preparing rhinal cortex-hippocampus slices from a rat pup brain

Preparing Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Slices from a Rat Pup Brain

Transfer the brain, dorsal side up, into a 60-millimeter plate containing 5 milliliters of cold GBSS. Insert fine forceps into the cerebellum, and insert the spatula along the midline to carefully open the hemisphere. Use short, curved forceps to carefully remove the excess tissue that covers the hippocampus without touching the hippocampal structure. Then, cut below each hippocampus.
Transfer one hemisphere at a time, hippocampus side up and parallel to each other, onto a piece of filter paper. Place the filter paper onto a tissue chopper with the hemispheres perpendicular to the blade, and cut the hemispheres into 350-micron slices. Transfer the sliced tissue into a new Petri dish containing 5 milliliters of cold GBSS, and use round-tip electrodes to carefully separate the slices.
Keeping only the samples with a structurally intact rhinal cortex and hippocampus, use a spatula and a round-tip electrode to place up to four intact slices onto individual inserts in the appropriate number of wells of a six-well plate containing 1.1 milliliters of culture medium per well.
Use a P20 pipette to remove any excess dissection medium from around each slice. Place the plate in the cell culture incubator. Change the medium every two to three days. Use forceps to lift the insert. Aspirate the medium from the corresponding well, and place the insert back in place. Use a P1000 pipette to add 1 milliliter of fresh 37 degrees Celsius medium to each well.

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All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Preparation of rhinal cortex-hippocampus slices
NOTE: The preparation of rhinal cortex-hippocampus slices uses P6-7 Sprague-Dawley rats.
<ol>
	<li>Culture setup and medium preparation
	<ol>
		<li>On the day before the culture, prepare the required media and place them at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Prepare dissection medium: 25 mM glucose in Gey&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (GBSS).</li>
		<li>Prepare culture medium: 50% Opti-MEM, 25% HBSS, 25% Horse Serum (HS), 25 mM glucose, 30 &#181;g/mL Gentamycin.</li>
		<li>Prepare maintenance medium: Neurobasal-A (NBA), 2% B27, 1 mM L-glutamine, 30 &#181;g/mL Gentamycin, HS (15%, 10%, 5% and 0%).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Brain harvesting
	<ol>
		<li>Just before starting the culture, add 1.1 mL of culture medium to each well of the 6-well plate with a P1000 pipette and place it at 37 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Place all the equipment (dissection microscope, tissue chopper, dissecting lamp, dissecting tools, electrodes, plates, inserts, and filter papers) inside the biological safety cabinet and sterilize under UV light for 15 minutes.</li>
		<li>Adjust slice thickness to 350 &#181;m.</li>
		<li>Withdraw the GBSS from the fridge. Add 5 mL of GBSS to six Petri dishes. Six Petri dishes will be required per animal.</li>
		<li>Euthanize the rat pup. Perform decapitation by using a sharp scissor at the base of the brain stem of the animal.</li>
		<li>Wash the animal head three times in cold GBSS and take it inside the safety cabinet.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Tissue isolation and preparation of slices
	<ol>
		<li>Firmly insert sharp forceps into the eye sockets to hold the head.</li>
		<li>Using a thin scissor cut the skin/scalp along the midline starting from the vertebral foramen towards the frontal lobes and put it aside.</li>
		<li>Cut in the same way as the skull and along the cerebral transverse fissure (space between the brain and cerebellum). With curved long forceps, move it apart.</li>
		<li>Discard the olfactory bulbs with a spatula. Remove the brain from the head and place it in ice-cold GBSS with the dorsal surface facing up (Figure 1A).</li>
		<li>Insert the fine forceps into the cerebellum and go along the midline with the spatula opening each hemisphere very carefully (Figure 1B).</li>
		<li>With short curve forceps, carefully remove the excess tissue that covers the hippocampi, without touching the hippocampal structure. Then with a spatula, cut below each hippocampus (Figure 1C).</li>
		<li>Pick up one hemisphere and place it, with the hippocampus facing up, onto a filter paper. Repeat the procedure with the other hemisphere and place it parallel to the first one, in the filter paper. Put the filter paper on the tissue chopper, with the hemispheres perpendicular to the blade, and cut the hemispheres into 350 &#956;m slices (Figure 1D).</li>
		<li>Place the sliced tissue into a Petri dish with cold GBSS (Figure 1E).</li>
		<li>Carefully separate the slices using the round tip electrodes (Figure 1F). Keep only the slices with a structurally intact rhinal cortex and hippocampus. DG and CA areas should be perfectly defined, as well as the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex (Figure 1G).</li>
		<li>Place each slice onto the insert (Figure 1H-I), with a spatula and a round-tip electrode. Remove the excess dissection medium around each slice with a P20 pipette (Figure 1J). Four rhinal cortex-hippocampus slices can be cultured in a single insert (Figure 1K).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Culture maintenance
	<ol>
		<li>Change the medium every other day.</li>
		<li>Warm up the medium at 37 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Take the plates from the incubator. Pick up each insert by holding the plastic edge with forceps (Figure 1L).</li>
		<li>Use a free hand to aspirate the medium from the well. Place the insert back into the well and add 1 mL, with a P1000 pipette, of fresh warmed medium (Figure 1M). Repeat for all the inserts. Make sure no air bubbles are trapped between the membrane and the medium.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Blades for scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10011-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain/Tissue Slice Chamber System</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture inserts, 30 mm, hydrophilic PTFE</td>
			<td>Millipore SAS</td>
			<td>PICM03050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conventional incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Heraeus</td>
			<td>BB15, Function Line</td>
			<td>Set to 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D(+)-Glucose monohydrate</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.08342.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose solution, 45% in water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate</td>
			<td>Merck Milipore</td>
			<td>1.06580.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Fine Forceps Biologie Inox</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11254-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps Standard Inox</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #7 Forceps Standard Dumoxel</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11271-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Medical #7S Forceps Short Curve Inox</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11273-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin stock solution, 50 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15750-037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gey&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (GBSS)</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>01-919-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Electrodes</td>
			<td>Science Products</td>
			<td>GB150F-10</td>
			<td>Round tips homemade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Pasteur pipettes, 230 mm</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>612-1702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum, Heat Inactivated (HS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>26050-088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris Spatula Curved</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10092-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labculture Class II Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>HERASafe</td>
			<td>HS 12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine solution 200 mM (Q)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal-A Medium (NBA)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10888-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM&#174; I Reduced-Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31985-047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum 5 blades</td>
			<td>Gillette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qualitative Filter Paper, Cellulose, Grade 1, 55 mm</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001-055</td>
			<td>Medium retention 11&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qualitative Filter Paper, Cellulose, Grade 1, 90 mm</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001-090</td>
			<td>Medium retention 11&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TC-Treated Sterile 6-Wells Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CORN3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperatue controller</td>
			<td>MEDICAL SYSTEMS CORP.</td>
			<td>TC-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Chopper</td>
			<td>The Mickle Laboratory Engineering CO. LTD.</td>
			<td>MTC/2</td>
			<td>Set to 350 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Source: Valente, C. A., et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61330">A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2021)
The video demonstrates a method for obtaining rhinal cortex-hippocampus slices from a rat pup&#39;s brain and culturing them in membranous inserts within a multi-well plate filled with media for further analysis.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22631/22631_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Detailed procedure for the preparation of rhinal cortex-hippocampus organotypic slices. (A) Remove the brain from the head and place it in ice-cold GBSS with the dorsal surface faced up. (B) Insert the forceps into the cerebellum. Open the brain through the midline and remove the excess tissue over the hippocampus. (C) With a spatula cu...

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Preparation of rhinal ...

Take a freshly harvested rat pup brain, dorsal side up, in a culture plate with chilled buffer.
Open the brain hemispheres and remove the tissues covering the hippocampus.
Incise the hemispheres so that they contain the hippocampi and rhinal cortices.
Place both hemispheres with the hippocampi facing up and parallel on a filter paper.
Transfer this assembly to a tissue chopper with the blade perpendicular to the hemispheres.
Cut the hemispheres to the required thickness to obtain slices and transfer them to a culture plate with chilled buffer.
Carefully separate the slices and dissect them to include structurally intact hippocampal and rhinal cortex regions.
Transfer the slices to membranous inserts in a multi-well plate containing media.
Remove the excess buffer from the slices and incubate them for tissue recovery.
Refresh the media. The slices can be used for further analysis.

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Direct-current Stimulation and Multi-electrode Array Recording of Seizure-like Activity in Mice Brain Slice Preparation

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the stimulation parameters (e.g., orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration) need to be examined in mice brain slice preparations. Testing and arranging the orientation of the electrode relative to the position of the mice brain slice are feasible. The present method preserves the thalamocingulate pathway to evaluate the effect of DCS on anterior cingulate cortex seizure-like activities. The results of the multichannel array recordings indicated that cathodal DCS significantly decreased the amplitude of the stimulation-evoked responses and duration of 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline-induced seizure-like activity. This study also found that cathodal DCS applications at 15 min caused long-term depression in the thalamocingulate pathway. The present study investigates the effects of DCS on thalamocingulate synaptic plasticity and acute seizure-like activities. The current procedure can test the optimal stimulation parameters including orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration in an in vitro mouse model. Also, the method can evaluate the effects of DCS on cortical seizure-like activities at both the cellular and network levels.

Studies have shown that cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation can produce suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. In this study, an in vitro experimental setup was devised in which the direct-current stimulation and multielectrode array recording of seizure-like activity were evaluated in mice brain slice preparation. The direct-current stimulation parameters were evaluated.

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This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

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This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

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This article aims to describe a systematic protocol to obtain horizontal hippocampal brain slices in mice. The objective of this methodology is to preserve the integrity of hippocampal fiber pathways, such as the perforant path and the mossy fiber tract to assess dentate gyrus related neurological processes.

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Preparing Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Slices from a Rat Pup Brain

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Preparing Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Slices from a Rat Pup Brain