Kohlberg's theory of moral development uses the Heinz dilemma — a thought experiment in which a man, Heinz, must decide whether to steal an unaffordable drug to save his dying wife — to illustrate the evolution of moral reasoning. This framework, divided into three levels with two stages, highlights how individuals' understanding of right and wrong becomes increasingly complex.

Pre-Conventional Level

At the pre-conventional level, morality is primarily driven by personal consequences. In Stage 1, Obedience and Punishment, actions are judged based on avoiding negative outcomes. For example, a child might argue that Heinz should not steal the drug because he could go to jail, associating the action with punishment. Stage 2, Individual Interest, shifts the focus to personal benefits. A child at this stage might reason that Heinz should steal the drug because saving his wife benefits him.

Conventional Level

As individuals mature, societal expectations and relationships shape their moral reasoning. Stage 3, Interpersonal Relationships, emphasizes social roles and approval. Someone might argue that Heinz should steal the drug to fulfill societal expectations of a good husband, demonstrating care for his wife. Stage 4, Law and Order, values, rules, and societal stability. From this perspective, Heinz should not steal because breaking the law disrupts the order that benefits society.

Post-Conventional Level

The post-conventional level represents the most advanced moral reasoning, focusing on universal values and principles. In Stage 5, Social Contract, decisions balance individual rights with the greater societal good. For instance, someone might argue that saving a life precedes property rights, justifying Heinz's theft. In Stage 6, Universal Ethical Principles, morality is guided by fundamental principles such as justice and equality. From this standpoint, Heinz should not steal, as it violates the principle of fairness, even if it results in personal loss.

Kohlberg's theory demonstrates the progression of moral reasoning, though not all individuals reach the post-conventional stages. The Heinz dilemma is a valuable tool for examining these shifts and the complexity of ethical decision-making.