由美国心脏协会，美国衰老研究联合会，March of Dimes的NINDS，

1。制备在开始之前，组装所需的手术器械，剥离和文化传媒，7日龄大鼠或小鼠幼仔。该协议是相同的小鼠和大鼠的准备。 （一）材料和设备<ul><li>操作剪刀（直线长度6“，猫＃RS6818，Roboz，盖士堡，MD） </li><li>微解剖剪刀，（长度为4的“猫＃RS5910。Roboz，马里兰州盖瑟斯堡） </li><li>碳钢杜蒙镊子（猫＃RS - 5045.Roboz，盖士堡，MD） </li><li>改性玻璃“转让”的移液器（巴斯德吸管的底部和边缘平滑） </li><li> ACLAR塑料薄膜切成2“× 2”（＃812071，霍尼韦尔，波茨维尔，PA在广场） </li><li>盖海绵3 4（肯德尔，猫＃3157，曼斯菲尔德，马） </li><li> 30毫米Millicell小膜的插入（0.4微米; Millipore公司，贝德福德，马萨诸塞） </li><li> Mcllwain组织菜刀双刃刀片（McILwain组织菜刀，Vibratome公司，圣路易斯，密苏里州） </li><li>倒置显微镜与CCD相机和图像分析软件</li></ul> （二）解剖中等（DM; 1升pH值7.3） <table border="0"><tbody><tr><td>汉克的平衡盐</td><td> 1瓶（95.2 g/1L）（Sigma公司：H2387） </td></tr><tr><td> NHCO 3（4.2毫米） </td><td> 350毫克</td></tr><tr><td> HEPES（10毫米） </td><td> 2.83摹</td></tr><tr><td>葡萄糖（33.3毫米） </td><td> 6.0摹</td></tr><tr><td>青霉素/链霉素（100倍） </td><td> 10毫升</td></tr><tr><td> BSA（0.3％） </td><td> 300毫克</td></tr><tr><td>硫酸镁4 7H 2 O </td><td> 1.44摹</td></tr></tbody></table> （三）培养液（400毫升） <table border="0"><tbody><tr><td> MEM（Invitrogen公司11575-032） </td><td> 200毫升</td></tr><tr><td> ***汉克的平衡盐（Invitrogen公司24020-117） </td><td> 100毫升</td></tr><tr><td>马血清（Invitrogen公司26050-070） </td><td> 100毫升</td></tr><tr><td> HEPES缓冲液（1米; Invitrogen公司15630-080） </td><td> 5毫升</td></tr><tr><td>青霉素/链霉素（100倍） </td><td> 4毫升</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> ***添加12.8克葡萄糖500毫升汉克的平衡盐，然后才作出培养基</td></tr></tbody></table> （四）动物 7日龄大鼠或小鼠产后幼仔，一般每一个实验的枯枝落叶。 2。在文化节<ol><li>所有清扫工具和ACLAR电影必须在70％乙醇浸泡30分钟才开始。夹层罩，刀片，并组织菜刀表面必须用乙醇消毒。 </li><li>准备几个（3-4）6孔组织培养板，每孔加入1 mL培养基，并插入一个Millipore公司在每口井的半透膜。广场6孔板，在37 °孵化器，直到准备转让片。 </li><li>准备几个（4-6）60毫米板与DM，并置于冰上。 </li><li>用剪刀快速斩首，浸在70％乙醇，并迅速暴露的大脑与颅骨矢状切口。小心地取出大脑和地点，立即在寒冷的DM。分成两个半球，每个半球的内侧，并放置在2-3秒的封面海绵。 </li><li>轻轻抬起并放置到ACLAR电影广场和地方组织菜刀半球;冠削减350微米的部分大脑。完成后，轻轻切片半球和淹没在寒冷的DM Alcar平方米。 </li><li>使用解剖显微镜，分离出海马的部分。老鼠，应该有5个部分，涵盖到尾鳍海马延髓，鼠标应该有3-4节。 </li><li>从37 °组织培养孵化器的膜插入，取出6孔板。海马单独转移到使用玻璃移液管的渗透膜。如果太多DM是释放到膜，除去多余的巴斯德吸管DM。每个膜放在五个海马。允许每个条件至少有3口井，或15片。 </li><li>孵育12-14天的培养板中毒性实验开始前，在5％二氧化碳培养箱，在37 °。培养基可以每周更换两次。 </li></ol> 3。引导和量化切片培养的海马神经元损伤<ol><li>经过12-14天中文化，添加5μg/ mL的碘化丙啶（PI）的文化传媒。这一步将让基底细胞死亡的可视化和量化。 </li><li>翌日，量化的PI荧光每个海马脑片CA1区（和/或CA3区或齿状如果需要的话），并获得平均PI的荧光测量基底细胞死亡（称为时间= 0小时，或T 0）。图像采集和定量分析，我们使用的OpenLAB软件（即兴创作，英国），但其他图像采集和分析软件，可用于定量荧光强度。 </li><li>紧随图像采集T +0 PI荧光后，由您所选择的方法（我们已经用了一小时10微米NMDA受体，氧糖剥夺，或LPS诱导神经元的毒性2,5）诱导神经元损伤。有毒的刺激后，更换​​新鲜培养基培养基中含有5微克/毫升PI和维护切片过夜。 </li><li>在第3天，量化平均值PI荧光的实验条件下，24小时，或T 24 。 </li><li>这个图像采集后，立即改变培养基，并添加10μmolNMDA和5微克/毫升的PI和孵化片过夜，以达到最大的神经元死亡。 </li><li>第4天，量化平均PI荧光最大的神经元死亡，定义为T MAX。 ％的细胞死亡计算如下：24（T - T 0）/（T MAX - T 0） 。 </li></ol> 4。代表性的成果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2106/2106fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1（A）代海马和随后的实验损伤和图像采集的时间线。 （二）代表图像基部海马（T 0），24小时暴露1小时后，10微米NMDA受体（T 24），并经过进一步的24小时或10微米的NMDA获得最大的神经元损伤 （T MAX ）。

<ol>
	<li>Stoppin, L., Buchs, P. A., Muller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+organotypic+cultures+of+nervous+tissue.">A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 37 (2), 173-173 (1991).</li><li>McCullough, L., Wu, L., Haughey, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotective+Function+of+the+PGE2+EP2+Receptor+in+Cerebral+Ischemia.">Neuroprotective Function of the PGE2 EP2 Receptor in Cerebral Ischemia.</a> J Neurosci. 24 (1), 257-257 (2004).</li><li>Czapiga, M., Colton, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+of+microglia+in+organotypic+slice+cultures.">Function of microglia in organotypic slice cultures.</a> J Neurosci Res. 56, 644-644 (1999).</li><li>Newell, D. W., Barth, A., Papermaster, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamate+and+non-glutamate+receptor+mediated+toxicity+caused+by+oxygen+and+glucose+deprivation+in+organotypic+hippocampal+cultures.">Glutamate and non-glutamate receptor mediated toxicity caused by oxygen and glucose deprivation in organotypic hippocampal cultures.</a> J Neurosci. 15, 7702-7702 (1995).</li><li>Wu, L., Wang, Q., Liang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Divergent+Effects+of+prostaglandin+recetor+signaling+on+neuronal+survival.">Divergent Effects of prostaglandin recetor signaling on neuronal survival.</a> Neuroscience letter. 421, 253-253 (2007).</li><li>Hailer, N. P., Jarhult, J. D., Nitsch, R., R, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+microglial+cells+in+vitro:+Analysis+of+morphology+and+adhesion+molecule+expression+in+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+cultures.">Resting microglial cells in vitro: Analysis of morphology and adhesion molecule expression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.</a> Glia. 18, 319-319 (1996).</li></ol>

要遵循确保重复性和一致的结果，复制实验时，有两个重要的点。首先，重要的是让海马年龄为12-14天前实验。片隔离，是一个重大的小胶质细胞的反应，和小胶质细胞在一段时间内保持激活状态，回到休息分枝国家发生的第10 天， 在体外3,6 ，。其次，意味着PI荧光强度成正比受伤的细胞数量4。顺序荧光是在三个时间点：（一）在T 0之前，NMDA或OGD刺激措施，自发?...

the organotypic hippocampal slice culture model for examining neuronal injury

器官型海马脑片文化是在体外培养方法，研究神经元损伤的机制，其中的基本结构和组成的海马 ，相对保留了1。器官型培养系统可以为研究神经元，星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的影响，但作为体内的编制，不处理的血 ​​液流动，或招聘周围炎性细胞的影响。为此，这种文化的方法是经常使用的研究海马锥体神经元的兴奋性毒性和缺氧性损伤，但也被用于检查的炎症反应。在此我们描述了从产后啮齿类动物的大脑产生的海马脑片培养，管理毒性刺激，诱导神经元损伤和化验，并量化海马神经元死亡的方法。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury at JoVE.com

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

organoptypic海马脑片培养模型是一个<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;模型来研究各种范式的神经元损伤。在这篇文章中，我们描述了片文化和量化神经元损伤的方法。

海马脑片的器官型检查神经元损伤的文化模式

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

the-organotypic-hippocampal-slice-culture-model-for-examining

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

19.0K 次观看.  Stanford University School of Medicine. organoptypic海马脑片培养模型是一个在体外模型来研究各种范式的神经元损伤。在这篇文章中，我们描述了片文化和量化神经元损伤的方法。

视频: The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic Slice Culture of GFP-expressing Mouse Embryos for Real-time Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Outgrowth

For many purposes, the cultivation of mouse embryos ex vivo as organotypic slices is desirable. For example, we employ a transgenic mouse line (tauGFP) in which the enhanced version of the green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is exclusively expressed in all neurons of the developing central and peripheral nervous system1, allowing the possibility to both film the innervation of the forelimb and to manipulate this process with pharmacological and genetic techniques2. The most critical parameter in the successful cultivation of such slice cultures is the method by which the slices are prepared. After extensive testing of a variety of methods, we have found that a vibratome is the best possible device to slice the embryos such that they routinely result in a culture that demonstrates viability over a period of several days, and most importantly, develops in an age-specific manner. For mid-gestation embryos, this includes the normal outgrowth of spinal nerves from the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia to their targets in the periphery and the proper determination of skeletal and muscle tissue. 
In this work, we present a method for processing whole embryos of embryonic day (E) E10 to E12 into 300 - 400 micrometer slices for cultivation in a standard tissue culture incubator, which can be studied for up to two days after slice preparation. Critical for the success of this approach is the use of a vibratome to slice each agarose-embedded embryo. This is followed by the cultivation of the slices upon Millicell culture membrane inserts placed upon a small volume of medium, resulting in an interface culture technique. One litter with an average of 7 embryos routinely produces at least 14 slices (2-3 slices of the forelimb region per embryo), which varies slightly due to the age of the embryos as well as to the thickness of the slices. About 80% of the cultured slices show nerve outgrowth, which can be measured througout the culturing period2. Representative results using the tauGFP mouse line are demonstrated.

We present a method to prepare organotypic slices of mid-gestation mouse embryos for the cultivation and time-lapse imaging of peripheral nerve outgrowth.

器官型切片文化绿色荧光蛋白表达的实时成像周围神经生长的小鼠胚胎

For many purposes, the cultivation of mouse embryos ex vivo as organotypic slices is desirable. For example, we employ a transgenic mouse line (tauGFP) in ...

科研

神经科学

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

器官型海马切片培养

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

An Organotypic Slice Assay for High-Resolution Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain

Neurogenesis in the postnatal brain depends on maintenance of three biological events: proliferation of progenitor cells, migration of neuroblasts, as well as differentiation and integration of new neurons into existing neural circuits. For postnatal neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs, these events are segregated within three anatomically distinct domains: proliferation largely occurs in the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the lateral ventricles, migrating neuroblasts traverse through the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and new neurons differentiate and integrate within the olfactory bulbs (OB). The three domains serve as ideal platforms to study the cellular, molecular, and physiological mechanisms that regulate each of the biological events distinctly. This paper describes an organotypic slice assay optimized for postnatal brain tissue, in which the extracellular conditions closely mimic the in vivo environment for migrating neuroblasts. We show that our assay provides for uniform, oriented, and speedy movement of neuroblasts within the RMS. This assay will be highly suitable for the study of cell autonomous and non-autonomous regulation of neuronal migration by utilizing cross-transplantation approaches from mice on different genetic backgrounds.

This protocol describes an organotypic slice assay optimized for the postnatal brain and high-resolution time-lapse imaging of neuroblast migration in the rostral migratory stream.

对于高分辨率延时成像神经细胞迁移的一个器官型产后脑切片检测

Neurogenesis in the postnatal brain depends on maintenance of three biological events: proliferation of progenitor cells, migration of neuroblasts, as ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

胚胎腹侧中脑器官型片文化：一个系统来研究多巴胺能神经元发展在体外</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

浦肯野细胞树突形态的器官切片培养分析

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

在器官型海马脑片搭配全细胞记录

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

神经血管重塑的分析Entorhino，海马脑切片培养

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Low-Density Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

The ability to probe the structure and physiology of individual nerve cells in culture is crucial to the study of neurobiology, and allows for flexibility in genetic and chemical manipulation of individual cells or defined networks. Such ease of manipulation is simpler in the reduced culture system when compared to the intact brain tissue. While many methods for the isolation and growth of these primary neurons exist, each has its own limitations. This protocol describes a method for culturing low-density and high-purity rodent embryonic hippocampal neurons on glass coverslips, which are then suspended over a monolayer of glial cells. This &#39;sandwich culture&#39; allows for exclusive long-term growth of a population of neurons while allowing for trophic support from the underlying glial monolayer. When neurons are of sufficient age or maturity level, the neuron coverslips can be flipped-out of the glial dish and used in imaging or functional assays. Neurons grown by this method typically survive for several weeks and develop extensive arbors, synaptic connections, and network properties.

This article describes the protocol for culturing low-density primary hippocampal neurons growing on glass coverslips inverted over a glial monolayer. The neuron and glial layers are separated by paraffin wax beads. The neurons grown by this method are suitable for high-resolution optical imaging and functional assays.

低密度原海马神经元文化

The ability to probe the structure and physiology of individual nerve cells in culture is crucial to the study of neurobiology, and allows for flexibility ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

器官海马切片培养模型研究肿瘤细胞的神经保护和侵袭性

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Extensive data on relationships of neural network oscillations to behavior and organization of neuronal discharge across brain regions call for new tools to selectively manipulate brain rhythms. Here we describe an approach combining projection-specific optogenetics with extracellular electrophysiology for high-fidelity control of hippocampal theta oscillations (5-10 Hz) in behaving mice. The specificity of the optogenetic entrainment is achieved by targeting channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to the GABAergic population of medial septal cells, crucially involved in the generation of hippocampal theta oscillations, and a local synchronized activation of a subset of inhibitory septal afferents in the hippocampus. The efficacy of the optogenetic rhythm control is verified by a simultaneous monitoring of the local field potential (LFP) across lamina of the CA1 area and/or of neuronal discharge. Using this readily implementable preparation we show efficacy of various optogenetic stimulation protocols for induction of theta oscillations and for the manipulation of their frequency and regularity. Finally, a combination of the theta rhythm control with projection-specific inhibition addresses the readout of particular aspects of the hippocampal synchronization by efferent regions.

We describe the use of optogenetics and electrophysiological recordings for selective manipulations of hippocampal theta oscillations (5-10 Hz) in behaving mice. The efficacy of the rhythm entrainment is monitored using local field potential. A combination of opto- and pharmacogenetic inhibition addresses the efferent readout of hippocampal synchronization.

Optogenetic 在行为小鼠海马θ振荡中的作用

Extensive data on relationships of neural network oscillations to behavior and organization of neuronal discharge across brain regions call for new tools ...