Chapter 20
The Special Senses
特殊感官简介
Humans have five special senses—vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium. All these senses have anatomically distinct receptors to detect ...
眼睛的附属结构
The accessory structures of the eyes protect and support the eye but are not directly involved in vision.
Eyebrows, ...
眼球的解剖结构
The eyeball is a hollow fluid-filled structure composed of three layers—the fibrous, vascular, and inner layers.
The superficial fibrous layer has ...
眼睛中的光线聚焦
In a normal human eye, as light rays enter, they bend at the cornea, and the lens, to form an inverted image on the retina. The extent to which rays ...
光感受器和视觉通路
The retina contains two major types of photoreceptors— rods and cones.
Their inner segment, which contains most cell organelles, is situated in the ...
嗅觉受体:位置和结构
The olfactory organ is situated on the roof of the nasal cavity. It covers the superior nasal concha on each side of the nasal septum.
It consists of the ...
嗅觉生理学和嗅觉通路
The olfactory organs are responsible for the olfaction or sense of smell.
The process of olfaction begins as olfactory cilia capture the odorant ...
味蕾和受体
Taste buds—the sensory organs of the taste—are oval-shaped structures consisting of two major types of epithelial cells.
Gustatory epithelial ...
味觉生理学
Taste physiology begins when the tastants — the chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells — dissolve in saliva, diffuse through the ...
耳朵的解剖结构
The human ear has three important regions— external, middle, and internal.
The external ear consists of the cartilaginous auricle and the auditory ...
听觉通路
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory ...
平衡与平衡
The body position and balance are detected by specialized organs in the inner ear. These include the utricle and saccule of the vestibule and the ...
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