31.27 : Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after menstruation begins.

Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, leading to inflammation, pain, scarring, and potentially infertility. Symptoms typically involve severe menstrual pain, dyspareunia, and dyschezia.

Breast cancer is a significant risk for women, particularly after menopause. It can be influenced by several factors such as family history, late childbirth, previous breast cancer, radiation exposure, excessive alcohol intake, and hormonal therapy. Various treatment options exist, including hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, lumpectomy, or mastectomy.

Ovarian cancer, while not as common, is the deadliest gynecological cancer due to the difficulty of early detection. Risk factors include age, family history, prolonged ovulation periods, late first pregnancy, and possibly poor diet.

Cervical cancer affects the cervix and can usually be detected early via a Pap test. In most cases, it is caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV vaccination significantly reduces its risk.

Lastly, Vulvovaginal Candidiasis is a common form of vaginitis caused by Candida albicans, a yeast-like fungus. Symptoms include severe itching, thick, white, clumpy discharge, yeasty odor.