modeling neuronal injury in mouse primary cerebellar granule neurons

Modeling Neuronal Injury in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

To induce neuronal excitotoxicity with NMDA, following seven days in vitro, treat the cerebellar granule neurons with 100 micromolar NMDA and 10 micromolar glycine for one hour. Then, replace the medium with conditioned medium from the parallel cultures with no treatment. This concentration results in 50% cell death at 24 hours post-treatment.

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1. Experimental Preparation
NOTE: The following stock solutions can be prepared and maintained until use.
<ol>
	<li>Dissection Solution
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 3.62 g of sodium chloride (NaCl), 0.2 g of potassium chloride (KCl), 0.069 g of sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4&#160;&#8729; H2O), and 1.306 g of D-(+)-Glucose in 500 mL of distilled H2O. Then, add 12.5 mL of HEPES Buffer, 450 &#181;L of Phenol red solution, and 20 mL of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) fraction V to the solution. Adjust to pH 7.4 using 1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH).</li>
		<li>Sterilize with a 0.22 &#181;m filter and store at 4 &#176;C. This solution will remain stable for up to one week to 10 days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Trypsin
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a stock solution at a concentration of 25 g/L of trypsin in 0.9% sodium chloride. Store the solution at -20 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Trypsin Inhibitor
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a stock with a concentration of 10 mg/mL by dissolving 1 g of chicken egg white trypsin inhibitor in 100 mL of 1 mM HCl. Store this solution at -20 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Deoxyribonuclease (DNase)
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 100 mg of DNase 1 in 10 mL of sterile water to generate a 10 mg/mL stock. Store the solution at -20 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>MgSO4
	<ol>
		<li>Add 6.02 g of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) to 50 mL of distilled water (H2O) to generate a 1 M stock. Store the solution at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>CaCl2
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 0.735 g of calcium chloride (CaCl2&#8729; 2H2O) in 50 mL of distilled H2O to a stock concentration of 100 mM. Store solution at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>KCl
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 3.7275 g of KCl in 50 mL of distilled H2O to a stock concentration of 1 M. Store solution at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>D-(+)-Glucose
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 1.802 g of D-(+)-glucose in 50 mL of distilled H2O to a stock concentration of 100 mM. Store solution at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Cell Culture Media
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare cell culture media as follows: 5 mL of heat inactivated dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum, 500 &#181;L of 200 mM L-Glutamine, 100 &#181;L of 50 mg/mL Gentamycin and 1 mL of 1.0 M KCL should be added to 45 mL of filter sterilized Eagle&#39;s minimal essential media (E-MEM) that is supplemented with 1.125 g/L D-Glucose to generate 50 mL of cerebellar granule neuron (CGN) culture media. Store media at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Cytosine Beta-D- Arabino Furanoside
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 48 mg of cytosine beta-D-arabino furanoside in 10 mL of growth media to a stock concentration of 20 mM. Store solution at -20 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Poly-D-Lysine
	<ol>
		<li>To generate a 2 mg/mL poly D-lysine stock, add 10 mL of sterile H2O to 20 mg of poly D-lysine. Stock poly D-lysine should be stored at -80 &#176;C in 100 &#181;L aliquots. 
		NOTE: The following solutions should be prepared prior to dissection and maintained at 4 &#176;C until use.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>MgSO4&#160;Supplemented Dissection Solution
	<ol>
		<li>Add 300 &#181;L of stock MgSO4&#160;to 250 mL of dissection solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Trypsin Dissection Solution
	<ol>
		<li>Add 100 &#181;L of stock trypsin and 12 &#181;L of stock MgSO4&#160;to 10 mL of dissection solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Trypsin Inhibitor Solution 1
	<ol>
		<li>Add 164 &#181;L of stock trypsin inhibitor, 250 &#181;L of stock DNase 1 and 12 &#181;L of stock MgSO4&#160;to 10 mL of dissection solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Trypsin Inhibitor Solution 2
	<ol>
		<li>Add 1040 &#181;L of stock trypsin inhibitor, 750 &#181;L of stock DNase 1 and 12 &#181;L of stock MgSO4 to 10 mL of dissection solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>CaCl2&#160;supplemented dissection solution
	<ol>
		<li>Add 10 &#181;L of stock CaCl2&#160;and 25 &#181;L of stock MgSO4&#160;to 10 mL of dissection solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Poly D-Lysine Coated Culture Dishes
	<ol>
		<li>To coat culture dishes, dilute 100 &#181;L of stock poly D-lysine in 40 mL of sterile H2O. For 35 mm Nunc culture dishes, add 2 mL of diluted poly D-Lysine solution. For 4 well plates, add 300 &#181;L of diluted poly D-Lysine to each well.</li>
		<li>Let the poly D-lysine sit for 1 h before aspirating and washing each well with 4 mL or 600 &#181;L (for 35 mm culture dishes or 4 well plates, respectively) of sterile H2O. Then aspirate the H2O and let the dishes air dry for 1 h.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Brain Extraction and Isolation of Cerebellum
<ol>
	<li>Decapitate a 6&#8211;7-day old mouse pup using decapitation scissors. Perform the dissection of the brain in a sterile tissue culture hood.</li>
	<li>To remove the brain, grasp the head using a pair of forceps and cut through the skin toward the anterior of the head using microdissection scissors as demonstrated in&#160;Figure 1. Then cut through the skull bone using a new pair of scissors to minimize risk of contamination. Remove the skull covering the brain using forceps and tease out the brain using forceps or a spatula.
	<ol>
		<li>As needed, cut through the optic nerve to facilitate getting the brain out as a whole.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place the brain in the dissection solution, which is supplemented with MgSO4. Keep the solution and the brain on ice.</li>
	<li>Following brain removal, under a dissection microscope, dissect out the cerebellum from the brain while still in MgSO4&#160;supplemented dissection solution, and remove the meninges using fine forceps. Turn the cerebellum to its ventral side and insure removal of the choroid plexus.</li>
	<li>Pool the cerebella into a 35-mm dish containing ~1 mL of MgSO4&#160;supplemented dissection solution.</li>
	<li>Chop the tissue into small pieces and transfer into a 50 mL tube containing 30 mL of MgSO4&#160;buffered dissection solution.</li>
</ol>
3. Mouse Cerebellar Granule Neuron Isolation and Culturing
<ol>
	<li>Centrifuge the 50 mL tube containing the chopped cerebral tissue for 5 min at 644 x g and 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Remove the supernatant and add 10 mL of trypsin dissection solution. Then, shake the tube at high speed for 15 min at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Add 10 mL of trypsin inhibitor solution 1 to the tube and rock gently for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the tube for 5 min at 644 x g and 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Remove the supernatant and add 2 mL of trypsin inhibitor solution 2, and then transfer to a 15 mL tube.</li>
	<li>Triturate the tissue in the 15 mL tube until the solution becomes murky. Then let settle for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Remove the clear supernatant and transfer the supernatant to a new tube containing 1 mL of CaCl2&#160;supplemented dissection solution.</li>
	<li>Add another mL of trypsin inhibitor solution 2 to the bottom of the tube containing the pellet from step 3.6. Triturate again and let settle for 5 min. Remove the supernatant and add it to the tube containing the supernatant from step 3.7 (That is a repeat of steps 3.6-3.7). Repeat this process until most of the tissue is mechanically dissociated.</li>
	<li>Add 0.3 mL of CaCl2&#160;supplemented dissection solution to the supernatant collection for every mL of supernatant.</li>
	<li>Mix the contents of the tube and then centrifuge for 5 min at 644 x g.</li>
	<li>Remove the supernatant and add 10 mL of fresh media to the pellet and mix.</li>
	<li>Cells may then be counted and diluted to a concentration of 1.5 x 106&#160;cells/mL. Please note that in general 10 million cells are expected from each dissected brain, dependent on trypsinization time and efficiency of dissection. Plate cells on previously made poly D-lysine plates. For 4-well plates, plate 0.5 mL, giving 7.5 x 105&#160;cells per well. For 35-mm dishes, plate 4 mL, giving 6 x 106&#160;cells per plate.</li>
	<li>After 24 h, add cytosine-&#946;-arabino furanoside (AraC) to the plates to reduce glial contamination. For each mL of media 0.5 &#181;L of 20 mM AraC is required. Addition of AraC does not require a media change. If cells are to be maintained for 7-8 days, repeat this treatment on day 3.</li>
	<li>Maintain cultures in a 5% CO2&#160;incubator at 37 &#176;C and feed with 100 &#181;L of 100 mM glucose added to the culture for every 2 mL of media every 2 days past 5 days. A complete media change is not required.</li>
</ol>
4. Modeling Neuronal Injury
<ol>
	<li>To induce N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced neuronal excitotoxicity, following 7 days&#160;in vitro, treat CGNs with 100 &#181;M NMDA and 10 &#181;M glycine for 1 h. Replace all the medium with conditioned medium from parallel cultures with no treatment. This concentration results in 50% cell death at 24 h post treatment (Figure 2, 3). Mitochondrial fragmentation is evident at 6-8 h post treatment.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
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			<td>ABM</td>
			<td>#LV900</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>speedy virus purification solution&#160;</td>
			<td>ABM</td>
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			<td>pCMV-dR8.2</td>
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			<td>pCMV-VS.VG</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#8454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>#15230162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 mM L-Glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>#25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Nunc culture dishes</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>#174913</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerUP SYBR green master mix</td>
			<td>life technologies</td>
			<td>#A25742</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>BSA V Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#A-8412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 &#8226; 2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#C-7902&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camptothecin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#C-9911</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chicken Egg White Trypsin Inhibitor&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#10109878001</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Cytosine beta-D-Arabino Furanoside</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#C-1768</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#G-7528</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>DNase1&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#11284932001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eagle-minimal essential medium</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#M-2279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#G-5417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat inactivated dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#F-0392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#H-0887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#216763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mg/mL Gentamycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#G-1397</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#M-2643</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#M-3262</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Phenol Red Solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#P-0290</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>#T-4549</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 3000</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L3000-008</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>p3000 enhancer reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L3000-008</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>KCl&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>#CABDH9258</td>
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			<td>NaCl&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>#CABDH9286</td>
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			<td>NaH2PO4H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
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			<td>Poly D-lysine&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
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			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Wisent</td>
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			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Wisent</td>
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	</tbody>
</table>

Source: Laaper, M. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/55871">Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates the generation of a neuronal injury model in mouse primary cerebellar granule neurons. It outlines the steps involved in inducing neuronal injury using NMDA, an excitatory neurotransmitter receptor agonist, and glycine, a co-agonist. NMDA and glycine bind to specific neuronal receptors, causing their overstimulation and resulting in a massive intracellular calcium influx, which leads to neuronal cell damage and death.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22970/22970_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Removal of mouse brain and dissection of cerebellum.&#160;(A) To extract the brain of a 6-7 day old mouse, using a pair of forceps, grasp the head and cut the skin anteriorly along the dotted lines using a pair of microdissection scissors. Be careful to cut only the skin and connective tissue, too deep an incision may puncture the skull and damage the brain. These three...

1. Experimental Preparation
NOTE: The following stock solutions can be prepared and maintained until use.

	Dissection Solution
	
		Dissolve 3.62 g of ...

Begin with a culture of mouse primary cerebellar granule neurons.
Add high concentrations of N-methyl-D-aspartate, or NMDA, an excitatory neurotransmitter receptor agonist, and glycine, a co-agonist. Incubate the culture.
NMDA and glycine bind to their respective sites on the NMDA receptors, leading to overstimulation and causing a massive influx of calcium ions.
The increased intracellular calcium activates calcium-dependent phospholipases, which degrade cell membrane phospholipids, resulting in membrane damage.
Additionally, intracellular calcium activates proteases that degrade cellular proteins.
The elevated calcium levels also induce mitochondrial stress and fragmentation, leading to the release of reactive oxygen species, or ROS, and causing oxidative stress.
Furthermore, intracellular calcium activates DNases, which, together with ROS, cause DNA damage, ultimately resulting in neuronal death.
Replace the medium with fresh medium without NMDA and glycine to halt the signaling cascade.
The NMDA-induced neuronal injury model is ready for further analysis.

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Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then radial migration in the molecular layer and the Purkinje cell layer to reach the internal granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Default in migratory processes induces either cell death or misplacement of the neurons, leading to deficits in diverse cerebellar functions. Centripetal granule cell migration involves several mechanisms, such as chemotaxis and extracellular matrix degradation, to guide the cells towards their final position, but the factors that regulate cell migration in each cortical layer are only partially known. In our method, acute cerebellar slices are prepared from P10 rats, granule cells are labeled with a fluorescent cytoplasmic marker and tissues are cultured on membrane inserts from 4 to 10 hr before starting real-time monitoring of cell migration by confocal macroscopy at 37 &#176;C in the presence of CO2. During their migration in the different cortical layers of the cerebellum, granule cells can be exposed to neuropeptide agonists or antagonists, protease inhibitors, blockers of intracellular effectors or even toxic substances such as alcohol or methylmercury to investigate their possible role in the regulation of neuronal migration.

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Selective Depletion of Microglia from Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures Using L-leucine Methyl Ester

Microglia, the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS, play multifaceted roles in modulating and controlling neuronal function, as well as mediating innate immunity. Primary rodent cell culture models have greatly advanced our understanding of neuronal-glial interactions, but only recently have methods to specifically eliminate microglia from mixed cultures been utilized. One such technique &#8211; described here &#8211; is the use of L-leucine methyl ester, a lysomotropic agent that is internalized by macrophages and microglia, wherein it causes lysosomal disruption and subsequent apoptosis13,14. Experiments using L-leucine methyl ester have the power to identify the contribution of microglia to the surrounding cellular environment under diverse culture conditions. Using a protocol optimized in our laboratory, we describe how to eliminate microglia from P5 rodent cerebellar granule cell culture. This approach allows one to assess the relative impact of microglia on experimental data, as well as determine whether microglia are playing a neuroprotective or neurotoxic role in culture models of neurological conditions, such as stroke, Alzheimer&#8217;s or Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Microglia can influence neurons and other glia in culture by various non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Here, we present a protocol to selectively deplete microglia from primary neuronal cultures. This method has the potential to elucidate the role of microglial-neuronal interactions, with implications for neurodegenerative conditions where neuroinflammation is a hallmark feature.

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Assessment of Neuronal Viability Using Fluorescein Diacetate-Propidium Iodide Double Staining in Cerebellar Granule Neuron Culture

Primary cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs) have been widely used as an in vitro model in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. However, the co-existence of glial cells and neurons in CGN culture might lead to biases in the accurate assessment of neuronal viability. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining has been used to measure cell viability by simultaneously evaluating the viable and dead cells. We used FDA-PI double staining to improve the sensitivities of the colorimetric assays and to evaluate neuronal viability in CGNs. Furthermore, we added blue fluorescent DNA stains (e.g., Hoechst) to improve the accuracy. This protocol describes how to improve the accuracy of assessment of neuronal viability by using these methods in CGN culture. Using this protocol, the number of glial cells can be excluded by using fluorescence microscopy. A similar strategy can be applied to distinguish the unwanted glial cells from neurons in various mixed cell cultures, such as primary cortical culture and hippocampal culture.

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Modeling Neuronal Injury in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

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Modeling Neuronal Injury in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons