我们要感谢美国心脏协会中大西洋联盟（0555407U，GLB）提供资金。

<ol><li>静电之前，胶原蛋白，从6个月的牛真皮，必须提取使用醋酸化进程。这提取的胶原蛋白，然后通过随后的一系列解散，降水，并dialyses纯化。一旦胶原蛋白冻干粉，静电纺丝的过程就可以开始。 </li><li>三种材料集结：聚己内酯（PCL），弹性（ELAS）和胶原蛋白（COL）。这些材料将被分别溶解六氟-2 - 丙醇（HFP，特克斯和凯科斯群岛美）的浓度在100毫克/毫升，200毫克/毫升和70毫克/毫升，分别在1,1,1,3,3,3。 </li><li>在五个不同的闪烁瓶的材料混合体积比98-2-0 PCL - ELAS COL（内膜），45-45-10，55-35-10，65-25-10 PCL -弹性COL （媒体），和70-0-30 PCL -弹性COL（外膜）。 </li><li>对于单轴拉伸测试和个别层一致性测试，每个单独的材料静电，而静电破裂，缝合保留和符合性测试，多层次的血管移植，从3比1配置。单轴拉伸测试支架平面和矩形（2.5厘米宽x 10.2厘米× 0.3厘米厚）用于electrospin个别层和多层次的移植，因为直径为2毫米芯棒太小冲压试验样品。 </li><li>个人和多层静电，聚合物溶液装入一个塑料的3毫升碧迪注射器18量具钝尖的针，到注射泵放置在一个设定的配药率。个人静电率分别为4毫升/小时，而多层次的静电率各不相同，取决​​于过渡和层。流速和体积是这样：内膜静电在4毫升/小时的速度和过渡相结合为0.2毫升，2毫升/小时每内膜内侧注射器体积为0.5 ml。内膜的注射器，然后关闭和内侧层被允许自旋为0.6毫升，4毫升/小时通过媒体和外膜之间的聚合物溶液0.2毫升的过渡，在2毫升/小时。最后，媒体停止和外膜被允许自旋为0.4毫升，4毫升/小时。 </li><li>所有样品均在50 mM的EDC的交联18小时前的任何测试1。 </li><li>单轴拉伸测试是在6个样本，从一个静电表水合PBS中24小时。 “狗骨”形样本被打了个静电垫子和一个MTS Bionix 200与100 N负荷细胞和10.0毫米/分钟的延伸率测试系统进行测试。峰值应力，弹性模量和断裂应变分别计算使用TestWorks第4版。 </li><li> 600 2毫米内径管状试样来自6个不同的静电移植的PBS中浸泡24小时在37 ° C，在MTS Bionix 200测试系统，与50 N负荷细胞（MTS系统公司）和进行缝合保留测试按照整个过程的描述在美国国家标准协会 2直延伸率150.0毫米/分钟。 5-0商业的PDS II紫单丝缝合被安置了2毫米，从样品年底延至缝合通过嫁接拉。高峰负荷录得克的力，使用TestWorks第4版。 </li><li>来自6个不同的静电移植的爆破强度测试是在6个样本。爆管，长2-3厘米，在PBS水化，超过150毫米直径的连接到设备，用2-0丝线缝合固定乳头的安装。空气被引入系统，增加在5毫米汞柱/秒的速度的压力，直到管爆裂2。效果，现报告毫米汞柱的压力管破裂。 </li><li>被确定为600 2毫米来自6个不同的静电移植的内部直径在模拟生理条件下3厘米长的管状移植的动态顺应性。个人层次和多层次的管状结构，在同等条件下静电和测试。样本的化验结果在一个智能的组织工程，通过机械性刺激（项目）生物反应器开发组织生长技术，用PBS填充在37 ° C。该生物反应器提供1Hz的循环移植内部的压力变化，在三个不同的压力水平的90/50，120/80，并110分之150毫米汞柱收缩压/舒张压分别调查2， 3。 </li></ol>代表性的成果当电协议进行正确，最终产品应柔软，无缝管与层之间的分层没有初步迹象。当单轴拉伸试验，爆破强度测试，缝合保留测试和一致性测试，结果表明，内侧层刚度的增加，弹性蛋白减少的金额，相关的机械性能应表现出更为严厉的管。

<ol>
	<li>McClure, M. J., Sell, S. A., Barnes, C. P., Bowen, W. C., Bowlin, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-linking+Electrospun+Polydioxanone-Soluble+Elastin+Blends:+Material+Characterization.">Cross-linking Electrospun Polydioxanone-Soluble Elastin Blends: Material Characterization.</a> Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 3, 1-10 (2008).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cardiovascular implants - Vascular graft protheses. VP20, (1994).</li><li>McClure, M. J., Sell, S. A., Simpson, D. G., Walpoth, B. H., Bowlin, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-layered+electrospun+matrix+to+mimic+native+arterial+architecture+using+polycaprolactone,+elastin,+and+collagen:+A+preliminary+study.">A three-layered electrospun matrix to mimic native arterial architecture using polycaprolactone, elastin, and collagen: A preliminary study.</a> Acta Biomater. , (2010).</li></ol>

几位作者美国和等候在这个手稿中提出的有关技术的国际专利，而这项技术已授权给器官，公司

这项研究的最关键部分是静电纺丝的过程。当使用3-1输入输出喷嘴，拱架和可能发生电荷损失。如果这确实发生，纺丝与聚合物，是相关联的电压将下降，造成焊接，“湿”的纤维和创造之间的三层分层。因此，一致的电势，都必须获得一个理想的多层管。 遵守不匹配是在小直径的移植物闭塞的主要原因之一。发展多层次的血管移植，提供了对的东西，可以模仿自然的生物?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Polycaprolactone</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Elastin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Elastin Products Company</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Collagen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Acetic Acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>TRIS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6 L Avanti J-HC Centrifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1,1,1,3,3,3 hexafluoro-2-propanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TCI America</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3 ml Becton Dickinson Syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CZE1000R Rack Mount Power Supply</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Spellman</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>High-Pressure Syringe Pump</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Parmer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pierce</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>70 % ethanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>ImageTool 3.0 software</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Shareware provided by UTHSCSA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss EV050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MTS Bionix 200 testing system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MTS Systems Corp.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>TestWorks version 4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Intelligent Tissue Engineering via Mechanical Stimulation (ITEMS) Bioreactor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Tissue Growth Technologies</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

tri-layered electrospinning to mimic native arterial architecture using polycaprolactone, elastin, and collagen: a preliminary study

整个本地动脉，胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白发挥了重要作用，提供了一个机械的骨干，防止血管破裂，促进搏动变形下的恢复。这项研究的目的是模仿编造一个多层次的静电导管组成的聚（己内酯）（PCL）与弹性蛋白和胶原蛋白55-35 45-45-10混纺，除了原生动脉的结构 - 10，和65-25-10的PCL - ELAS COL的演示表明本地动脉组织的力学性能，而其余的有利于组织的再生。整个移植和个人层分析用单轴拉伸试验，动态顺应性，缝合保留，爆破强度。合规结果显示，中间/内侧层的变化改变了整体移植的行为与整个移植遵守值范围从0.8 - 2.8％/ 100毫米汞柱，而单轴结果表明平均模量范围2.0 - 11.8兆帕。模量和遵守数据显示本土动脉范围内的值。数学建模是实现显示层刚度的变化如何影响整体圆周壁应力，并作为设计辅助材料，以达到最佳的机械组合。总的来说，结果表明，移植可以被用来模仿一个三层次结构，通过改变层的属性。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tri-layered Electrospinning to Mimic Native Arterial Architecture using Polycaprolactone, Elastin, and Collagen: A Preliminary Study at JoVE.com

Tri-layered Electrospinning to Mimic Native Arterial Architecture using Polycaprolactone, Elastin, and Collagen: A Preliminary Study

本研究的目的是模仿原生三个动脉壁的分层结构。静电而要做到这一点，是雇用与使用以3-1（输入输出）喷嘴和聚己内酯，弹性和胶原混合。

三层次的静电，以模仿母语动脉结构采用聚己内酯，弹性和胶原的初步研究

Throughout native artery, collagen and elastin play an important role, providing a mechanical backbone, preventing vessel rupture, and promoting recovery ...

tri-layered-electrospinning-to-mimic-native-arterial-architecture

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

12.8K 次观看.  Virginia Commonwealth University. 本研究的目的是模仿原生三个动脉壁的分层结构。静电而要做到这一点，是雇用与使用以3-1（输入输出）喷嘴和聚己内酯，弹性和胶原混合。

视频: Tri-layered Electrospinning to Mimic Native Arterial Architecture using Polycaprolactone, Elastin, and Collagen: A Preliminary Study

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

循环压力为生物反应器的设计体外主动脉心脏瓣膜的研究

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

科研

生物工程

In vitro Synthesis of Native, Fibrous Long Spacing and Segmental Long Spacing Collagen

Collagen fibrils are present in the extracellular matrix of animal tissue to provide structural scaffolding and mechanical strength. These native collagen fibrils have a characteristic banding periodicity of ~67 nm and are formed in vivo through the hierarchical assembly of Type I collagen monomers, which are 300 nm in length and 1.4 nm in diameter. In vitro, by varying the conditions to which the monomer building blocks are exposed, unique structures ranging in length scales up to 50 microns can be constructed, including not only native type fibrils, but also fibrous long spacing and segmental long spacing collagen. Herein, we present procedures for forming the three different collagen structures from a common commercially available collagen monomer. Using the protocols that we and others have published in the past to make these three types typically lead to mixtures of structures. In particular, unbanded fibrils were commonly found when making native collagen, and native fibrils were often present when making fibrous long spacing collagen. These new procedures have the advantage of producing the desired collagen fibril type almost exclusively. The formation of the desired structures is verified by imaging using an atomic force microscope.

In vitro Synthesis of Native, Fibrous Long Spacing and Segmental Long Spacing Collagen

Simple and reproducible procedures are described for making three structurally distinct collagen assemblies from a common commercially available Type I collagen monomer. Native type, fibrous long spacing or segmental long spacing collagen can be constructed by varying the conditions to which the 300 nm long and 1.4 nm diameter monomer building block is exposed.

在体外合成的原住民，纤维长间距“和”分段长间距胶原蛋白

Collagen fibrils are present in the  extracellular matrix of animal tissue to provide structural scaffolding and  mechanical strength. These native ...

An Improved Method for the Preparation of Type I Collagen From Skin

Soluble type 1 collagen (COL1) is used extensively as an adhesive substrate for cell cultures and as a cellular scaffold for regenerative applications. Clinically, this protein is widely used for cosmetic surgery, dermal injections, bone grafting, and reconstructive surgery. The sources of COL1 for these procedures are commonly nonhuman, which increases the potential for inflammation and rejection as well as xenobiotic disease transmission. In view of this, a method to efficiently and quickly purify COL1 from limited quantities of autologously-derived tissues would circumvent many of these issues; however, standard isolation protocols are lengthy and often require large quantities of collagenous tissues. Here, we demonstrate an efficient COL1 extraction method that reduces the time needed to isolate and purify this protein from about 10 days to less than 3 hr. We chose the dermis as our tissue source because of its availability during many surgical procedures. This method uses traditional extraction buffers combined with forceful agitation and centrifugal filtration to obtain highly-pure, soluble COL1 from small amounts of corium. Briefly, dermal biopsies are washed thoroughly in ice-cold dH2O after removing fat, connective tissue, and hair. The skin samples are stripped of noncollagenous proteins and polysaccharides using 0.5 M sodium acetate and a high speed bench-top homogenizer. Collagen from residual solids is subsequently extracted with a 0.075 M sodium citrate buffer using the homogenizer. These extracts are purified using 100,000 MW cut-off centrifugal filters that yield COL1 preparations of comparable or superior quality to commercial products or those obtained using traditional procedures. We anticipate this method will facilitate the utilization of autologously-derived COL1 for a multitude of research and clinical applications.

Traditional procedures for the isolation of soluble type 1 collagen (COL1) require about 10 days from start to finish because of lengthy buffer incubations and laborious resuspensions of fibrils. Here, we describe a means to purify COL1 from small dermal biopsies in less than 3 hr.

对于I型胶原蛋白的制备皮肤方法的改进

Soluble type 1 collagen (COL1) is used extensively as an adhesive substrate for cell cultures and as a cellular scaffold for regenerative applications. ...

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix that supports tissue formation and maintenance. Although collagen remodeling is an integral part of normal tissue renewal, excessive amount of remodeling activity is involved in tumors, arthritis, and many other pathological conditions. During collagen remodeling, the triple helical structure of collagen molecules is disrupted by proteases in the extracellular environment. In addition, collagens present in many histological tissue samples are partially denatured by the fixation and preservation processes. Therefore, these denatured collagen strands can serve as effective targets for biological imaging. We previously developed a caged collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) that can be photo-triggered to hybridize with denatured collagen strands by forming triple helical structure, which is unique to collagens. The overall goals of this procedure are i)&#160;to image denatured collagen strands resulting from normal remodeling activities in vivo, and ii) to visualize collagens in ex vivo tissue sections using the photo-triggered caged CMPs. To achieve effective hybridization and successful in vivo and ex vivo imaging, fluorescently labeled caged CMPs are either photo-activated immediately before intravenous injection, or are directly activated on tissue sections. Normal skeletal collagen remolding in nude mice and collagens in prefixed mouse cornea tissue sections are imaged in this procedure. The imaging method based on the CMP-collagen hybridization technology presented here could lead to deeper understanding of the tissue remodeling process, as well as allow development of new diagnostics for diseases associated with high collagen remodeling activity.

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

This procedure demonstrates in vivo near IR fluorescence imaging of collagen remodeling activities in mice as well as ex vivo staining of collagens in tissue sections using caged collagen mimetic peptides that can be photo-triggered to hybridize with denatured collagen strands.

成像变性的胶原股<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;和<em&gt;体外</em&gt;通过光引发杂交笼胶原蛋白仿生肽

Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix that supports tissue formation and maintenance. Although collagen remodeling is an ...

Combination of Microstereolithography and Electrospinning to Produce Membranes Equipped with Niches for Corneal Regeneration

Corneal problems affect millions of people worldwide reducing their quality of life significantly. Corneal disease can be caused by illnesses such as Aniridia or Steven Johnson Syndrome as well as by external factors such as chemical burns or radiation. Current treatments are (i) the use of corneal grafts and (ii) the use of stem cell expanded in the laboratory and delivered on carriers (e.g., amniotic membrane); these treatments are relatively successful but unfortunately they can fail after 3-5 years. There is a need to design and manufacture new corneal biomaterial devices able to mimic in detail the physiological environment where stem cells reside in the cornea. Limbal stem cells are located in the limbus (circular area between cornea and sclera) in specific niches known as the Palisades of Vogt. In this work we have developed a new platform technology which combines two cutting-edge manufacturing techniques (microstereolithography and electrospinning) for the fabrication of corneal membranes that mimic to a certain extent the limbus. Our membranes contain artificial micropockets which aim to provide cells with protection as the Palisades of Vogt do in the eye.

We report a technique for the fabrication of micropockets within electrospun membranes in which to study cell behavior. Specifically, we describe a combination of microstereolithography and electrospinning for the production of PLGA (Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) corneal biomaterial devices equipped with microfeatures.

Microstereolit​​hography和静电结合，以产生膜配备有利基的角膜再生

Corneal problems affect millions of people worldwide reducing their quality of life significantly. Corneal disease can be caused by illnesses such as ...

Planar Gradient Diffusion System to Investigate Chemotaxis in a 3D Collagen Matrix

The importance of cell migration can be seen through the development of human life. When cells migrate, they generate forces and transfer these forces to their surrounding area, leading to cell movement and migration. In order to understand the mechanisms that can alter and/or affect cell migration, one can study these forces. In theory, understanding the fundamental mechanisms and forces underlying cell migration holds the promise of effective approaches for treating diseases and promoting cellular transplantation. Unfortunately, modern chemotaxis chambers that have been developed are usually restricted to two dimensions (2D) and have complex diffusion gradients that make the experiment difficult to interpret. To this end, we have developed, and describe in this paper, a direct-viewing chamber for chemotaxis studies, which allows one to overcome modern chemotaxis chamber obstacles able to measure cell forces and specific concentration within the chamber in a 3D environment to study cell 3D migration. More compelling, this approach allows one to successfully model diffusion through 3D collagen matrices and calculate the coefficient of diffusion of a chemoattractant through multiple different concentrations of collagen, while keeping the system simple and user friendly for traction force microscopy (TFM) and digital volume correlation (DVC) analysis.

Cell migration is an important part of human development and life. In order to understand the mechanisms that can alter cell migration, we present a planar gradient diffusion system to investigate chemotaxis in a 3D collagen matrix, which allows one to overcome modern diffusion chamber limitations of existing assays.

平面梯度扩散系统的调查趋化三维胶原基质

The importance of cell migration can be seen through the development of human life. When cells migrate, they generate forces and transfer these forces to ...

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall

Electrospinning is a highly adaptable method producing porous 3D fibrous scaffolds that can be exploited in in vitro cell culture. Alterations to intrinsic parameters within the process allow a high degree of control over scaffold characteristics including fiber diameter, alignment and porosity. By developing scaffolds with similar dimensions and topographies to organ- or tissue-specific extracellular matrices (ECM), micro-environments representative to those that cells are exposed to in situ can be created. 
The airway bronchiole wall, comprised of three main micro-environments, was selected as a model tissue. Using decellularized airway ECM as a guide, we electrospun the non-degradable polymer, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), by three different protocols to produce three individual electrospun scaffolds optimized for epithelial, fibroblast or smooth muscle cell-culture. Using a commercially available bioreactor system, we stably co-cultured the three cell-types to provide an in vitro model of the airway wall over an extended time period.
This model highlights the potential for such methods being employed in in vitro diagnostic studies investigating important inter-cellular cross-talk mechanisms or assessing novel pharmaceutical targets, by providing a relevant platform to allow the culture of fully differentiated adult cells within 3D, tissue-specific environments.

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall

Advancements in biomaterial technologies enable the development of three-dimensional multi-cell-type constructs. We have developed electrospinning protocols to produce three individual scaffolds to culture the main structural cells of the airway to provide a 3D in vitro model of the airway bronchiole wall.

适应静电过程中提供三个独特的环境为一个三层次<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;的气道壁模型

Electrospinning is a highly adaptable method producing porous 3D fibrous scaffolds that can be exploited in in vitro cell culture. Alterations to ...

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions. While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling mechanisms, they neglect important cellular cues received from the structural and mechanical properties of the local microenvironment and extracellular matrix (ECM). To understand how cells interact within a physiological ECM, it is important to study them in the context of 3 dimensional assays. Cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation are only a few processes that have been shown to be impacted by local changes in the mechanical properties of a 3-dimensional ECM. Collagen I, a core fibrillar component of the ECM, is more than a simple structural element of a tissue. Under normal conditions, mechanical cues from the collagen network direct morphogenesis and maintain cellular structures. In diseased microenvironments, such as the tumor microenvironment, the collagen network is often dramatically remodeled, demonstrating altered composition, enhanced deposition and altered fiber organization. In breast cancer, the degree of fiber alignment is important, as an increase in aligned fibers perpendicular to the tumor boundary has been correlated to poorer patient prognosis1. Aligned collagen matrices result in increased dissemination of tumor cells via persistent migration2,3. The following is a simple protocol for embedding cells within a 3-dimensional, fibrillar collagen hydrogel. This protocol is readily adaptable to many platforms, and can reproducibly generate both aligned and random collagen matrices for investigation of cell migration, cell division, and other cellular processes in a tunable, 3-dimensional, physiological microenvironment.

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Collagen is a core component of the ECM, and provides essential cues for several cellular processes ranging from migration to differentiation and proliferation. Provided here is a protocol for embedding cells within 3D collagen hydrogels, and a more advanced technique for generating randomized or aligned collagen matrices using PDMS microchannels.

3D胶原凝胶和微通道3D相互作用的研究准备<em&gt;在体内</em

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions.  While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling ...

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology with great potential for biomedical applications. The technique facilitates the direct deposition of biocompatible polymer fibers to fabricate well-ordered scaffolds in the sub-micron to micro scale range. The establishment of a stable, viscoelastic, polymer jet between a spinneret and a collector is achieved using an applied voltage and can be direct-written. A significant benefit of a typical porous scaffold is a high surface-to-volume ratio which provides increased effective adhesion sites for cell attachment and growth. Controlling the printing process by fine-tuning the system parameters enables high reproducibility in the quality of the printed scaffolds. It also provides a flexible manufacturing platform for users to tailor the morphological structures of the scaffolds to their specific requirements. For this purpose, we present a protocol to obtain different fiber diameters using melt electrospinning writing (MEW) with a guided amendment of the parameters, including flow rate, voltage and collection speed. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to optimize the jet, discuss often experienced technical challenges, explain troubleshooting techniques and showcase a wide range of printable scaffold architectures.

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&amp;#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This protocol serves as a comprehensive guideline to fabricate scaffolds via electrospinning with polymer melts in a direct writing mode. We systematically outline the process and define the appropriate parameter settings for achieving targeted scaffold architectures.

用于组织工程应用的三维聚 (ε-内) 支架的熔体静电纺丝

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

Creating a Structurally Realistic Finite Element Geometric Model of a Cardiomyocyte to Study the Role of Cellular Architecture in Cardiomyocyte Systems Biology

With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies such as electron tomography, serial-block-face scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy, the scientific community has unprecedented access to large datasets at sub-micrometer resolution that characterize the architectural remodeling that accompanies changes in cardiomyocyte function in health and disease. However, these datasets have been under-utilized for&#160;investigating the role of cellular architecture remodeling in cardiomyocyte function. The purpose of this protocol is to outline how to create an accurate finite element model of a cardiomyocyte using high resolution electron microscopy and confocal microscopy images. A detailed and accurate model of cellular architecture has significant potential to provide new insights into cardiomyocyte biology, more than experiments alone can garner. The power of this method lies in its ability to computationally fuse information from two disparate imaging modalities of cardiomyocyte ultrastructure to develop one unified and detailed model of the cardiomyocyte. This protocol outlines steps to integrate electron tomography and confocal microscopy images of adult male Wistar (name for a specific breed of albino rat) rat cardiomyocytes to develop a half-sarcomere finite element model of the cardiomyocyte. The procedure generates a 3D finite element model that contains an accurate, high-resolution depiction (on the order of ~35 nm) of the distribution of mitochondria, myofibrils and ryanodine receptor clusters that release the necessary calcium for cardiomyocyte contraction from the sarcoplasmic reticular network (SR) into the myofibril and cytosolic compartment. The model generated here as an illustration does not incorporate details of the transverse-tubule architecture or the sarcoplasmic reticular network and is therefore a minimal model of the cardiomyocyte. Nevertheless, the model can already be applied in simulation-based investigations into the role of cell structure in calcium signaling and mitochondrial bioenergetics, which is illustrated and discussed using two case studies that are presented following the detailed protocol.

This protocol outlines a novel method to create a spatially detailed finite element model of the intracellular architecture of cardiomyocytes from electron microscopy and confocal microscopy images. The power of this spatially detailed model is demonstrated using case studies in calcium signaling and bioenergetics.

建立一种结构逼真的心肌细胞的有限元几何模型研究蜂窝结构在心肌系统生物学中的作用

With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies such as electron tomography, serial-block-face scanning electron microscopy and confocal ...