我们要感谢贾斯汀Riceberg测试探头的技术援助。这项工作是支持部分由美国国立卫生赠款MH65658，MH073689 F30 AG034003 - 01A1和西奈山医学院。

1。探头的设计与制作概述一个完成探头前置放大器系统由以下几部分组成组成: <ol><li>一个电脑设计的集成电路板，四通道记录和两个通道的刺激。 </li><li>中继的录音和刺激渠道，以适当的连接器上的动物头阶段的电极。 </li><li>系绳的电缆和接口，继电器记录和刺激渠道，一个滑环换向器。 </li><li>两种形式的头部阶段，对集成电路的防水。 </li></ol> 2。探头的设计和布局我们设计有4个来源的追随者，并通过使用一个商用软件CAD软件包（www.expresspcb.com）的刺激通道2通过印刷集成电路板。一个探头设计，设计模式是平铺整个表较大的电路板，以较低的成本提供很多的探头。 CAD文件传送到印刷电路板（PCB）制造服务，双面，双层板印刷使用镀通孔的顶部和底部的铜层。该板使用了锡/铅焊料镀的痕迹和垫，符合行业标准的FR - 4层压板。印刷电路板可以订购和发货的下一个营业日。个人的探头被切断，从大的瓷砖的PCB和电​​子元件与焊料连接。例如一个在本议定书中所使用的探头布局（图1）所示。请参阅详细的说明和提示设计PCB制造商的网站。 3。电子元件的制备与焊接在本议定书中所使用的所有电子元件的表面贴装器件（SMD）型。每个设备类型的足迹（电阻，电容等）被选上的探头，以尽量减少浪费的空间，但如有必要，可用于较大的SMD元件。 <ol><li>组织上的电路板组件的焊接做准备。 </li><li>广场上的锡/铅垫少量的焊锡进行焊接，使烙铁靠近尖端的焊锡融化，坚持垫。 </li><li>焊接电容器，电阻器下，然后运算放大器。 </li><li>运算放大器可以被摧毁过热。我们使用一个变量的热焊枪和必要的最低热量融化的焊料。最大限度地减少加热时间用来做一个良好的焊点。我们发现它方便地创建一个小型水库的焊料流动的足迹垫申请焊料沿通信或电力的痕迹。 </li><li>测试整个电阻的电阻符合预期值，用欧姆表。 </li><li>检查每个密切合作，以确保没有焊料连接或桥接相邻的垫垫。如果有焊接桥，热和融化的焊料和使用镊子打破桥梁。 </li></ol> 4。大会和制作的植入和系绳接口<ol><li>机械支持的9针，ABS插座未使用的端口插入了23 Ga的皮下管。 </li><li>切割女性安费诺引脚连接到ABS插座绝缘电磁线6个1厘米的长片。 </li><li>女性引脚焊锡的使用少量的焊锡，在每一个引脚的电磁线，从尖端加热引脚。 </li><li>焊接成的ABS插座的每个磁线的另一端​​。 </li><li>位置的男性 - 超过女性MillMax系绳上的探头侧垫脚，挤在PCB的引脚，以确保压力适合。然后，每个引脚的焊锡垫，以每个。 </li><li>神经植入连接器的环形螺母的位置，和所有的女性引脚推入所需的塑料底座上的插槽。 </li><li>丙烯酸胶（胶krazy）适用于ABS插座连接器的顶部，并确保它的探头基地。 23Ga管胶的支持探头系绳端。 </li></ol> 5。防水探头<ol><li>防水探头，包住整个集成电路和5分钟的环氧任何裸露的金属表面。允许初步干燥，永久干燥5-10分钟和60分钟。 </li><li>海报德腻子应适用于从动物端凸出的女性引脚周围表面的9针ABS插座。 </li><li>最大的防水，ABS插座和ABS插头应交配和环形螺母应拧紧。应缠接触针连接器的接口，以防止水的封口膜小条。 </li></ol>成功的秘诀<ol><li>运算放大器的焊接时，没有过热的塑料封装。如果有可见的燃烧或熔化，删除运算放大器，取代它。应用过多的热量，可能会损坏，无可见融化的运算放大器。测试焊接后的每一个函数发生器的通道。 </li><li>确保没有流浪的探头连接或桥接。删除组件或流浪焊料，锡丝可用于。 </li></ol> 6。代表性的成果一个良好的记录将按照在运动过程中在不削减和输入信号源。为了测试探头，用户应使用函数发生器作为每个记录引脚的输入，并评估在工厂的最大头的输出端的波形。物理移动的探头不应该影响记录的波形的形状。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2155/2155fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。 （一）印刷电路板（PCB）的顶层的示意图。红色线表示的铜线。黄线表示可选丝印层，电子零件的定位。显示运算放大器放置（中央黄色正方形），电阻器（小黄平方）和电容器（最小的黄色方格），（二 ）绿线示意图PCB底层 。，表明铜线。大片绿色的填充区域，地板块。这个原理的一个模型文件提供下载。

<ol>
	<li>Morris, R. G., Garrud, P., Rawlins, J. N., O'Keefe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Place+navigation+impaired+in+rats+with+hippocampal+lesions.">Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions.</a> Nature. 297, 681-683 (1982).</li><li>Rolston, J. D., Gross, R. E., Potter, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low-cost+multielectrode+system+for+data+acquisition+enabling+real-time+closed-loop+processing+with+rapid+recovery+from+stimulation+artifacts.+Front.">A low-cost multielectrode system for data acquisition enabling real-time closed-loop processing with rapid recovery from stimulation artifacts. Front.</a> Neuroengineering. 2, 12-12 (2009).</li><li>Fee, M. S., Leonardo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniature+motorized+microdrive+and+commutator+system+for+chronic+neural+recording+in+small+animals.">Miniature motorized microdrive and commutator system for chronic neural recording in small animals.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 112, 83-94 (2001).</li><li>Shirvalkar, P. R., Rapp, P. R., Shapiro, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+changes+to+hippocampal+theta+gamma+oscillations+predict+memory+for+recent+spatial+episodes.">Bidirectional changes to hippocampal theta gamma oscillations predict memory for recent spatial episodes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (15), 7054-709 (2010).</li></ol>

水迷宫行为的任务提供有效的工具，探头实时 1动物的认知能力和交涉。使用重量轻，成本效益探头前置放大器，尤其是涉及水迷宫行为神经生理学应用的关键。因为逃避冷水，提供对这些任务中的动物的内在动力，其行为可以在反复试验测试，没有干迷宫动物激励的困难。这里描述的低成本探头前置放大器设备将帮助科学家测试，而不需要担心损坏昂贵的设备在水任务的神经功能的假说...

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<td>Custom designed Integrated Circuit Board</td>
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<td>GS09PLG-220</td>
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<td>Fluke Mfg Co.</td>
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<td>Millmax Double Row Headers</td>
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<td>Millmax / Mouser</td>
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<td>7-10L</td>
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design and construction of a cost effective headstage for simultaneous neural stimulation and recording in the water maze

常用的探头前置放大器和源追随者行​​为神经生理学实验研究的神经活动。可用的商业产品往往价格昂贵，不容易定制，而不是潜水。在这里，我们描述了一个方法来设计和构建一个定制的集成电路探头同步4通道神经清醒，动物行为的记录和2通道模拟。探头的设计使用一个免费的，市售的CAD式的设计包，可以很容易被修改，以适应不同规模的（例如，添加频道）。一个定制的印刷电路板采用表面贴装电阻，电容和运算放大器，建设单位增益源极跟随电路。探头防水，环氧树脂，封口膜和合成橡胶腻子的组合。我们已经成功地使用此设备记录本地的外地的潜力和刺激不同的大脑区域，同时通过独立的大鼠在水迷宫游泳渠道。总成本是&lt;$ 30/unit和随时可以制造。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze at JoVE.com

Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

我们提出了一个低成本的方法，设计和建造神经同时记录和刺激的能力光探头前置放大器系统。该设备可以在游泳动物使用防水。

同时神经刺激，并记录在水迷宫的设计和构建一个具有成本效益探头

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial ...

design-construction-cost-effective-headstage-for-simultaneous-neural

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.6K 次观看.  Mount Sinai School of Medicine. 我们提出了一个低成本的方法，设计和建造神经同时记录和刺激的能力光探头前置放大器系统。该设备可以在游泳动物使用防水。

视频: Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

睾酮和社会决策，结合行为内分泌和实验经济学:

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

科研

神经科学

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including acquisition of spatial memoryand long-term spatial memory 1. The MWM is a relatively simple procedure typically consisting of six day trials, the main advantage being the differentiation between the spatial (hidden-platform) and non-spatial (visible platform) conditions 2-4. In addition, the MWM testing environment reduces odor trail interference 5. This has led the task to be used extensively in the study of the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of spatial learning and memory. The MWM plays an important role in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease 6, 7. In this protocol we discussed the typical procedure of MWM for testing learning and memory and data analysis commonly used in Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease transgenic model mice.

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze is a behavioral task to test hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. It has been widely used in the study of neurobiology, neuropharmacology and neurocognitive disorders in rodent models.

在阿尔茨海默氏病模型小鼠学习和记忆障碍的Morris水迷宫测试

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

阈上的神经活动的单细胞和单穗的分辨率的光学的方法记录

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of neural circuits underlying a variety of natural behaviors, including navigation1 , decision making 2,3, and the generation of complex motor sequences4,5,6. Advances in precision machining has allowed for the fabrication of light-weight devices suitable for chronic recordings in small animals, such as mice and songbirds. The ability to adjust the electrode position with small remotely controlled motors has further increased the recording yield in various behavioral contexts by reducing animal handling.6,7
 Here we describe a protocol to build an ultra-light motorized microdrive for long-term chronic recordings in small animals. Our design evolved from an earlier published version7, and has been adapted for ease-of use and cost-effectiveness to be more practical and accessible to a wide array of researchers. This proven design 8,9,10,11 allows for fine, remote positioning of electrodes over a range of ~ 5 mm and weighs less than 750 mg when fully assembled. We present the complete protocol for how to build and assemble these drives, including 3D CAD drawings for all custom microdrive components.

The design, fabrication and assembly of an ultra-light motorized microdrive is described. The device provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use solution for chronic recordings of single units in small behaving animals.

设计和组装的超轻型电动微型硬盘（Microdrive）慢性神经录音的小动物

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

全细胞膜片钳红外神经刺激机制的调查

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic applications. This protocol describes a fabrication technique of a modified cylindrical nerve cuff electrode to meet these criteria. Minimum computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) skills are necessary to consistently produce cuffs with high precision (contact placement 0.51 &#177; 0.04 mm) and various cuff sizes. The precision in spatially distributing the contacts and the ability to retain a predefined geometry accomplished with this design are two criteria essential to optimize the cuff&#39;s interface for selective recording and stimulation. The presented design also maximizes the flexibility in the longitudinal direction while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the transverse direction to reshape the nerve by using materials with different elasticities. The expansion of the cuff&#39;s cross sectional area as a result of increasing the pressure inside the cuff was observed to be 25% at 67 mm Hg. This test demonstrates the flexibility of the cuff and its response to nerve swelling post-implant. The stability of the contacts&#39; interface and recording quality were also examined with contacts&#39; impedance and signal-to-noise ratio metrics from a chronically implanted cuff (7.5 months), and observed to be 2.55 &#177; 0.25 k&#8486; and 5.10 &#177; 0.81 dB respectively.

This article provides a detailed description on the fabrication process of a high contact-density flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This electrode is optimized for recording and stimulating neural activity selectively within peripheral nerves.

高接触密度的制作，平面接口神经电极用于记录和刺激的应用

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

时间依赖性增加对微电极阵列刺激神经元细胞培养物的网络响应

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems neuroscience. One key component of this technique consists of the precise placement of multiple electrodes into desired brain regions and the maintenance of their stability. Here, we describe a protocol for the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive, which includes eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes, and is specifically designed for in vivo extracellular neural recording in freely behaving rats. The tetrodes attached to the microdrives can either be individually advanced into multiple brain regions along the track, or can be used to place an array of electrodes into a smaller area. The multiple tetrodes allow for simultaneous examination of action potentials from dozens of individual neurons, as well as local field potentials from populations of neurons in the brain during active behavior. In addition, the design provides for simpler 3D drafting software that can easily be modified for differing experimental needs.

We present the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive with eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes. The hyperdrive is designed to record brain activity in freely behaving rats over a period of several weeks.