Name: Measuring Mechanical Properties of Quadriceps Femoris Contraction Force in Rabbits
Uploaded: 2023-10-20T14:35:00
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measuring mechanical properties of quadriceps femoris contraction force in rabbits

Establishment of the KOA Model in Rabbits Using the Modified Videman Method

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most frequent form of osteoarthritis, often recognized as a whole-joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, which manifests clinically as pain, swelling, and limited movement of the affected joints1. According to recent epidemiological statistics, KOA is reported to have affected 654.1 million individuals globally who were 40 years of age or older by 2020. The prevalence and incidence of KOA rise with age, are the highest in middle-aged and older adults, and affect more women than men2. The prevalence of KOA is likely to increase due to the aging population and obesity epidemic worldwide, posing a growing threat to global public health. Age, sex, obesity, trauma, and other complicated risk factors associated with KOA all directly impact knee instability, making a biomechanical imbalance in knee joints one of the primary causes of KOA3.
Under normal physiological conditions, the knee joint is in a state of mechanical balance, ensuring that the mechanical loads in the joint are evenly distributed on the cartilage. Any mechanical imbalance in the knee joint can lead to abnormal stress in cartilage, resulting in cartilage degeneration and the onset of KOA4. The muscle-tendon system is the main dynamic system that maintains the mechanical balance of the knee joint. The coordinated movement of the extensor and flexor muscle-tendon system can evenly distribute the load generated by the movement on the cartilage surface, avoiding the metabolic imbalance of local cartilage stresses beyond its physiological load that results in cartilage loss5. Decreased muscle strength is the main cause of intramuscular movement disorder and cartilage damage, which may occur before symptomatic KOA. 
KOA can also induce arthrogenous muscle inhibition (AMI), manifesting as muscle weakness and decreased muscle strength around the knee6. Among these muscles, the quadriceps femoris group functions as the only knee extensor, an important structure in maintaining knee joint stability. Studies have shown that a decrease in quadriceps cross-sectional area and muscle strength is significantly and positively correlated with KOA progression7. The decline in quadriceps strength affects the gait pattern, knee stability, movement patterns, and many other functions. Moreover, the decline in muscle strength impairs tendon function, manifested as a decrease in tendon stiffness, elastic modulus, and other biomechanical properties8. In long-term strain repair, changes such as adhesion and contracture may occur in the muscles and tendons of the knee joint, damaging their mechanical properties, causing joint instability, and ultimately forming a vicious cycle of pathological changes of KOA. It is, therefore, crucial for KOA treatment to improve the mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon system and restore the joint mechanical balance.
Among the causes of KOA, biomechanical imbalance is the main inducing factor for knee pain, dysfunction, inflammatory lesions, and cartilage degeneration9. Therefore, the key to treating KOA is to restore the biomechanical balance of the knee joint. Acupotomology believes that the etiology and pathogenesis of KOA are "mechanical imbalance." When the mechanical characteristics of the soft tissues around the knee change abnormally, the knee joint loses its mechanical balance, and the abnormal mechanical stress environment of the joint accelerates degeneration, causing inflammatory stimulation to further aggravate the soft tissue adhesions, contractures, and further decline in joint stability. This vicious cycle eventually develops into KOA. By loosening soft tissue adhesions and contractures, as well as reducing stress concentration in the muscles and tendons, acupotomy in conjunction with the theory of "Modulating Muscles and Tendons to Treat Bone Disorders" improves the soft tissue mechanics and "modulates muscles and tendons," which balances the mechanical stress of the joint, effectively alleviating cartilage degeneration and "treating bone disorders"10. In terms of animal model selection, based on the purpose of this study, we prepared the KOA model by the modified Videman method of left hindlimb extension immobilization.
This paper details the establishment of the KOA model using the modified Videman method of left hind limb extension immobilization and the method of operation and precautions of acupotomy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of acupotomy by testing the mechanical properties of quadriceps femoris and tendon and detecting changes in articular cartilage stress and morphology.

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Mechanism of Action of Acupotomy in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis

Application of Acupotomy in a Knee Osteoarthritis Model in Rabbit

Our research scope is the study of the mechanism of action of acupotomy in the treatment of new osteoarthritis. The question we want to answer, the how acupotomy regulates the mechanical properties of the soft tissues around the knee to protect the cartilage. At present, micro CT, nuclear magnetic resonance, phenetole elemental analysis, and bio mechanical detection techniques can be used to promote research in this field.We found that acupotomy improved the mechanical properties of soft tissue by removing the excisions and pathological contractors around the knee, thereby playing a role in protecting cartilage. To a certain extent, this protocol explains the mechanism and reveals the scientific connotation of acupotomy in the treatment of KOA and fills the gap in the basic research of acupotomy tendon and bone treatment method. In the future, our laboratory will focus on the specific mechanism or action of the acupotomy tendon and bone control method on cartilage protection.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Mechanical Properties of Quadriceps Femoris Contraction Force in Rabbits at JoVE.com

Measuring Mechanical Properties of Quadriceps Femoris Contraction Force in Rabbits

To begin, cut the skin of an anesthetized rabbit below the patella, following the length of the limb upwards to the thigh base, then continue upwards for three to four centimeters. Carefully peel off the skin and fascia, exposing the quadriceps muscle. Cut the patellar ligament and carefully separate the quadriceps from the iliac junction, while maintaining the quadriceps in connection with the ilicium.Now ligate the surgical sutures at the tendon junction between the patella and quadriceps muscle. Stretch the muscle to its full length in its natural state and attach it to the tension transducer, aligning the ligation line on the muscle with that on the transducer. Secure the tension transducer to the bracket.Connect the signal acquisition line on the transducer to the bio signal acquisition system processor. Insert the electrodes parallel to the quadriceps abdomen, avoiding contact between the electrodes. Next, press the oscilloscope button.Adjust the position of the force transducer on the bracket to maintain the baseline at zero. At this stage, set the stimulator stimulation parameters with a single stimulus, a wave width of five milliseconds and a delay of 10 milliseconds. Set the initial value of the stimulus amplitude to zero volt and set the automatic amplitude to increase by 0.1 volt each time, to gradually increase the stimulus intensity.Then start the stimulation while observing the changes in the muscle contractions curve and contraction amplitude, until the maximum signal twitch amplitude of the quadriceps is determined. Next, use a cluster stimulus and set the stimulus amplitude, causing a maximum single twitch as the baseline to continuously stimulate the muscle. Set the initial value of the stimulation frequency to 10 hertz, and set the automatic frequency to increase by one hertz each time to gradually increase the stimulus frequency.Finally, start the stimulation while observing the changes in the muscle contraction curve until the maximum tetanic contraction amplitude of the quadriceps is determined. Young's modulus, single contraction amplitude, and tetanic contraction amplitude of the quadriceps femoris were significantly reduced in knee osteoarthritis group compared to the control and Acupotomy group.

measuring-mechanical-properties-quadriceps-femoris-contraction-force

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in the orthopedic department, which seriously reduces the quality of life of people with KOA. Among several pathogenic factors, the biomechanical imbalance of the knee joint is one of the main causes of KOA. Acupotomology believes that restoring the mechanical balance of the knee joint is the key to treating KOA. Clinical studies have shown that acupotomy can effectively reduce pain and improve knee mobility by reducing adhesion, contracture of soft tissues, and stress concentration points in muscles and tendons around the knee joint. 
In this protocol, we used the modified Videman method to establish a KOA model by immobilizing the left hindlimb in a straight position. We have outlined the method of operation and the precautions related to acupotomy in detail and evaluated the efficacy of acupotomy in conjunction with the theory of "Modulating Muscles and Tendons to Treat Bone Disorders" through the detection of the mechanical properties of quadriceps femoris and tendon, as well as cartilage mechanics and morphology. The results show that acupotomy has a protective effect on cartilage by adjusting the mechanical properties of the soft tissues around the knee joint, improving the cartilage stress environment, and delaying cartilage degeneration.

In this protocol, a knee osteoarthritis model was prepared using the modified Videman method, and the operation procedures and precautions of acupotomy are detailed. The effectiveness of acupotomy has been demonstrated by testing the mechanical properties of quadriceps femoris and tendon and the mechanical and morphological properties of cartilage.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in the orthopedic department, which seriously reduces the quality of life of ...

Establishing the Knee Osteoarthritis Rabbit Model and Applying Acupotomy for Modulating Muscles and Tendons

To begin, fix the anesthetized rabbit in a supine position. Then, pull and fix the left hind limb in the fully extended position. Using medical tape as the first layer, cover the skin from the groin to the ankle joint.For the second layer, wrap 36 millimeter-wide double-sided foam tape over the medical tape. Then, wrap a polymer bandage from the groin to the ankle joint. Ensure the knee joint is 180 degrees straight, and the ankle joint is dorsiflexed by 60 degrees.For the third layer, immobilize the joints with small splints at the front and back of the knee and ankle joints. Then, wrap steel mesh around the outermost layer to protect against bites. Ensure to keep toes exposed, to observe blood circulation.To determine points of acupotomy treatment, palpate and mark pathological indurations of knee joints with a sterile skin marker. Then, disinfect the knee joint three times with alternating rounds of iodophor and 75%ethanol. Now align an acuoptomy blade parallel to the travel direction of the tendon and the longitudinal axis of the limb.Using the left thumb, press down on the skin at the marker point, then shift laterally to facilitate the separation of blood vessels and nerves on the thumb's ventral side. With the acupotomy handle in the right hand, apply a quick gentle pressure, causing the acupotomy blade to penetrate the skin. Slowly advance the blade to muscle induration, making longitudinal cuts and swinging laterally.After acupotomy, disinfect the knee joint using iodophor and apply a bandaid.

Safranin O/Fast Green Staining of Knee Joint Cartilage in Rabbits

After acupotomy intervention, embed the cartilage subchondral bone complex tissues in paraffin. Then, slice the tissue wax blocks and place them on the slides. Deparaffinize the slides with successive environmental dewaxing solutions for 15 minutes each.Then, dip the slides successively in xylene and anhydrous ethanol for two to five minutes each, followed by dehydration in decreasing ethanol concentrations. Stain the slide with fast green solution for one minute. After rinsing the excess fast green solution with ultrapure water, rinse slide quickly with 1%acetic acid solution several times for color separation.Again, rinse the slide with water as demonstrated before staining with safranin O solution for 10 to 15 minutes. Soak the slide in increasing ethanol concentrations for three to five seconds each, then, place the slide in successive xylene solution for 10 minutes each. Add a neutral resonance medium on the front of the slide, avoiding the tissue.Place the edge of the cover glass on the slide and slowly lower it to cover the neutral balsam. Wipe off the extra xylene and neutral balsam. After overnight drying, observe the slide under the microscope for cartilage histology scoring.In the control group, the cartilage surface was smooth and exhibited organized chondrocyte arrangement in all layers. In contrast, the cartilage surface was rough in the KOA group and the chondrocyte arrangement was disordered. Acupotomy improved the smoothness of the cartilage surface and preserved normal chondrocyte structure.The cartilage integrity score was significantly increased in the KOA group compared to the control and acupotomy group.