这项研究由美国能源部（DOE）水力技术办公室资助。实验室研究在太平洋西北国家实验室进行，该实验室由Battelle根据DE-AC05-76RL01830合同为美国能源部运营。

1. 酸/碱封装
<ol><li>在混合杯中以 H 2 C 2 O4（草酸）和 NaHCO3（碳酸氢钠）的重量按 1：2的比例混合（参见材料表）。如果酸碱粉末混合物结晶，则使用研钵和研杵将其研磨（图1A）。</li>
	<li>取回 3 号植物胶囊和半自动胶囊灌装机以开始该过程（参见 材料表）。</li>
	<li>将盖板平放在干净、干燥的表面上。使用黑色钉子将封装片对齐在盖板顶部，以将其正确固定到位（图1B）。</li>
	<li>将胶囊顶部和底部分开，除非使用预先分离的胶囊。#3 号植物胶囊在关闭时，整体尺寸为 15.9 毫米长、5.57 毫米外径 （OD）、0.30 mL 体积和 47 毫克。</li>
	<li>将胶囊顶部倒入封装片中（图1C）。以圆周运动轻轻摇晃顶部到孔中。执行此操作时，用一只手或粉末撒布器覆盖封装片壁上的间隙，以避免溢出顶部（图1D）。<ol><li>填充孔后，将多余的胶囊顶部倒入干净的杯子中（图1E）。识别任何倒置的胶囊顶部并将它们翻转过来（图1F）。确保所有胶囊顶部都朝向盖板中的正确方向。确保正确的方向很重要，因为不正确的对准可能会导致胶囊顶部无法与胶囊底部正确连接。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>取下封装片，将填充的盖片放在一边。</li>
	<li>取出正文或“底部”床单。将其放在干净、干燥、平坦的表面上。将封装片固定在底片上，利用黑色钉子将其正确定位到位，确保正确对齐。</li>
	<li>将胶囊底部倒入封装片中，并像以前一样以圆周运动摇晃以填充孔。倒掉多余的胶囊底部。识别任何倒置的胶囊底部并将它们翻转过来。</li>
	<li>从底板上取下封装片并将其放在一边。</li>
	<li>将酸/碱粉混合物倒在填充的底板上（图1G）。使用塑料撒布器用粉末填充胶囊底部（图1H）。检查所有胶囊底部是否已填充（图1I）。去除任何未使用的酸/碱粉。</li>
	<li>将盖板放在平坦的表面上，将中间的盖板放在顶部，将其与黑色钉子对齐以确保正确贴合。确保将所有胶囊顶部与中间片上的相应孔对齐。</li>
	<li>将盖板与粘贴的中间板倒置，并将其与填充的底板对齐（图1J）。</li>
	<li>轻轻地按压盖板，将顶部和底部连接在一起，将胶囊的两侧安装在一起（图1K）。</li>
	<li>从底板上取下盖板和中间板。此时，胶囊底部和顶部应正确连接在一起。<ol><li>验证每个胶囊顶部和底部是否紧密贴合;如果没有，请手动将胶囊顶部和底部压在一起以形成紧密贴合。取出填充的胶囊并将它们放入密封的可密封容器中（图1L）。 注意： 为了安全操作，用户必须穿戴个人防护设备 （PPE） 和面部防护。应确保充分通风，并应采取预防措施，避免摄入、吸入和接触皮肤、眼睛或衣服上的物质。此外，防止灰尘的产生也很重要。有关安全性的详细信息，请参阅草酸和碳酸氢钠的安全数据表 （SDS）。为了保持酸/碱胶囊的完整性，建议将它们存放在远离阳光直射和高湿度的地方。将未使用的胶囊存放在密封的密封容器中。只要胶囊保持干燥且不受潮，就可以有效地使用它们以确保最佳功能。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2.硅胶塞制造
<ol><li>使用熔融沉积成型 （FDM） 3D 打印机（参见 材料表），使用 补充文件 1 中提供的 STL 文件打印模板。</li>
	<li>在模板的底部放置透明包装胶带，使每个开口都密封（图2A）。</li>
	<li>将市售硅胶模具材料按 1：1 的重量比（例如，A 部分和 B 部分各 50 g）混合到混合杯中（参见 材料表）。使用一次性勺子，将化合物彻底混合约 5 分钟，或直至其变得均匀。</li>
	<li>将带有包装胶带的模板放在一张纸上。纸张将捕获模具板上任何潜在的硅胶溢出物。</li>
	<li>开始将硅胶混合物倒入每个塞孔中，确保它们都充满（图2B）。使用橡胶刮刀将硅胶涂抹到每个塞孔中（图2C）。从模板表面去除剩余的硅胶混合物。</li>
	<li>让橡胶塞干燥4小时。在确保塞子完全固化后（例如，硅胶混合物已完全干燥和硬化），从模板背面取下胶带（图2D），然后开始将塞子从模具中拉出（图2E）。</li>
	<li>去除附着在塞子上的任何多余硅胶（图 2F）。</li>
</ol>3.气球标签组装
<ol><li>小心地将穿孔工具（例如，直牙镐）插入硅胶塞（图 3A）（参见 材料表）。将穿刺工具插入15G注射器针头，然后从硅胶塞上取下穿刺工具，仅将15G针留在里面（图3B）。穿孔工具将在硅胶塞内形成一个狭缝，而无需切割或去除任何材料。</li>
	<li>将一根 50 磅重的钓鱼线（见 材料表）切成 150 毫米的长度。将钓鱼线穿过15G注射器针头并插入硅胶塞中（图3C）。<ol><li>在小心地将鱼塞和鱼线握在一起的同时，从鱼塞的主体上取下15G注射器针头，将鱼线留在鱼塞内（图3D）。确保鱼线长度均匀在塞子的两侧。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将两个充满酸/碱粉的胶囊插入乳胶球囊中（图3E）（参见 材料表）。使用橡皮筋膨胀工具（即去势带钳）扩大球囊开口，然后小心地将一个硅胶塞插入球囊开口（图3F），将钓鱼线的两端留在球囊外。</li>
	<li>将两个 O 形圈（1.6 mm 宽，8.1 mm 内径，参见 材料表）放在橡皮筋膨胀工具上并展开它们。将乳胶球囊的颈部插入两个扩展的O形圈（图3G）。小心地将两个O形圈从橡皮筋膨胀工具上拉开，使它们紧紧缠绕在气球的颈部，以塞子为中心（图3H）。</li>
</ol>4. 将气球标签连接到传感器鱼帽上
<ol><li>将钓鱼线的一端穿过传感器鱼盖上的一个小孔（参见 材料表），然后将其穿过鱼盖中心的大孔（图 4A）。</li>
	<li>将钓鱼线的两端绑在一起，在盖子顶部和气球底部之间留出约 13 到 26 毫米的距离。绑鱼线时，使用四个反手结相互叠放。</li>
	<li>将额外的钓鱼线连接起来，因为将其切得太靠近结可能会导致结解开（图 4B）。</li>
	<li>用手指抓住绳结两侧的钓鱼线并尽可能用力拉动来测试绳结。注意不要把气球拉得太近，因为它可能会无意中将钓鱼线穿过橡胶塞。</li>
</ol>

优化球囊标签组件以恢复传感器鱼和活鱼

<ol>
	<li>Uria-Martinez, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=U.S.+Hydropower+Market+Report.">U.S. Hydropower Market Report.</a> Oak Ridge National Laboratory. , (2021).</li><li>Kao, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+stream-reach+development:+a+comprehensive+assessment+of+hydropower+energy+potential+in+the+United+States.">New stream-reach development: a comprehensive assessment of hydropower energy potential in the United States.</a> Oak Ridge National Laboratory. , (2014).</li><li>Martinez, J. J., Deng, Z. D., Mueller, R., Titzler, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+characterization+of+the+biological+performance+of+a+Francis+turbine+retrofitted+with+a+modular+guide+vane.">In situ characterization of the biological performance of a Francis turbine retrofitted with a modular guide vane.</a> Applied Energy. 276, 115492 (2020).</li><li>&#268;ada, G. l. e. n. n. . F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+advanced+hydroelectric+turbines+to+improve+fish+passage+survival.">The development of advanced hydroelectric turbines to improve fish passage survival.</a> Fisheries. 26, 14-23 (2001).</li><li>Tuononen, E. I., Cooke, S. J., Timusk, E. R., Smokorowski, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extent+of+injury+and+mortality+arising+from+entrainment+of+fish+through+a+Very+Low+Head+hydropower+turbine+in+central+Ontario,+Canada.">Extent of injury and mortality arising from entrainment of fish through a Very Low Head hydropower turbine in central Ontario, Canada.</a> Hydrobiologia. 849, 407-420 (2020).</li><li>Deng, Z., Carlson, T. J., Duncan, J. P., Richmond, M. C., Dauble, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+an+autonomous+sensor+to+evaluate+the+biological+performance+of+the+advanced+turbine+at+Wanapum+Dam.">Use of an autonomous sensor to evaluate the biological performance of the advanced turbine at Wanapum Dam.</a> Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2, 053104 (2010).</li><li>Martinez, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydraulic+and+biological+characterization+of+a+large+Kaplan+turbine.">Hydraulic and biological characterization of a large Kaplan turbine.</a> Renewable energy. 131, 240-249 (2019).</li><li>Zhiqun Deng, , et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Six-degree-of-freedom+sensor+fish+design+and+instrumentation.">Six-degree-of-freedom sensor fish design and instrumentation.</a> 7, 3399-3415 (2007).</li><li>Deng, Z. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+implementation+of+a+new+autonomous+sensor+fish+to+support+advanced+hydropower+development.">Design and implementation of a new autonomous sensor fish to support advanced hydropower development.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 85, 115001 (2014).</li><li>Deng, Y., Jia, Y., Haoran, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+ionicity+and+chain+structure+on+the+physicochemical+properties+of+protic+ionic+liquids.">Effects of ionicity and chain structure on the physicochemical properties of protic ionic liquids.</a> AIChE Journal. 66 (10), e16982 (2020).</li><li>Salalila, A., Deng, Z. D., Martinez, J. J., Lu, J., Baumgartner, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+fish-friendly+self-cleaning+horizontal+irrigation+screen+using+autonomous+sensors.">Evaluation of a fish-friendly self-cleaning horizontal irrigation screen using autonomous sensors.</a> Marine and Freshwater Research. 70, 1274-1283 (2019).</li><li>Martinez, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+characterization+of+turbine+hydraulic+environment+to+support+development+of+fish-friendly+hydropower+guidelines+in+the+lower+Mekong+River+region.">In situ characterization of turbine hydraulic environment to support development of fish-friendly hydropower guidelines in the lower Mekong River region.</a> Ecological engineering. 133, 88-97 (2019).</li><li>Heisey, P. G., Mathur, D., D'Allesandro, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+technique+for+assessing+fish+passage+survival+at+hydro+power+stations.">A new technique for assessing fish passage survival at hydro power stations.</a> International Atomic Energy Agency. , (1993).</li><li>Heisey, P. G., Mathur, D., Rineer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reliable+tag-recapture+technique+for+estimating+turbine+passage+survival:+application+to+young-of-the-year+American+shad+(Alosa+sapidissima).">A reliable tag-recapture technique for estimating turbine passage survival: application to young-of-the-year American shad (Alosa sapidissima).</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 49 (9), 1826-1834 (1992).</li><li>Mathur, D., Heisey, P. G., Euston, E. T., Skalski, J. R., Hays, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Turbine+passage+survival+estimation+for+chinook+salmon+smolts+(Oncorhynchus+tshawytscha)+at+a+large+dam+on+the+Columbia+River.">Turbine passage survival estimation for chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at a large dam on the Columbia River.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53 (3), 542-549 (1996).</li><li>Mathur, D., Heisey, P. G., Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Turbine-passage+mortality+of+juvenile+American+shad+at+a+low-head+hydroelectric+dam.">Turbine-passage mortality of juvenile American shad at a low-head hydroelectric dam.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 123 (1), 108-111 (1994).</li><li>Watson, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safe+passage+of+American+Eels+through+a+novel+hydropower+turbine.">Safe passage of American Eels through a novel hydropower turbine.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 151, 711-724 (2022).</li><li>Al-Tabakha, M. o. a. w. i. a. . M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+capsule+shell+composition+on+the+performance+indicators+of+hypromellose+capsule+in+comparison+to+hard+gelatin+capsules.">Influence of capsule shell composition on the performance indicators of hypromellose capsule in comparison to hard gelatin capsules.</a> Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 41 (10), 1726-1737 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydropower+Vision.">Hydropower Vision.</a> U.S. Department of Energy. , (2016).</li><li>Duncan, J. o. a. n. n. e. . P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+and+ecological+evaluation+of+a+fish-friendly+surface+spillway.">Physical and ecological evaluation of a fish-friendly surface spillway.</a> Ecological Engineering. 110, 107-116 (2018).</li><li>Trumbo, B. r. a. d. l. y. . A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+hydroturbine+pressures+to+enhance+salmon+passage+survival+and+recovery.">Improving hydroturbine pressures to enhance salmon passage survival and recovery.</a> Reviews in fish biology and fisheries. 24, 955-965 (2014).</li><li>Pohanish, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Sittig's handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens. , (2017).</li><li>U.S. Food and Drug Administration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. , (1994).</li></ol>

作者没有利益冲突。

这项研究得出的结论是，与两胶囊和四胶囊球囊标签相比，在 18.3 °C 下注入 5 mL 水的三胶囊球囊标签具有更慢的起始充气时间，并且体积始终更大。当球囊标签在12.7 °C下注水时，平均体积较小，充气时间较长。三胶囊首先开始放气，然后是四胶囊，最后是两胶囊。与每个水温相关的充气和通货紧缩期在现场可能会有所帮助。对于需要更长充气时间的研究，较冷的水可能会导致气球标签的充气速?...

水力发电是全球重要的可再生能源。在美国，水力发电约占可再生能源发电量的 38%，即 274 TWh1 ，并有可能每年增加约 460 TWh2。然而，随着水电开发的增加，对水力通行过程中鱼类受伤和死亡的担忧已成为重中之重 3.鱼类在通过过程中受到伤害的机制有多种，包括快速减压（气压伤）、剪切应力、湍流、撞击、气蚀和研磨4.虽然这些损伤机制可能不会对鱼类的整体状况产生直接影响，但它们会使它们更容易受到疾病、真菌感染、寄生虫和捕食的影响5.此外，与涡轮机或其他水工结构碰撞造成的直接人身伤害可能导致大量死亡，这凸显了在水电开发中减轻这些风险的重要性。
评估鱼类通道条件的最常见方法之一是通过水力结构释放传感器鱼和活鱼 6,7。传感器鱼是一种自主设备，旨在研究鱼类在通过水工结构（包括涡轮机、溢洪道和大坝旁路）时所经历的物理条件 8,9。Sensor Fish 配备 3D 加速度计、3D 陀螺仪、温度传感器和压力传感器9，可提供有关鱼类通道条件的宝贵数据。
气球标签是自动充气气球，附着在传感器鱼和活鱼的外部，有助于它们在通过水力结构后恢复。气球标签由装满产气化学物质（例如草酸和碳酸氢钠）的可溶解胶囊、硅胶塞和钓鱼线组成。在展开之前，通过硅胶塞将水注入球囊中。水溶解了植物胶囊，引发了化学反应，产生气体使气球充气。在该中和反应中，弱碱碳酸氢钠和弱酸草酸反应生成二氧化碳、水和草酸钠10。化学反应如下：
2氢氧化钠3+ H2 C2O 4 → 2CO 2 + 2H2O + Na 2 C2 O4
充气的气球增加了传感器鱼和活鱼的浮力，使它们能够漂浮在水面上，以便于恢复。
实现浮选和便于检索样品（例如，传感器鱼或活鱼）所需的球囊标签数量可能因样品的体积和质量特性而异。气球标签充气的持续时间可以通过在不同温度下注水来调整。较冷的水会增加充气时间，而较暖的水会减少充气时间。气球标签已成功应用于多个地点，包括位于俄勒冈州胡德河11 的独特水平平板鱼和碎片筛网 Farmers Screen，以及老挝人民民主共和国 Nam Ngum 大坝的弗朗西斯涡轮机12。另一个市售的气球标签示例是 Hi-Z Turb'N Tag13,14。Hi-Z Turb'N Tag 允许在 2 分钟到 60 分钟之间调整充气时间，具体取决于注入的水温13。该技术已用于许多野外地点的鱼类研究，包括涉及哥伦比亚河洛基河大坝释放的奇努克鲑鱼小鲑鱼和康涅狄格河哈德利瀑布大坝的幼年美国鲥鱼的研究 15,16。这两种技术都利用酸碱化学反应来充气球囊标签以进行回收。
这种方法在制造方面具有成本效益和简单性，估计每个气球的材料成本仅为 0.50 美元。如本文所述，制造过程易于遵循，使任何人都可以生产气球标签。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3D Printed Silicone Stopper Plate</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ARC800 Sensor Fish</td><td>ATS</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FDM 3D printer</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manual Capsule Filler Machine CN-400CL (Size #3)</td><td>Capsulcn</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mold Star 15 SLOW</td><td>Smooth-On</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oil-Resistant Buna-N O-Ring</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>SN: 9262K141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oxalic Acid, 98%, Anhydrous Powder (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS: 144-62-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubber Band Expansion Tool</td><td>iplusmile</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Separated Vegetable Cellulose Capsules (Size #3)</td><td>Capsule Connection</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Smiley Face YoYo Latex balloon</td><td>YoYo Balloons, Etc.</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate Powder (CHNaO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CAS: 144-55-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectra Fiber Braided Fishing Line (50 lbs.)</td><td>Power Pro</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

balloon tag manufacturing technique for sensor fish and live fish recovery

当鱼类通过水电大坝的水力输送系统时，即使这些运输工具的设计对鱼类友好，例如下游旁路系统、改装溢洪道和涡轮机，它们也可能受伤和死亡。用于研究水工结构中鱼类通道条件的主要方法包括使用传感器鱼技术和活鱼进行直接原 位 测试。传感器鱼数据有助于识别物理压力源及其在鱼道环境中的位置，同时评估活鱼的伤害和死亡率。气球标签是附着在传感器鱼和活鱼外部的自充气气球，有助于它们在通过水力结构后恢复。
本文重点介绍具有不同数量的可溶解植物胶囊的球囊标签的开发，这些胶囊含有草酸、碳酸氢钠粉末和两种不同温度下的水的混合物。我们的研究确定，在18.3°C下注入5 mL水的带有三个胶囊的球囊标签始终达到所需的球囊体积。这些标签的平均充气量为 114 cm 3，标准差为 1.2 cm3。在18.3 °C注入水的球囊标签中，观察到双胶囊球囊标签达到完全充气所需的时间最长。此外，四胶囊气球标签表现出更快的充气开始时间，而三胶囊气球标签表现出更快的放气开始时间。总体而言，这种方法被证明可以有效地验证新技术的性能，改进涡轮机设计，并做出操作决策以改善鱼类通道条件。它是研究和现场评估的宝贵工具，有助于改进水工结构的设计和操作。

进行了一项研究以确定制造气球标签的最佳方法，重点是注入气球的水的体积和温度。该研究检查了各种输入参数，包括充气开始时间、完全充气时间、通气开始时间和充气时气球的体积。该研究在环境温度为21°C的办公桌上进行。
该研究共准备了 360 个气球标签。标签分为 36 组，每组包含 10 个气球标签。这些套装根据胶囊的数量进行分类，包括两个、三个或四个胶囊。在18...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Developing Cost-Effective and Customizable Balloon Tags for Fish Passage Studies at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：为鱼类通道研究开发经济高效且可定制的球囊标签 

提出了设计和制造气球标签以恢复传感器鱼和活鱼的协议，允许评估它们在水工结构中的物理状况和生物性能。该方法通过考虑球囊体积、充气/放气时间、组件选择和注入水的特性等因素来优化球囊标签性能。

用于传感器鱼和活鱼回收的气球标签制造技术

Fish may experience injuries and mortality when they pass through hydraulic conveyances at hydropower dams, even if these conveyances are designed to be ...

本研究的重点是开发和评估用于鱼道研究和水力结构的具有成本效益的球囊标签。我们的目标是评估不同球囊标签配置在传感器鱼和活鱼通过这些水力结构后恢复它们的有效性。我们开发的气球标签协议具有成本效益、可定制性和可调节的充气时间。对于预算有限的大规模研究来说，这是一种低成本的解决方案。它有助于了解水力结构对鱼类的影响，并且可以针对不同的物种和环境进行调整。我们开发了一种具有成本效益的球囊标签制造工艺。这将增强我们对不同条件下气球标签性能的理解，从而实现量身定制的测试，并促进开发和运营鱼类友好型水电系统的环境影响评估。

balloon-tag-manufacturing-technique-for-sensor-fish-live-fish

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Balloon Tag Manufacturing Technique for Sensor Fish and Live Fish Recovery

1.5K 次观看.  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 本研究的重点是开发和评估用于鱼道研究和水力结构的具有成本效益的球囊标签。我们的目标是评估不同球囊标签配置在传感器鱼和活鱼通过这些水力结构后恢复它们的有效性。我们开发的气球标签协议具有成本效益、可定制性和可调节的充气时间。对于预算有限的大规模研究来说，这是一种低成本的解决方案。它有助于了解水力结构对鱼类的影响，并且可以针对不同?...

视频: 作者聚焦：为鱼类通道研究开发经济高效且可定制的球囊标签 

Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with high c-axis (0002) preferential orientation have been successfully and effectively synthesized onto silicon (Si) substrates via different synthesized temperatures by using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. The effects of different synthesized temperatures on the crystal structure, surface morphologies and optical properties have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that the intensity of (0002) diffraction peak became stronger with increasing synthesized temperature until 400 oC. The diffraction intensity of (0002) peak gradually became weaker accompanying with appearance of (10-10) diffraction peak as the synthesized temperature up to excess of 400 oC. The RT photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited a strong near-band-edge (NBE) emission observed at around 375 nm and a negligible deep-level (DL) emission located at around 575 nm under high c-axis ZnO thin films. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed the homogeneous surface and with small grain size distribution. The ZnO thin films have also been synthesized onto glass substrates under the same parameters for measuring the transmittance.
For the purpose of ultraviolet (UV) photodetector application, the interdigitated platinum (Pt) thin film (thickness ~100 nm) fabricated via conventional optical lithography process and radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. In order to reach Ohmic contact, the device was annealed in argon circumstances at 450 oC by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) system for 10 min. After the systematic measurements, the current-voltage (I-V) curve of photo and dark current and time-dependent photocurrent response results exhibited a good responsivity and reliability, indicating that the high c-axis ZnO thin film is a suitable sensing layer for UV photodetector application.

We offered a method to directly synthesize high c-axis (0002) ZnO thin film by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The as-synthesized ZnO thin film combined with Pt interdigitated electrode was used as sensing layer for ultraviolet photodetector, showing a high performance through a combination of its good responsivity and reliability.

合成和高c轴ZnO薄膜等离子体的特性增强化学气相沉积系统及其紫外探测器的应用

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with high c-axis (0002) preferential orientation have been successfully and effectively synthesized onto ...

科研

工程学

How to Build a Vacuum Spring-transport Package for Spinning Rotor Gauges

The spinning rotor gauge (SRG) is a high-vacuum gauge often used as a secondary or transfer standard for vacuum pressures in the range of 1.0 x 10-4 Pa to 1.0 Pa. In this application, the SRGs are frequently transported to laboratories for calibration. Events can occur during transportation that change the rotor surface conditions, thus changing the calibration factor. To assure calibration stability, a spring-transport mechanism is often used to immobilize the rotor and keep it under vacuum during transport. It is also important to transport the spring-transport mechanism using packaging designed to minimize the risk of damage during shipping. In this manuscript, a detailed description is given on how to build a robust spring-transport mechanism and shipping container. Together these form a spring-transport package. The spring-transport package design was tested using drop-tests and the performance was found to be excellent. The present spring-transport mechanism design keeps the rotor immobilized when experiencing shocks of several hundred g (g = 9.8 m/sec2 and is the acceleration due to gravity), while the shipping container assures that the mechanism will not experience shocks greater than about 100 g during common shipping mishaps (as defined by industry standards).

Here we describe how to build a robust spring-transport mechanism for a spinning rotor gauge. This device securely immobilizes the rotor and keeps it under vacuum during transportation. We also describe packaging that minimizes the risk of damage during transport. Tests show our design works for typical shocks during transport.

如何建立一个真空Spring的运输包装为纺转子规

The spinning rotor gauge (SRG) is a high-vacuum gauge often used as a secondary or transfer standard for vacuum pressures in the range of 1.0 x 10-4 Pa to ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

鱼类生殖生态学研究的基本方法

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

行为学

Implantation of a New Micro Acoustic Tag in Juvenile Pacific Lamprey and American Eel

Juvenile Pacific Lamprey and American eels were used for laboratory evaluations to determine potential effects from tag implantation. Telemetry technology has been identified as a way to obtain more detailed information on movement and behavior across a broader spatial scale than is possible with other known technology. The purpose of this method is to provide a detailed step by step instruction on tag implantation for both lampreys and eel. For laboratory studies using actively migrating juvenile Pacific Lamprey (120-160 mm), we determined that the presence of the tag did not alter the swimming ability between tagged and untagged Individuals or have any significant tag loss (&lt;3%). Similar results were determined during laboratory testing of Yellow phase American Eels (113-175 mm). No mortality occurred during a 38-day holding period and there was minimal tag loss (3.8%). The presence of the tag did not have any significant effect on the swimming ability or survival of tagged eels compared to untagged controls and there was minimal tag loss.

This article illustrates the procedure for implanting a micro acoustic tag in juvenile Pacific Lamprey and American Eel. Our application is based on laboratory trials, which indicate that acoustic tags can be successfully implanted with no apparent effects on swimming ability or survival and minimal tag loss.

一种新的微声学标记在少年太平洋兰普瑞和美洲鳗鱼中的植入

Juvenile Pacific Lamprey and American eels were used for laboratory evaluations to determine potential effects from tag implantation. Telemetry technology ...

环境科学

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. M2052 (Mn-20Cu-5Ni-2Fe, at%) is an important branch of Mn-Cu-based alloys, which possesses both excellent damping capacity and processability. In recent decades, lots of studies have been carried out on the performance optimization of M2052, improving the damping capacity, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and service temperature, etc. The major methods of performance optimization are alloying, heat treatment, pretreatment, and different ways of molding etc., among which alloying, as well as adopting a reasonable heat treatment, is the simplest and most effective method to obtain perfect and comprehensive performance. To obtain the M2052 alloy with excellent performance for casting molding, we propose to add Zn and Al to the MnCuNiFe alloy matrix and use a variety of heat treatment methods for a comparison in the microstructure, damping capacity, and service temperature. Thus, a new type of cast-aged Mn-22.68Cu-1.89Ni-1.99Fe-1.70Zn-6.16Al (at.%) alloy with&#160;superior damping capacity and high service temperature is obtained by an optimized heat treatment method. Compared with the forging technique, cast molding is simpler and more efficient, and the damping capacity of this as-cast alloy is excellent. Therefore, there is a suitable reason to think that it is a good choice for engineering applications.

Here we present a protocol to obtain a novel Mn-Cu-based alloy with excellent comprehensive performances by a high-quality smelting technology and reasonable heat treatment methods.

新型高性能 MnCuNiFeZnAl 合金的制备及高温性能研究

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. ...

Magnet Assisted Composite Manufacturing: A Flexible New Technique for Achieving High Consolidation Pressure in Vacuum Bag/Lay-Up Processes

This work demonstrates a protocol to improve the quality of composite laminates fabricated by wet lay-up vacuum bag processes using the recently developed magnet assisted composite manufacturing (MACM) technique. In this technique, permanent magnets are utilized to apply a sufficiently high consolidation pressure during the curing stage. To enhance the intensity of the magnetic field, and thus, to increase the magnetic compaction pressure, the magnets are placed on a magnetic top plate. First, the entire procedure of preparing the composite lay-up on a magnetic bottom steel plate using the conventional wet lay-up vacuum bag process is described. Second, placement of a set of Neodymium-Iron-Boron permanent magnets, arranged in alternating polarity, on the vacuum bag is illustrated. Next, the experimental procedures to measure the magnetic compaction pressure and volume fractions of the composite constituents are presented. Finally, methods used to characterize microstructure and mechanical properties of composite laminates are discussed in detail. The results prove the effectiveness of the MACM method in improving the quality of wet lay-up vacuum bag laminates. This method does not require large capital investment for tooling or equipment and can also be used to consolidate geometrically complex composite parts by placing the magnets on a matching top mold positioned on the vacuum bag.

A new technique for applying consolidation pressure on the vacuum bag lay-up to fabricate composite laminates is described. The goal of this protocol is to develop a simple, cost-effective technique to improve the quality of laminates fabricated by the wet lay-up vacuum bag method.

磁铁辅助复合制造: 真空袋/糊化过程中实现高固结压力的一种柔性新技术

This work demonstrates a protocol to improve the quality of composite laminates fabricated by wet lay-up vacuum bag processes using the recently developed ...

Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish

Long-term behavioral tracking can capture and quantify natural animal behaviors, including those occurring infrequently. Behaviors such as exploration and social interactions can be best studied by observing unrestrained, freely behaving animals. Weakly electric fish (WEF) display readily observable exploratory and social behaviors by emitting electric organ discharge (EOD). Here, we describe three effective techniques to synchronously measure the EOD, body position, and posture of a free-swimming WEF for an extended period of time. First, we describe the construction of an experimental tank inside of an isolation chamber designed to block external sources of sensory stimuli such as light, sound, and vibration. The aquarium was partitioned to accommodate four test specimens, and automated gates remotely control the animals&#39; access to the central arena. Second, we describe a precise and reliable real-time EOD timing measurement method from freely swimming WEF. Signal distortions caused by the animal&#39;s body movements are corrected by spatial averaging and temporal processing stages. Third, we describe an underwater near-infrared imaging setup to observe unperturbed nocturnal animal behaviors. Infrared light pulses were used to synchronize the timing between the video and the physiological signal over a long recording duration. Our automated tracking software measures the animal&#39;s body position and posture reliably in an aquatic scene. In combination, these techniques enable long term observation of spontaneous behavior of freely swimming weakly electric fish in a reliable and precise manner. We believe our method can be similarly applied to the study of other aquatic animals by relating their physiological signals with exploratory or social behaviors.

We describe a set of techniques for studying spontaneous behavior of freely swimming weakly electric fish over an extended period of time, by synchronously measuring the animal&#39;s electric organ discharge timing, body position and posture both accurately and reliably in a specially designed aquarium tank inside a sensory isolation chamber.

自由游泳弱电鱼的长期行为跟踪

Long-term behavioral tracking can capture and quantify natural animal behaviors, including those occurring infrequently. Behaviors such as exploration and ...

神经科学

Handling and Tagging Techniques for Implanting Juvenile American Shad with a New Acoustic Microtransmitter

The use of telemetry techniques to better understand the behavior and survival of juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima), as they migrate through hydropower systems, has been challenging because shad are widely known to be particularly sensitive to handling. The goal of this study was to develop a tagging protocol using a new, acoustic micro transmitter that minimizes the detrimental effects of the tagging process and maximizes post-tagging survival of juvenile American shad. Limiting out-of-water handling and the use of brackish saltwater (7.5 parts per thousand) before and after tagging improved survival for shad tagged using a simple pectoral implantation method. This protocol provides a detailed, step-by-step procedure for tagging juvenile shad with acoustic transmitters. Fish tagged using this procedure and held in the laboratory for 60 days had an 81.5% survival rate, compared to 70% for their untagged counterparts. The successful tagging and handling practices developed in this study could be applied to field telemetry studies of juvenile shad and other sensitive species.

This article provides a detailed procedure for optimal handling practices and implantation of an acoustic micro transmitter into juvenile American shad. The results of our laboratory study suggest that these tagging techniques could be implemented in field studies of juvenile American shad with a high probability of survival.

用新型声学微发射器植入幼年美国鲱鱼的处理和标记技术

The use of telemetry techniques to better understand the behavior and survival of juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima), as they migrate through ...

Wireless Electrophysiological Recording of Neurons by Movable Tetrodes in Freely Swimming Fish

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain activity from freely moving fish would advance research on the neural basis of fish behavior considerably. Moreover, precise control of the recording location in the brain is critical to studying coordinated neural activity across regions in fish brain. Here, we present a technique that records wirelessly from the brain of freely swimming fish while controlling for the depth of the recording location. The system is based on a neural logger associated with a novel water-compatible implant that can adjust the recording location by microdrive-controlled tetrodes. The capabilities of the system are illustrated through recordings from the telencephalon of goldfish.

A novel wireless technique for recording extracellular neural signals from the brain of freely swimming goldfish is presented. The recording device is composed of two tetrodes, a microdrive, a neural data logger, and a waterproof case. All parts are custom-made except for the data logger and its connector.

自由游泳鱼中可移动的特龙对神经元的无线电生理记录

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain ...