R. lauricola in Ambrosiodmus lecontei Hopkins, Xyleborinus andrewesi (Blandford), and Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff. The potential effects of R. lauricola's promiscuity are discussed.

Presence and Prevalence of Raffaelea lauricola, Cause of Laurel Wilt, in Different Species of Ambrosia Beetle in Florida, USA.

Laurel wilt is a disease threatening the avocado industry in Florida. The causative agent of the disease is a fungus vectored by ambrosia beetles that bore into the trees. Until recently, management strategies for the vectors of the laurel wilt fungus relied solely on chemical control and sanitation practices. Beneficial entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are the most common and prevalent natural enemies of pathogen vectors. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that commercial strains of EPF can increase the mortality of the primary vector, , and potential alternative vectors, ,  and  (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Our study provides baseline data for three formulated commercially-available entomopathogenic fungi used as potential biocontrol agents against ,  and  The specific objectives were to determine: (1) the mean number of viable spores acquired per beetle species adult after being exposed to formulated fungal products containing different strains of EPF (,  and ); and (2) the median and mean survival times using paper disk bioassays. Prior to being used in experiments, all fungal suspensions were adjusted to 2.4 &times; 10⁶ viable spores/mL. The number of spores acquired by  was significantly higher after exposure to , compared to the other fungal treatments. For , the numbers of spores acquired per beetle were significantly different amongst the different fungal treatments, and the sequence of spore acquisition rates on  from highest to lowest was  >  > . After  beetles were exposed to the different suspensions, the rates of acquisition of spores per beetle amongst the different fungal treatments were similar. Survival estimates (data pooled across two tests) indicated an impact for each entomopathogenic fungus per beetle species after exposure to a filter paper disk treated at the same fungal suspension concentration. Kaplan⁻Meier analysis (censored at day 7) revealed that each beetle species survived significantly shorter in bioassays containing disks treated with EPF compared to water only. This study demonstrated that ambrosia beetles associated with the laurel wilt pathogen in avocados are susceptible to infection by EPF under laboratory conditions. However, the EPF needs to be tested under field conditions to confirm their efficacy against the beetles.

Spore Acquisition and Survival of Ambrosia Beetles Associated with the Laurel Wilt Pathogen in Avocados after Exposure to Entomopathogenic Fungi.

Ambrosia beetles harbor fungal symbionts that serve as food sources for larvae and adults. These beetles lay their eggs along tunnels in xylem sapwood, which is the substrate for fungal growth. Symbiotic fungi of the genus Raffaelea found in invasive and indigenous ambrosia beetles include the highly virulent plant pathogen Raffaelea lauricola affecting members of the Lauraceae family. R. lauricola is responsible for the deaths of > 500 million trees since 2005. Infection by as few as 100 spores can kill a healthy tree within months. Our data show that R. lauricola is cold-adapted with optimal growth between 16 and 26 °C, with little to no growth at temperatures ≥ 30 °C. The fungus is halophilic and shows a dramatic decrease in growth at pH ≥ 6.8. Fungicide resistance profiling revealed sensitivity of R. lauricola to prochloraz, dichlorofluanid, most conazoles, dithiocarbamates, and zineb (zinc fungicide), whereas the related species Raffaelea arxii showed more limited fungicide sensitivity. Entomopathogenic fungi potentially useful for beetle control were generally highly resistant to most fungicides tested. Coupling pH decreased the concentration for 95% inhibition of fungal growth (IC) of the most potent R. lauricola fungicides by 3-4-fold. Use of avocado bark plug insect bioassays revealed that commercially available Beauveria bassiana can be used as a biological control agent capable of effectively killing the beetle vectors. These data provide simple and practical recommendations to specifically target R. lauricola while having minimal effects on other symbiotic and entomopathogenic fungi, the latter of which can be used to manage the beetle vectors.

Identification of the Achilles heels of the laurel wilt pathogen and its beetle vector.

The lychee erinose mite (LEM),  (Keifer) is a serious pest of lychee ( Sonn.). LEM causes a type of gall called 'erineum' (abnormal felty growth of trichomes from the epidermis), where it feeds, reproduces and protects itself from biotic and abiotic adversities. In February of 2018, LEM was found in a commercial lychee orchard on Pine Island, Florida. Infestations were recorded on young leaves, stems, and inflorescences of approximately 30 young trees (1.5-3.0 yrs.) of three lychee varieties presenting abundant new growth. Although LEM is present in Hawaii, this mite is a prioritized quarantine pest in the continental USA and its territories. Florida LEM specimens showed small morphological differences from the original taxonomic descriptions of Keifer (1943) and Huang (2008). The observed differences are probably an artifact of the drawings in the original descriptions. Molecular comparisons were conducted on the DNA of LEM specimens from India, Hawaii, Brazil, Taiwan, Australia and Florida. The amplified COI fragment showed very low nucleotide variation among the locations and thus, could be used for accurate LEM identification. The ITS1 sequences and partial 5.8S fragments displayed no nucleotide differences for specimens from any of the locations except Australia. Consistent differences were observed in the ITS2 and 28S fragments. The ITS1-ITS2 concatenated phylogeny yielded two lineages, with Australia in one group and Hawaii, India, Brazil, Florida and Taiwan in another. Specimens from Taiwan and Florida present identical ITS and rDNA segments, suggesting a common origin; however, analysis of additional sequences is needed to confirm the origin of the Florida population.

Rita Duncan

IFAS,
Tropical Research and Education Center,
IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center

University of Florida

Sieving Fruit Pulp to Detect Immature Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Field

Rita Duncan

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}IFAS,Tropical Research and Education Center,IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center

University of Florida

Sieving Fruit Pulp to Detect Immature Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Field

IFAS,
Tropical Research and Education Center,
IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center