我们感谢参加在波士顿儿童医院（CHB）的儿童和家庭，所有的工作人员，特别要感谢的MRI技术人员，没有他们，我们的研究无法进行。我们特别感谢参与阿诺德CYR和帮助我们的影片拍摄期间和运营经理帕特里夏迪瓦恩在慢性乙型肝炎沃尔瑟姆。在麻省理工学院的Athinoula A. Martinos影像中心在MR图像采集和分析，交流经验的研究和技术人员表示感谢。 这项研究是由查尔斯H.胡德基金会，波士顿儿童医院的试点授予和瑞士国家基金会（核磁共振）

我们纳入一个完整的神经影像学协议，旨在指导与年仅4岁的清醒的儿童在神经影像学会议的研究人员和临床医生一般实验测试准则，以及MRI 检查的具体办法12-23。首先，我们的目标是强调一般测试适应MRI检查的指导方针。第二，我们提供了一个动手，我们的神经影像学协议一步一步的说明。在我们的经验，大约2.5小时的单的会议（包括45-60分钟的最大成像时间），是足够的培训和指导孩子通过神经影像学会议。 一般准则儿科人群，一般准则和建议如何以最佳方式工作年纪较小的儿童在每一个测试会话，应考虑24。我们强调舒适性，适宜性和动机（CAM），并提供对这些概念的定义。 （三） 被定义为 舒适： 舒适的最小化和安全是最大的威胁的感觉在成像会议涉及的一个年轻的参与者的情绪状态。 环境 ：在与其他研究组19,20中，我们考虑模拟扫描面积开始神经影像学会议的理想场所。理想的情况下，一个模拟扫描仪领域复制实际的核磁共振室，磁共振扫描仪，在最大程度上（例如，包括一个模拟的磁共振扫描仪镜像实际的磁共振扫描仪的外观和声音产生 ） 20。这间客房提供实际的核磁共振室相同的设备（如响应工具）。如果没有一个静态的磁场，它是一个安全的地方，在一个适合儿童的方式的儿童熟悉的成像过程。模拟扫描仪领域，可以设计一个儿童友好的方式加入动物标本，在房间里放置一些玩具（不太多，因为这可能会分散注意力），有父母和兄弟姐妹坐在儿童尺寸的椅子和桌子，提供一些家长认可的小吃和饮料。我们进一步提供贴纸图表，一个孩子的结构性脑图像的CD，和一个宝箱，礼券和其他小奖品的孩子。 家人和朋友 ：促进一个神经影像学会议期间积极参与的方法之一是鼓励参加计划的儿童，邀请他们的家庭，兄弟姐妹和朋友或给自己带来的毛绒动物或玩具。此外，儿童和他们的父母应该允许选择是否希望有一个父目前在磁共振成像功能磁共振成像实验期间的房间。 服装 ：服装没有金属片（例如，按钮或拉链）是强制性的。儿童可能更喜欢穿自己的服装。然而，如果需要，应适当的服装（如医院袍）。作为培训和MRI室可进行冷，毯子可能会提供孩子额外的舒适。 （ 一 ）：相关的得体介绍了目前在年龄组的神经影像学会议，活动和材料研究的框架和上下文。 术语 ：小儿神经影像学会议期间所使用的术语和做法应慎重选择。这样做可避免误解或一个可怕的气氛。不适当的条款，例如，包括以下内容：“ 这是非常响亮，但它不会伤害你”或“你是如何在机器内部做 ，这是建议使用积极的语言，容易被儿童理解和解决吗 ？ 。直接的潜在问题，避免某些短语可以有利的会议，并建议选择适合儿童的专业术语（如“大脑相机”而不是“核磁共振机”，“相机点击”而不是“扫描仪噪音”等）。 误解 ：一个重要的目标是尽快澄清孩子的误解约成像在神经影像学会议。一个容易理解的研究描述应传达访问之前，可在神经影像学会议开始重复。 响应工具 ：适当的参与者的年龄，使用特定的响应工具已被证明是有益的25。作为一个例子，它使用各种仪器（如耳机，响应按钮，眼动仪，等）时，重要的是使用那些在大小和形状适合儿童。这些仪器应仔细定位，使孩子不瓦特iggle和移动，企图达到的响应设备。 情感状态 ：在每一个测试会话中，它是必不可少的敏感参与者的情感状态。儿童可能并不总是表达自己的感情很容易，但焦虑，无聊或挫折，需要予以承认，并及时 7,24处理。关注直接和需要解决的问题都需要在一个适合儿童的方式提出。 灵活的方法 ：强烈建议每个孩子的具体需求，并留有足够的时间作出灵活的方式（如可选的帮助，取决于孩子，额外的培训课程，允许足够的时间为神经影像学会议等）。 （男）动机： 动机描述参与者愿意积极合作，在给定的研究环境 。 儿童友好的主题 ：我们推荐使用一个有趣的主题，整个神经影像学会议指导儿童（如冒险故事） 。这样做，孩子们成为投资和从事活动的顺序。此外，一个主题可以让研究团队有机会建立一个儿童友好的方式在所有实验和任务范式（如使用卡通人物）。 传统与虚拟的不干胶图表 ：贴纸图表是众所周知的，作为一种工具，有助于激发孩子一个会话内完成不同的实验。一个虚拟的贴纸图表是类似于传统的贴纸图表，但可以证明（通过投影机）孩子的磁共振扫描仪内。作为一个例子，我们使用一个虚拟的贴纸图表后游戏的孩子们的“滑道和梯子 ”，其中的参与者必须找到回家的路（这只能完成实验任务取得）为蓝本。这不仅是孩子的乐趣，但它给每次运行之后的研究团队的时间（一个实验任务的图像采集时间），以准备下一次。 行动方针小儿神经影像学第一节：准备工作 1）神经影像学会议之前的神经影像学会议的筹备工作，参与家庭提供信息通过打印或在线媒体，其中包含年龄适当的描述，提供了研究的内容和细节的预览。 小儿神经影像学第二节：培训（约1小时） 2）欢迎文书：小儿神经影像学会议开始在模拟扫描仪领域的研究小组，其中参与的孩子，家人和朋友表示欢迎。审查机构审查委员会（IRB）的形式（例如，同意和同意的形式），磁共振扫描仪检查的形式，和报销手续，这是确保的神经影像学会议的范围明确为孩子和家长。 3）（F）MRI介绍：模拟扫描仪领域介绍给孩子和家长包括一个短的描述，模拟扫描仪响应工具和神经影像学会议期间使用的其他材料。数码相机可以用来解释一个普通相机拍摄的图片和“大脑相机”（核磁共振成像扫描仪）工程。清晰和模糊的图片的例子证明上的照片或图片的质量运动的影响（见图1）。通过使用可选的游戏，如“冻结​​游戏”或“雕像游戏”，限制行动可以说明。这些游戏要求孩子仍然留很短的时间内（如冰雕或雕像）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1309/1309fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。 （一）夏普及（B）模糊的照片可以用来证明的运动图像质量的影响。 4）实验：在介绍实验任务之一就可以开始用短愉快的活动。接下来，使用的模拟扫描仪慢慢成立。 5.1）短片：在这个实验中的一个儿童友好的主题是添加到神经影像学会议。孩子们在飞船的冒险游戏，这是由一个简短的电影介绍的主角，引导孩子通过所有的实验。 5.2）的实验任务/“游戏”：模拟扫描仪的使用纳入分步进行：（1）说明，而孩子是坐在商务部k扫描器床;（2）的说明重复使用该镜在电脑屏幕的印刷卡片;（3）最初的几个例子是，该研究小组的帮助下解决 ;（4）培训项目，然后在实时（ 5）作为下一步的孩子提供使用耳机和播放预先录制的扫描仪的背景声音在培训项目介绍（6）最后，允许孩子玩游戏内的模拟扫描仪。该研究小组，确保了实验任务的理解。 如果使用多个响应的工具，如每手按钮，，重要的是要定义响应工具对应的回答。一个孩子可能不知道左派和右派之间的差异。一个毛绒动物（如猴子）可以放在旁边的儿童的一面。相反的指示“按右边的按钮”，指令改为“按猴子”按钮 “ 。 5）沟通的规则 ：在训练孩子是教，一个温柔的手按在他们的腿，他们正在太多的信号。这个信号是作为一个研究小组，并在实际fMRI实验的孩子的可能性之间的沟通手段。这是解释的发言应避免在图像采集与实验任务的性能和影响数据质量，因为它可能会干扰孩子。 6）短期突破/骰子游戏：在休息，骰子可能被用来确定一个随机的顺序，在该游戏将在发挥功能磁共振成像实验。这将确保各参与者随机。 7）重复要点：在开始之前，建议研究员重复孩子的神经影像学会议最重要的规则的fMRI实验。为了尽量减少对青少年儿童的内存需求，有助于总结几个要点中的重要信息，并重申在整个会议期间的人士。 8）故障排除：当一个孩子在参加培训会议或fMRI实验中顾虑重重，研究人员建议（1）立即采取行动;（2）提供休息一会;（3）地址的关注，并确保参与是自愿的会话，并根据孩子的选择是提前终止或（4）游戏作为游戏治疗师 12,26的建议的战略是用来帮助更着急的孩子得到新的环境感到满意。重要的是要采用灵活的方法，让孩子参加的步伐，对他们来说是舒适的。然而，孩子的选择参与的需求是显而易见的。 9）没有模拟扫描仪MRI培训：研究人员或医生，如果没有获得一个模拟扫描仪领域，游戏治疗师所用的游戏战略高度推荐26。例如，可以使用图片或模型的磁共振扫描仪12，模拟一个神经影像学会议。此外，使用脱敏和操作性的行为技术行为方式 13-15,17,23有助于减少儿童的痛苦和增加儿童成功完成他们的神经影像学会议的数量。 小儿神经影像学第三节：休息和金属筛选 10）金属筛选：进入MRI检查室之前，每一个参与者和家长必须填写并签署MRI检查表。此外，孩子需要检查有色金属对象。可以用手持金属探测器或磁铁手，调皮地引进筛选（例如“假装我们在机场”）。 儿科影像学第四节：fMRI实验（45至60分钟） 一般：在fMRI实验中，许多儿童面临的最大挑战是非常仍然停留了很长一段时间。建议保持尽可能短的每个实验或实验分为两个实验运行。根据我们的经验，运行最大的5到7分钟的成像时间已经证明了小学儿童的年龄或年轻accomplishable。成像会议的总长度也应考虑。但是，它更容易为孩子经历了漫长的成像会议几个短的实验运行完成较长的实验运行缩短会议。神经影像学的实验通常采用模块化设计，在不同的实验任务条件提出了一系列后续块。孩子们可以轻松地获得由张相混淆ING任务，要求在一个实验运行，因此建议保持任务条件分隔（例如，通过采样与休息之间的两个不同的任务条件下，在随后的两个实验运行）。 11）促进转型：为了孩子的的实际核磁共振室过渡，孩子是伴随着一个研究工作人员的成员，可选择以带来沿着一个家长和孩子的喜爱的毛绒动物，只要作为玩具并没有包含任何黑色部分。另外一个研究小组成员建议，陪孩子。 12）检查设备：屏幕和镜面（视觉实验）的定位，声音的音量（听觉实验），和响应工具需要进行检查和耳朵的保护（如耳塞），应在MRI房间的服务员提供。请与应用实例（例如，对孩子进行测试音频设置，并回答他们的孩子玩的问题）的响应工具和设置。该研究小组必须确保每一位家庭成员在MRI室收到适当的行为和规则的信息，特别是有关安全。 13）执行任务的功能磁共振成像/实验 ：任务说明应每场比赛开始前反复实验任务。每场比赛后，虚拟贴纸图表奖励孩子的合作。而在MR扫描仪，孩子的舒适性和运动必须进行监测。在MRI室存在的一个研究小组的成员已被证明是非常有利，可以观察孩子的福祉和行为，并给予必要的沟通和激励反馈可以直接给孩子。由研究小组成员目前在MRI室，或由研究人员以外的MRI室的监控图像采集头运动的孩子，可以观察到。培训会议期间实行一个温柔的手按信号的孩子，他们正在太多。几个实验运行，通过神经影像学会议中途休息片刻实验保持舒适。作为激励因素在休息的时候，孩子可以证明他或她自己的大脑图像。 14）结构的图像采集：最后的结构MR图像采集，要求参与者不执行任何实验任务的情况下仍躺在。在这段时间通过观看短片，孩子可以受理。推荐适当的电影的例子是动物，因为它们是愉快的，不太可能诱发笑，这可能会导致头部运动图像采集期间的电影或纪录片。孩子处理更容易在运动图像采集时间限制，如果告诉记者，在此期间获得的图片作为礼物带回家，如与孩子的大脑图片CD，他们将提交。 15）关闭：一旦图像采集完成，包括礼品，奖品，并与孩子带回家脑图片的CD的报销程序如下。 代表性的成果使用适当的准备协议和儿童友好的成像过程的积极影响合作，动机和经验，我们参加计划的儿童和他们的家人。使用此协议的减少整体的运动，从而增加获得高质量的图像，无需使用镇静剂或GA的机会。 使用目前的协议，我们最近获得的功能和结构为一组学前教育岁以下的儿童（年龄在4.9至6.3年/平均年龄5.5岁）的脑成像数据。已超过95％的儿童能够完成一个神经影像学的会议，包括模拟扫描仪培训和fMRI实验。在本议定书中提出的准则和程序，被设计为小儿神经影像学会议。但总的原则和所描述的许多工具，可应用于一般在图像采集身体的其它部位，如小儿成像会议。

<ol>
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M., Chang, M., Lee, M., Buechler, R., Gaab, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examining+Behavioral+and+Neural+Pre-Markers+of+Developmental+Dyslexia+in+Children+Prior+to+Reading+Onset.">Examining Behavioral and Neural Pre-Markers of Developmental Dyslexia in Children Prior to Reading Onset.</a> , (1985).</li><li>Pressdee, D., May, L., Eastman, E., Grier, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+play+therapy+in+the+preparation+of+children+undergoing+MR+imaging.">The use of play therapy in the preparation of children undergoing MR imaging.</a> Clin Radiol. 52 (12), 945-947 (1997).</li><li>Slifer, K. J., Cataldo, M. F., Cataldo, M. D., Llorente, A. M., Gerson, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavior+analysis+of+motion+control+for+pediatric+neuroimaging.">Behavior analysis of motion control for pediatric neuroimaging.</a> J Appl Behav Anal. 26 (4), 469-470 (1993).</li><li>Slifer, K. J., Bucholtz, J. D., Cataldo, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+training+of+motion+control+in+young+children+undergoing+radiation+treatment+without+sedation.">Behavioral training of motion control in young children undergoing radiation treatment without sedation.</a> J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 11 (2), 55-63 (1994).</li><li>Slifer, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+video+system+to+help+children+cooperate+with+motion+control+for+radiation+treatment+without+sedation.">A video system to help children cooperate with motion control for radiation treatment without sedation.</a> J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 13 (2), 91-97 (1996).</li><li>Tyc, V. L., Fairclough, D., Fletcher, B., Leigh, L., Mulhern, R. K., K, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Children's+distress+during+magnetic+resonance+imaging+procedures.">Children's distress during magnetic resonance imaging procedures.</a> Child Health Care. 24 (1), 5-19 (1995).</li><li>Slifer, K. J., Koontz, K. L., Cataldo, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operant-contingency-based+preparation+of+children+for+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Operant-contingency-based preparation of children for functional magnetic resonance imaging.</a> J Appl Behav Anal. 35 (2), 191-194 (2002).</li><li>Byars, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+aspects+of+conducting+large-scale+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+studies+in+children.">Practical aspects of conducting large-scale functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in children.</a> J Child Neurol. 17 (12), 885-890 (2002).</li><li>Rosenberg, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+children+without+sedation:+preparation+with+simulation.">Magnetic resonance imaging of children without sedation: preparation with simulation.</a> J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 36 (6), 853-859 (1997).</li><li>de Amorim e Silva, C. J., Mackenzie, A., Hallowell, L. M., Stewart, S. E., Ditchfield, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practice+MRI:+reducing+the+need+for+sedation+and+general+anaesthesia+in+children+undergoing+MRI.">Practice MRI: reducing the need for sedation and general anaesthesia in children undergoing MRI.</a> Australas Radiol. 50 (4), 319-323 (2006).</li><li>Epstein, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+and+prevention+of+head+motion+during+imaging+of+patients+with+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder.">Assessment and prevention of head motion during imaging of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.</a> Psychiatry Res. 155 (1), 75-82 (2007).</li><li>Lukins, R., Davan, I. G., Drummond, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cognitive+behavioural+approach+to+preventing+anxiety+during+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">A cognitive behavioural approach to preventing anxiety during magnetic resonance imaging.</a> J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 28 (2), 97-104 (1997).</li><li>Hallowell, L. M., Stewart, S. E., Amorim, E. S. C. T. d. e., Ditchfield, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reviewing+the+process+of+preparing+children+for+MRI.">Reviewing the process of preparing children for MRI.</a> Pediatr Radiol. 38 (3), 271-279 (2008).</li><li>Preston, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Testing children : a practitioner's guide to the assessment of mental development in infants and young children. , (2005).</li><li>Kotsoni, E., Byrd, D., Casey, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Special+considerations+for+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+pediatric+populations.">Special considerations for functional magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric populations.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 23 (6), 877-886 (2006).</li><li>Armstrong, T. S., Aitken, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+developing+role+of+play+preparation+in+paediatric+anaesthesia.">The developing role of play preparation in paediatric anaesthesia.</a> Paediatr Anaesth. 10 (1), 1-4 (2000).</li><li>Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H. G., Richards, T. R., Seibel, E. J., Sharar, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+virtual+reality+distraction+to+reduce+claustrophobia+symptoms+during+a+mock+magnetic+resonance+imaging+brain+scan:+a+case+report.">Use of virtual reality distraction to reduce claustrophobia symptoms during a mock magnetic resonance imaging brain scan: a case report.</a> Cyberpsychol Behav. 10 (3), 485-488 (2007).</li><li>Cho, Z. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+acoustic+noise+in+MRI.">Analysis of acoustic noise in MRI.</a> Magn Reson Imaging. 15 (7), 815-822 (1997).</li><li>Gaab, N., Gabrieli, J. D., Glover, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+influence+of+scanner+background+noise+on+auditory+processing.+I.+An+fMRI+study+comparing+three+experimental+designs+with+varying+degrees+of+scanner+noise.">Assessing the influence of scanner background noise on auditory processing. I. An fMRI study comparing three experimental designs with varying degrees of scanner noise.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 28 (8), 703-720 (2007).</li><li>Gaab, N., Gabrieli, J. D., Glover, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+influence+of+scanner+background+noise+on+auditory+processing.+II.+An+fMRI+study+comparing+auditory+processing+in+the+absence+and+presence+of+recorded+scanner+noise+using+a+sparse+design.">Assessing the influence of scanner background noise on auditory processing. II. An fMRI study comparing auditory processing in the absence and presence of recorded scanner noise using a sparse design.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 28 (8), 721-732 (2007).</li><li>Bilecen, D., Radu, E. W., Scheffler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MR+tomograph+as+a+sound+generator:+fMRI+tool+for+the+investigation+of+the+auditory+cortex.">The MR tomograph as a sound generator: fMRI tool for the investigation of the auditory cortex.</a> Magn Reson Med. 40 (6), 934-937 (1998).</li><li>Eden, G. F., Joseph, J. E., Brown, H. E., Brown, C. P., Zeffiro, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilizing+hemodynamic+delay+and+dispersion+to+detect+fMRI+signal+change+without+auditory+interference:+the+behavior+interleaved+gradients+technique.">Utilizing hemodynamic delay and dispersion to detect fMRI signal change without auditory interference: the behavior interleaved gradients technique.</a> Magn Reson Med. 41 (1), 13-20 (1999).</li><li>Belin, P., Zatorre, R. J., Hoge, R., Evans, A. C., Pike, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-related+fMRI+of+the+auditory+cortex.">Event-related fMRI of the auditory cortex.</a> Neuroimage. 10 (4), 417-429 (1999).</li><li>Gaab, N., Gaser, C., Zaehle, T., Jancke, L., Schlaug, G., G, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+anatomy+of+pitch+memory--an+fMRI+study+with+sparse+temporal+sampling.">Functional anatomy of pitch memory--an fMRI study with sparse temporal sampling.</a> Neuroimage. 19 (4), 1417-1426 (2003).</li><li>Hall, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term="Sparse"+temporal+sampling+in+auditory+fMRI.">"Sparse" temporal sampling in auditory fMRI.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 7 (3), 213-223 (1999).</li><li>Gaab, N., Gabrieli, J. D., Glover, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+in+peace+or+noise:+scanner+background+noise+suppresses+default-mode+network.">Resting in peace or noise: scanner background noise suppresses default-mode network.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 29 (7), 858-867 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

研究典型非典型的大脑结构和功能以及功能和结构的磁共振成像研究人类大脑的出现提供了便利的可能性，并因此认为大有希望的研究和临床用途6。然而，年轻的年龄组的MRI研究仍然为数较少的时候相比，成人，青少年或婴幼儿，这主要是由于技术和实际困难的执行小儿神经影像学会议时。目前的视频协议动手解决可能阻止执行幼童（F）的磁共振成像实验研究小组的?...

making mr imaging child's play - pediatric neuroimaging protocol, guidelines and procedure

在过去十年中一直存在，增加使用的结构和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）来研究人类感知，认知和行为的神经基础<sup&gt; 1，2</sup&gt;。此外，这种非侵入性的成像方法已发展成为临床医生和研究人员的工具，探索典型和非典型的大脑发育。虽然在神经影像学的工具和技术的进步是显而易见的，（F）在年轻的儿科人口MRI仍然相对较少<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;。成像儿童目前临床医生和研究团队，与一个独特的问题时的实际以及技术的挑战<sup&gt; 3，2</sup&gt;。仅举几例，孩子的参与者面临的挑战是由动机，警觉性和合作的需要。焦虑可能是要解决的一个额外因素。研究人员或医生需要考虑时间的限制，限制行动自由，扫描仪的背景噪声和不熟悉的磁共振扫描仪环境<sup&gt; 2,4-10</sup&gt;。然而，一个年轻的年龄组中的功能和结构的神经影像学的逐步使用，可以进一步增加我们理解大脑发育。作为一个例子，几个研究小组目前正在对发育障碍的早期发现，甚至可能前儿童目前相关的行为特征<sup&gt; eg11</sup&gt;。已报道的各种战略和技术作为一种手段，以确保在神经影像学会议对幼儿的舒适性和合作。游戏治疗<sup&gt; 12</sup&gt;，行为方式<sup&gt; 13，14,15，16日至18日</sup&gt;与仿真<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt;，使用模拟扫描仪领域<sup&gt; 20,21</sup&gt;，基本放松<sup&gt; 22</sup&gt;和这些技术的结合<sup&gt; 23</sup&gt;都被证明提高参与者的遵守，因此，MRI检查数据的质量。更重要的是，这些策略已经证明，以增加舒适性和涉及儿童的家庭<sup&gt; 12</sup&gt;。在临床实践中的这种技术的主要进展之一是避免镇静或全身麻醉（GA）作为一种方法来管理在儿童遵守磁共振成像会话的可能性<sup&gt; 19,20</sup&gt;。在当前的视频报告，我们目前的准则和程序，已被证明是成功的幼童日期小儿神经影像学协议。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure at JoVE.com

Making MR Imaging Child&#039;s Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

尽管在结构和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术，在人类使用的增加，年轻的儿科人群的研究仍然是一个挑战。我们目前的一个动手，一步一步的视频协议包括为临床医师和研究人员打算执行（F）在幼儿MRI的指导方针。

使磁共振成像儿戏 - 小儿神经影像学的协议，指引及程序

Within the last decade there has been an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural ...

making-mr-imaging-child-s-play-pediatric-neuroimaging-protocol

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

18.0K 次观看.  Children’s Hospital Boston. 尽管在结构和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术，在人类使用的增加，年轻的儿科人群的研究仍然是一个挑战。我们目前的一个动手，一步一步的视频协议包括为临床医师和研究人员打算执行（F）在幼儿MRI的指导方针。

视频: Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an extremely useful method, because it allows the study of the live intact brain. With appropriate preparations, this technique allows the observation of the same cortical area chronically, from minutes to months. In this video, we show a preparation for chronic in vivo imaging of the brain using two-photon microscopy. This technique was initially pioneered by Dr. Karel Svoboda, who is now a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at Janelia Farm. Preparations like the one shown here can be used for imaging of neocortical structure (e.g., dendritic and axonal dynamics),  to record neuronal activity using calcium-sensitive dyes, to image cortical blood flow dynamics, or for intrinsic optical imaging studies. Deep imaging of the neocortex is possible with optimal cranial window surgeries. Operating under the most sterile conditions possible to avoid infections, together with using extreme care to do not damage the dura mater during the surgery, will result in successful and long-lasting glass-covered cranial windows.


This video and protocol demonstrate how to implant a glass-covered cranial window in rodents. These preparations can be used for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging of the neocortex over time scales of months. It may also be used for other types of imaging, including optical intrinsic signal imaging.

一种慢性脑功能成像开颅手术过程

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an ...

科研

生物学

Labeling hESCs and hMSCs with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Non-Invasive in vivo Tracking with MR Imaging

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative medicine. A non-invasive method to monitor the transplanted stem cells repeatedly in vivo would greatly enhance our ability to understand the mechanisms that control stem cell death and identify trophic factors and signaling pathways that improve stem cell engraftment. MR imaging has been proven to be an effective tool for the in vivo depiction of stem cells with near microscopic anatomical resolution. In order to detect stem cells with MR, the cells have to be labeled with cell specific MR contrast agents. For this purpose, iron oxide nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), are applied, because of their high sensitivity for cell detection and their excellent biocompatibility. SPIO particles are composed of an iron oxide core and a dextran, carboxydextran or starch coat, and function by creating local field inhomogeneities, that cause a decreased signal on T2-weighted MR images. This presentation will demonstrate techniques for labeling of stem cells with clinically applicable MR contrast agents for subsequent non-invasive in vivo tracking of the labeled cells with MR imaging.

For the evaluation of new stem cell therapies it is important to non-invasively track the injected cells in vivo. This video will show you how to label human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells with iron oxide based contrast agents in vivo for subsequent MR imaging in vivo.

氧化铁标记的胚胎干细胞和的hMSCs纳米粒子在体内的跟踪与非侵入性磁共振成像

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative ...

Making Patch-pipettes and Sharp Electrodes with a Programmable Puller

Glass microelectrodes (also called pipettes) have been a workhorse of electrophysiology for decades. Today, such pipettes are made from glass capillaries using a programmable puller. Such instruments heat the capillary using either a metal filament or a laser and draw out the glass using gravity, a motor or both. Pipettes for patch-clamp recording are formed using only heat and gravity, while sharp electrodes for intracellular recording use a combination of heat, gravity, and a motor. The procedure used to make intracellular recording pipettes is similar to that used to make injection needles for a variety of applications, including cRNA injection into Xenopus oocytes. In general, capillary glass &lt;1.2 mm in diameter is used to make pipettes for patch clamp recording, while narrower glass is used for intracellular recording (outer diameter = 1.0 mm). For each tool, the puller is programmed slightly differently. This video shows how to make both kinds of recording pipettes using pre-established puller programs.

This video shows how to use a programmable puller to make patch pipettes and sharp electrodes for electrophysiology. The same procedure can be used to make a variety of glass tools, including injection needles.

膜片吸液管和夏普电极与一个可编程的拖轮

Glass microelectrodes (also called pipettes) have been a workhorse of electrophysiology for decades.  Today, such pipettes are made from glass capillaries ...

Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens

Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given area of interest1. To achieve this goal 6-10 systematic sections should be probed covering the entire structure. Typically this involves processing 1/5 sections which leaves a significant amount of material unprocessed. In order to maximize the material, we propose an inexpensive method for preserving fixed tissue as part of a long-term storage research plan. As tissue is sliced and processed for the desired stain or antibody, alternate sections should be systematically placed in antigen preserve at -20&deg;C for future processing. Using 24-well plates, sections can be placed in order for future retrieval. Using this method, tissue can be stored and processed for immunohistochemistry over the course of years.

Brain banking and systematic sampling of biological material provides the basis for unbiased stereology and maximizes the potential data obtained from each specimen.

脑银行业：使你的研究样本中，大部分

Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given area of interest1.  To ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of Heme Oxygenase-1 Upregulation in the Gua Sha Procedure

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol for bioluminescent optical imaging of HO-1-luciferase transgenic mice reported in this manuscript provides a rapid in vivo assay of the upregulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression in response to the Gua Sha procedure. HO-1 has long been known to provide cytoprotection against oxidative stress. The upregulation of HO-1, assessed by the bioluminescence output, is thought to represent an antioxidative response to circulating hemoglobin products released by Gua Sha. Gua Sha was administered by repeated strokes of a smooth spoon edge over lubricated skin on the back or other targeted body part of the transgenic mouse until petechiae (splinter hemorrhages) or ecchymosis (bruises) indicative of extravasation of blood from subcutaneous capillaries was observed. After Gua Sha, bioluminescence imaging sessions were carried out daily for several days to follow the dynamics of HO-1 expression in multiple internal organs.

Gua Sha, traditional Chinese therapeutic skin scraping, causes subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation. We report a protocol of bioluminescence imaging of HO-1-luciferase transgenic mice to demonstrate that Gua Sha upregulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in multiple organs.

血红素加氧酶1表达上调在刮痧过程中的生物发光成像

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol ...

Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from heterozygous females allow F1 mutagenized females to be screened directly for deleterious mutations in an accelerated forward genetic screen. Streisinger et al.1,2 described methods for making gynogenetic (homozygous) diploid zebrafish by activating zebrafish eggs with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm and preventing either the second meiotic or the first zygotic cell division using physical treatments (heat or pressure) that deploymerize microtubules. The "early pressure" (EP) method blocks the meiosis II, which occurs shortly after fertilization. The EP method produces a high percentage of viable embryos that can develop to fertile adults of either sex. The method generates embryos that are homozygous at all loci except those that were separated from their centromere by recombination during meiosis I. Homozygous mutations are detected in EP clutches at between 50% for centromeric loci and less than 1% for telomeric loci. This method is reproduced verbatim from the Zebrafish Book3.

This is a method for generating gynogenetic diploid zebrafish embryos (embryos whose only genetic contribution comes from the mother) by blocking the second meiotic division immediately after fertilization with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm. EP embryos are not fully homozygous due to recombination during the first meiotic division, however they are homozygous at all loci that have not been separated from their centromere by recombination.

初压雌核发育二倍体的斑马鱼

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from ...

Preparation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells for the Purpose of Calcium Imaging, Cell Injury Measurements, and Adenoviral Infection

The pancreatic acinar cell is the main parenchymal cell of the exocrine pancreas and plays a primary role in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic duct. It is also the site for the initiation of pancreatitis. Here we describe how acinar cells are isolated from whole pancreas tissue and intracellular calcium signals are measured. In addition, we describe the techniques of transfecting these cells with adenoviral constructs, and subsequently measuring the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of cell injury, during conditions that induce acinar cell injury in vitro. These techniques provide a powerful tool to characterize acinar cell physiology and pathology.

We describe a reproducible method of preparing mouse pancreatic acinar cells from a mouse for the purpose of examining acinar cell calcium signals and cellular injury with physiologically and pathologically relevant stimuli. A method for adenoviral infection of these cells is also provided.

制备胰腺腺泡细胞钙成像的目的，细胞损伤的测量，以及腺病毒感染

The pancreatic acinar  cell is the main parenchymal cell of the exocrine pancreas and plays a primary  role in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes into ...

Optimized Protocol for Retinal Wholemount Preparation for Imaging and Immunohistochemistry

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ring-supported hydrophilized PTFE membrane to provide structural support to both living and fixed tissue during immunohistochemical processing, which allows for the use of a variety of protocols that would otherwise cause damage to the tissue. First, this is demonstrated with bolus loading of fluorescent markers into living retinal tissue. This method allows for quick visualization of targeted structures, while the membrane support maintains tissue integrity during the injection and allows for easy transfer of the preparation for further imaging or processing.
Second, a procedure for antibody staining in tissue fixed with carbodiimide is described. Though paraformaldehyde fixation is more common, carbodiimide fixation provides a superior substrate for the visualization of synaptic proteins. A limitation of carbodiimide is that the resulting fixed tissue is relatively fragile; however, this is overcome with the use of the supporting membrane. Retinal tissue is used to demonstrate these techniques, but they may be applied to any fragile tissue.

The protocol described here is for structural assessment of a wholemount retinal preparation. This includes descriptions of tissue dissection, mounting onto a hydrophilized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane insert, bolus loading with fluorescent markers, and a comparison of fixation with carbodiimide and paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemical analysis of cellular and synaptic components.

视网膜平片准备成像和免疫组化优化方案

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ...

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night 3. Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons3. Drosophila locomotor activity is a well&#160;known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms4. Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR3. Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies5-8. We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night. TPR is regulated independently from another circadian output, locomotor activity. Here&#160;we describe the design and analysis of TPR in Drosophila.

温度偏好行为及其在德罗索菲拉的昼夜节律的设计与分析

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a ...

CUBIC Protocol Visualizes Protein Expression at Single Cell Resolution in Whole Mount Skin Preparations

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium covering most of our body, and epidermal appendages such as the hair follicles and sweat glands. The epidermis undergoes regeneration throughout life and in response to injury. This is enabled by K14-expressing basal epidermal stem/progenitor cell populations that are tightly regulated by multiple regulatory mechanisms active within the epidermis and between epidermis and dermis. This article describes a simple method to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize K14 protein expression patterns, Ki67 labeled proliferating cells, Nile Red labeled sebocytes, and DAPI nuclear labeling at single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment and quantification of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines. The CUBIC protocol is the best method available to date to investigate molecular and cellular interactions in full thickness skin biopsies at single cell resolution.

This report describes a CUBIC protocol to clarify full thickness mouse skin biopsies, and visualize protein expression patterns, proliferating cells, and sebocytes at the single cell resolution in 3D. This method enables accurate assessment of skin anatomy and pathology, and of abnormal epidermal phenotypes in genetically modified mouse lines.

CUBIC协议可视化在全山皮肤配方单细胞分辨率蛋白表达

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium ...