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本文内容

  • 摘要
  • 摘要
  • 引言
  • 研究方案
  • 结果
  • 讨论
  • 披露声明
  • 致谢
  • 材料
  • 参考文献
  • 转载和许可

摘要

一种用于制造和执行增强拉曼光谱(SERS)法检测化学污染物如农药福美铁和氨苄青霉素)的基于过滤器表面的程序提出。

摘要

We demonstrate a method to fabricate highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) substrates using a filter syringe system that can be applied to the detection of various chemical contaminants. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are synthesized via reduction of silver nitrate by sodium citrate. Then the NPs are aggregated by sodium chloride to form nanoclusters that could be trapped in the pores of the filter membrane. A syringe is connected to the filter holder, with a filter membrane inside. By loading the nanoclusters into the syringe and passing through the membrane, the liquid goes through the membrane but not the nanoclusters, forming a SERS-active membrane. When testing the analyte, the liquid sample is loaded into the syringe and flowed through the Ag NPs coated membrane. The analyte binds and concentrates on the Ag NPs coated membrane. Then the membrane is detached from the filter holder, air dried and measured by a Raman instrument. Here we present the study of the volume effect of Ag NPs and sample on the detection sensitivity as well as the detection of 10 ppb ferbam and 1 ppm ampicillin using the developed assay.

引言

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)是拉曼光谱与纳米技术相结合的技术。在贵金属的金属纳米表面分析物的拉曼散射的强度是由局域型表面等离子体共振大大增强。1银纳米颗粒(银纳米颗粒)是目前最广泛使用的SERS衬底 ​​,由于其高的增强能力。2截止到目前,银纳米颗粒的各种合成方法已被开发出来。3-6的Ag纳米颗粒可单独使用作为有效的SERS衬底 ​​,或与其它材料和结构组合,以提高其敏感性和/或功能性。7-11

SERS技术已经证明用于检测食品和环境样品的各种微量污染物的容量大12传统上,存在用于制备SERS样品两种常用方法:溶液和基于基片的方法13 基于溶液的方法具D使用NP胶体与样品混合。然后将NP-分析物复合使用离心收集,并沉积到干燥后的拉曼测定的固体载体上。基于基板的方法,通常是通过沉积液体试样的数微升到预制固体基材施加14然而,无论是这两种方法都是大量的样品体积的有效和适用的。所述SERS测定的几种修饰克服了体积限制,例如作为集成过滤器系统15-21的或微流体装置的掺入21-24的改性SERS测定表明,在灵敏度和可行性极大增强用于监测化学污染物在大型水样。

在这里,我们证明制造和注射过滤器基于SERS方法的应用程序的详细的协议来检测农药福美铁和抗生素氨苄青霉素的微量。

研究方案

1.银纳米粒子合成15

  1. 溶解在100毫升的超纯水(18.2ΩU)和涡流18毫克硝酸银5秒。
  2. 溶解在1毫升水中并涡旋27毫克柠檬酸钠二水合物,持续5秒。
  3. 传输所有制备的硝酸银溶液到含有搅拌棒的锥形烧瓶中,并把该烧瓶上的磁热板上。加热在约350℃下用700rpm的搅拌速度在剧烈搅拌下将烧瓶(在板设定温度)。
  4. 当煮沸后,立即添加所有制备的柠檬酸钠溶液的锥形瓶中,并离开该溶液煮沸额外25分钟,直到溶液变成褐绿色,这表明银纳米颗粒的形成。
  5. 从热点板块中取出烧瓶,并把它放在另一个磁板(不加热),搅拌O / N在室温相同的搅拌速度,直到混合物达到一个稳定的状态,具有稳定的色彩和TRANsparency。使用紫外 - 可见分光计确定处理的银纳米粒子的吸光度如果必要的。
  6. 稀释用超纯水的最终混合物至100ml。
  7. 使用用Zetasizer根据制造商的协议,如果需要测量的Ag纳米颗粒的尺寸。
  8. 转移的Ag胶体到密封容器中,用铝箔避光。如果需要的胶体可以储存在冰箱中于4-7℃下2个月。

2. SERS有源滤波器膜的制备

  1. 在100ml水中溶解2.92克氯化钠(NaCl),以使的50mM NaCl溶液。
  2. 加入1ml的5mM的NaCl溶液加入到1毫升制备的Ag纳米颗粒的和在20rpm在章动混合器它们混合10分钟。这一步是聚集的Ag纳米颗粒成银纳米簇。
  3. 滤膜(PVDF,0.1微米孔径大小)放入一个过滤器保持器,其可附连到注射器中。较小的孔径的膜为FOUND比诱捕银纳米团簇,并产生一致的信号,较大孔径的膜即0.22微米)更有效。
  4. 负载2毫升制备的Ag纳米团簇到注射器过滤。过滤器保持器连接到注射器,并通过该膜以1滴/秒的流速手动传递的Ag团簇的整个体积。膜陷阱的Ag纳米簇,形成了SERS活性滤膜。
  5. 从分离的过滤器支架滤膜。用一对镊子的,以确保在膜没有损坏保持在所述外轮缘的膜时需要特别小心。空气干燥载玻片上约3分钟,并发生膜。
  6. 拉曼检测的SERS基质的
    1. 拉曼仪器设定为780nm的波长的激光与5毫瓦,的2.1秒和曝光数设置微观目标为10X曝光时间的激光功率。确保软件上的目标是相应地设置了。
    2. 放置在顶部的膜的玻璃载片上的拉曼仪器的平台,并使用显微镜聚焦在膜的表面上。
    3. 随机选择从膜表面8-10点,仪器会自动按顺序收集它们。在制造商的软件进行分析开放光谱数据。

为了检测化学污染物3. SERS有源滤波器系统中的应用

  1. 准备一个10 ppb的福美铁的解决方案。
    注意:福美铁是极不稳定。使用注意事项(口罩,护目镜)称重固体时。
    1. 称量2mg的福美铁粉末和将其溶解在20毫升50%的乙腈(10毫升乙腈和10毫升水),以使储液(100 ppm的)。 VORTEX烧瓶,持续30秒。
    2. 取1毫升的100ppm福美铁溶液的试管中,并添加9毫升50%乙腈作10ppm的溶液。涡流管,持续5秒。
    3. 取1毫升的在试管中10ppm的溶液,并添加9毫升50%乙腈作1ppm的溶液。涡流管,持续5秒。
    4. 取1毫升1 ppm的溶液的试管中,并添加9毫升50%乙腈作为100ppb溶液。涡流管,持续5秒。
    5. 取1毫升100ppb的溶液的试管中,并添加9毫升50%乙腈作10ppb的溶液。涡流管,持续5秒。
  2. 准备1 ppm的氨苄青霉素的解决方案。
    1. 称重10毫克氨苄青霉素粉末和将其溶解在100毫升水至100 ppm的氨苄青霉素溶液。 VORTEX烧瓶,持续30秒。
    2. 取1毫升的100ppm溶液的试管中,并可加9个毫升水中做出10ppm的氨苄青霉素溶液。涡流管,持续5秒。
    3. 取1毫升10ppm的溶液的试管中,并可加9个毫升水中,制成1 ppm的氨苄青霉素溶液。涡流管,持续5秒。
  3. 把过滤膜回过滤器保持器,与NP涂覆面朝上。
  4. 负载5毫升单样品到一个新的注射器,然后将其附加到与银涂覆的隔膜内的过滤器保持器。
  5. 手动穿过膜以1滴/秒的流速通过样品的整个体积。靶分子可以吸附并浓缩到涂在过滤器膜上的纳米颗粒。
  6. 分离从过滤器保持器,空气干燥滤膜约3分钟,并用使用相同的方法,在步骤2.6中所述的拉曼仪器测量的信号。
  7. 重复步骤2.2至2.6,制备另一银涂层的薄膜,并从步骤3.3用于检测其他样品的遵循。

结果

本实验的主要步骤的示意图图1)中被示出。 图2展示了重要性以使用在膜包衣AGNPS的优化量以达到最大化灵敏度。 1毫升的Ag纳米颗粒的使用福美铁时提供最强信号相比,至0.5毫升(涂层不足)或2毫升(太多涂层)。

我们能够为1ppm以极大的信号强度由开发基于滤波器的SERS测定( 图1)来...

讨论

其中一个在这个协议中的关键步骤是银纳米粒子合成,其中统一银纳米粒子是一致的结果的关键。加热时间和前体的浓度必须被精确地控制。此AGNPS制备的平均粒径为80纳米,它是由激光粒度仪测得的(数据未显示)。另一个关键步骤是该盐聚合,其中盐的浓度和聚合时间必须精确地控制。此外,膜的选择也是关键的,因为具有较小的孔径的膜被发现更有效的捕集的Ag纳米团簇。在这项研究中所用?...

披露声明

The authors have nothing to disclose.

致谢

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under Grant Award Number 2010-ST-061-FD0001 through a grant awarded by the National Center for Food Protection and Defense at the University of Minnesota. Disclaimer: The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security or the National Center for Food Protection and Defense.

材料

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
AmpicillinFisher ScientificBP1760-5N/A
FerbamChem ServiceN-11970-250MG98+%
Silver nitrateSigma Aldrich20913999.0+%
Sodium citrate dehydrateSigma AldrichW30260099+%
Sodium chlorideSigma AldrichS765399.5+%
EMD Millipore Durapore PVDF Membrane FiltersFisher ScientificVVLP013000.10 µm Pore Size, hydrophilic
Polycarbonate Filter HoldersCole-ParmerEW-29550-4013 mm diameter
Analog Vortex MixerFisher Scientific02-215-365N/A
Nutating MixersFisher Scientific05-450-213N/A
DXR Raman spectroscopeThermo ScientificIQLAADGABFFAHCMAPBLaser power: 1 mW
Exposure time: 5 sec

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