视网膜血流小鼠活体视频显微镜测量

摘要

Intravital microscopy can be used in animals to visualize and measure retinal vascular diameters, bloodstream velocities, and total retinal blood flow.

摘要

Alterations in retinal blood flow can contribute to, or be a consequence of, ocular disease and visual dysfunction. Therefore, quantitation of altered perfusion can aid research into the mechanisms of retinal pathologies. Intravital video microscopy of fluorescent tracers can be used to measure vascular diameters and bloodstream velocities of the retinal vasculature, specifically the arterioles branching from the central retinal artery and of the venules leading into the central retinal vein. Blood flow rates can be calculated from the diameters and velocities, with the summation of arteriolar flow, and separately venular flow, providing values of total retinal blood flow. This paper and associated video describe the methods for applying this technique to mice, which includes 1) the preparation of the eye for intravital microscopy of the anesthetized animal, 2) the intravenous infusion of fluorescent microspheres to measure bloodstream velocity, 3) the intravenous infusion of a high molecular weight fluorescent dextran, to aid the microscopic visualization of the retinal microvasculature, 4) the use of a digital microscope camera to obtain videos of the perfused retina, and 5) the use of image processing software to analyze the video. The same techniques can be used for measuring retinal blood flow rates in rats.

引言

The retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body, and consequently requires a generous blood supply. Two separate circulations meet this demand: the choroidal circulation for the outer portion of the retina, and the retinal circulation for the inner portion of the retina. Investigations of retinal perfusion are imperative for understanding the pathological mechanisms and consequences of diabetic retinopathy, oxygen-induced retinopathy, retinal artery or vein occlusion, and stroke. Several methods have been employed to quantify retinal blood flow, with each technique having its advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and assumptions. Among these techniques are infusion of 7-8 μm diameter microspheres that lodge in precapillary arterioles^1,2, quantitative autoradiography^3,4, optical microangiopathy-optical coherence tomography^5,6, magnetic resonance imaging^7,8, and intravital video microscopy^9-16. Advantages of the latter include direct live visualization of retinal vessels and flow, a dependence on only a few minor assumptions, and affordability for labs having a fluorescence microscope with an attached video camera. In previous studies of intravital video microscopy^9-16, fluorescent dextran has been used as a plasma marker, and fluorescently labeled red blood cells (from a donor animal) have been used as velocity markers. In the current protocol, 1.9-μm diameter fluorescently labeled microspheres, instead of red blood cells, are used to measure velocity, with this alteration negating the need for a blood cell donor.

研究方案

The procedures involving the use of animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of LSUHSC-S and performed according to the criteria outlined by the National Institutes of Health.

1. Preparation of Perfusion Solutions

1. Sonicate a 1% (by weight) stock solution of 1.9 µm diameter microspheres.
2. Withdraw ~25-30 x 10⁶ green fluorescent microspheres (that is, ~10 µl of the stock solution) into a 300 µl syringe. Dilute the microspheres by withdrawing an additional 240 µl of saline into the syringe.
3. Prepare a 50 µl solution of 2 x 10⁶ molecular weight fluorescent dextran dissolved in sterile saline, with the injected dose in the range of 3-10 mg/kg. Keep the dextran covered in aluminum foil until time for its infusion.

2. Animal Anesthesia and Vascular Cannulation

1. Anesthetize the animal for surgical insertion of vascular cannulas and for stationary positioning under a microscope objective. Many choices of anesthetic protocols are available, with various advantages and disadvantages, and potential effects on systemic parameters. Among the many different choices are a combination of ketamine (100-150 mg/kg), xylazine (10 mg/kg), and acepromazine (2 mg/kg), or a combination of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (50 mg/kg).  The described procedures are acute and conclude with euthanasia induced by an overdose of pentobarbital (150 mg/kg) followed by a thoracotomy; inclusion of an analgesic is not necessary for the terminal procedure.
2. Maintain a heating pad underneath the animal for the remainder of the experiment.
3. Keep the eyes moist with phosphate buffered saline during the subsequent surgical insertions of vascular cannulas.
4. Prepare a vascular cannula for subsequent infusions of fluorescent tracers. A 20 cm length of polyethylene tubing (for example, 0.28 mm inside diameter; 0.61 mm outside diameter) is placed on the tip of a syringe needle, with the sharp end of the needle broken off beforehand by bending back and forth with a hemostat.
5. Fill a syringe and tubing with heparinized (25 U/ml) saline.
6. Shave one side of the lower abdomen and make an incision to expose the femoral vein.
7. To cannulate the femoral vein, tie off the vessel with a 5.0 suture, make a partial incision of the vessel (approximately one-half the vessel diameter), and insert the tubing into the vessel, securing the tubing with the suture tied around the cannulated section.

3. Preparation for Intravital Microscopy

1. Dilate the pupil of the eye with a drop of 1% tropicamide ophthalmic solution followed by a drop of 2.5% hypromellose ophthalmic solution.
2. Cover the eye with a 5 mm glass coverslip.
3. Place the animal on a plexiglass board, which will be positioned underneath the microscope objective of an upright microscope. Strategically place surgical gauze underneath the head to allow a direct axis through the objective to the central retina and optic disk.
4. Focus through the microscope on the optic disk, finding the disk with a low power 4X objective and using a fluorescein filter.

4. Infusion of Fluorescent Microspheres to Measure Velocities

1. Using a 4X objective, focus on the retina with the optic disk in the center of the field of view.
2. Infuse the fluorescent microsphere solution at a rate of 250 µl/min/kg.
3. Video-record the viewable retina around the optic disk, using a camera exposure time of ~8 msec.
4. Stop the microsphere infusion when a sufficient duration of video has been recorded (1-2 min); some microsphere solution likely will remain unused.

5. Infusion of a Fluorescent Plasma Marker to Measure Diameters

1. Using a 4X objective, focus on the retina with the optic disk in the center of the field of view.
2. Infuse the prepared solution of fluorescent dextran into the femoral vein as a bolus over ~5 sec, while video-recording. This video will help determine the identity of the arterioles vs venules, with the arterioles being perfused first. Perform this step with the camera exposure time set to ~8 msec, although the precise exposure time is not critical.
3. Switch to a 10X objective and 20-40 msec exposure time for improved resolution to video each of the 4-7 arterioles and 4-7 venules in the superficial retina. Focus on (and video-record) approximately one quadrant of the viewable retina at a time, with the center of the optic disk in one corner of the field of view. An attempt should be made to minimize the time that the microscope light illuminates the tissue to reduce the possibility of light/dye-induced phototoxicity¹⁷.

6. Video Analysis

1. Using a micrometer scale, calibrate the video system for a conversion of µm/pixel.
2. With image processing software, play back the recorded video.
3. From the video of the bolus infusion of fluorescent dextran, identify arterioles vs venules.
4. For each of the 4-7 arterioles and 4-7 venules recorded with the 10X objective, measure the diameters filled with fluorescent dextran, averaging 5 measures of diameter per vessel along the viewable length.
5. For each of the same arterioles and venules, measure the streak length of the fluorescent microspheres, using 10 successive microsphere streaks in each vessel to avoid selection bias. Divide the streak lengths by the exposure time to calculate the microsphere velocity, for example, 160 µm/8 msec = 20 µm/msec = 2 cm/sec. Average the 10 velocities per vessel.
6. Calculate the volumetric flow rate for each vessel with the following equation: flow = mean velocity × π × diameter²/4.
7. Sum the arteriolar flow rates, and separately the venular flow rates, to obtain total retinal blood flow.

结果

Figure 1 shows single frames of video from an experiment, with panels A-D and F-I showing fluorescent microsphere streaks captured with a 4X objective and 8 msec exposure time (and binning 2 x 2 pixels to reduce the video file size). Figure 1E shows the orientation of the retinal vessels in the other panels of the figure. Not every frame of video will have a fluorescent streak in focus; however, some frames may have multiple streaks for use in the analysis (e.g. p...

讨论

This technique of intravital video microscopy can be applied not only to mice, but also to rats. This protocol relies on only several assumptions, but is limited to use under anesthesia and with pupil dilation as we have described it. The other assumptions and limitations are as follows:

1. Assumption of minimal optical magnification error resulting from the refractive nature of the eye. As described by others^18-20, the method of filling the space between the cornea ...

材料

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Fluorescent microspheres	Bangs Laboratories	FS04F/10584 (green)
High molecular weight fluorescent dextran	Molecular Probes	D-7137 (green); D-7139 (red)
Microscope system	Nikon	Eclipse E600FN + attachments
4X objective	Nikon	Plan Fluor 4X	numerical aperture 0.13; working distance 17.2 mm
10X objective	Nikon	Plan 10X	numerical aperture 0.25; working distance 10.5 mm
Tropicamide ophthalmic solution	Bausch Lomb	1% Tropicamide
Hypromellose ophthalmic solution	HUB Pharmaceuticals	2.5% Goniovisc
Image processing software	University of California San Francisco Vale Lab	Micro-Manager
Digital video camera for microscopy	Photometrics	CoolSnap ES	1392 x 1040 pixel resolution; pixel size 6.45 x 6.45 μm