13.7 : 影响呼吸的因素

Various factors influence respiratory rate, depth, and movement.

The respiratory rate decreases with age, ranging from thirty to sixty breaths per minute in newborns, which is higher than the average adult rate.

Exercise increases respiratory rate and depth to meet the body's oxygen needs.

Pain reduces inspiratory effort, increasing the respiratory rate and decreasing the respiratory depth.

Anxiety can increase respiratory depth and rate.

Chronic smoking alters the pulmonary airways, increasing the respiratory rate even when not smoking.

Body posture affects the respiratory rate. An erect posture enables full chest expansion, whereas a stooped position or lying flat prevents full chest expansion. 

Medications such as bronchodilators and sedatives decrease the respiratory rate and depth. However, amphetamines and cocaine may increase respiratory rate and depth.

Hemoglobin function alters respiration.

For example, a rise in hemoglobin levels, such as at high altitudes, increases the respiratory rate and depth. A reduction in hemoglobin levels, such as anemia, also increases respiratory rates.