MPI博士后的奖学金MB-C和商标;韩国救国阵线（R31-2008-000-10008-0），红磡湾。卡尔Beykirch，迈克尔Kerger约阿希姆唐普德技术援助和科学讨论。

1。库卡机器人有限公司<ol><li> MPI CyberMotion模拟器由六联合在3-2-1配置的串行机器人（ 图1）。它是基于商业库卡Robocoaster（修改后的KR-500配备了一枚500公斤的有效载荷的工业机器人）。物理修改和软件控制结构需要有一个灵活，安全的实验装置，先前已描述，包括运动模拟器的速度和加速度的限制，延迟和传输系统的功能9。从这个先前设置的修改，定义如下。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3436/3436fig1.jpg" /> 图1。当前的MPI CyberMotion模拟器工作空间的图形表示。 <ol start="2"><li>结合横向旋转运动的复杂的运动轨迹是可能MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器。轴1，4和6 CA<html>连续列印转动。 4对硬件的最终停止在两个方向上的限制，3轴2和5。直线运动的最大射程是强烈依赖从运动开始的位置上。 MPI CyberMotion模拟器最终停止当前的硬件，如表1所示。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 轴 </td><td> 范围[度] </td><td> 最大。速度[deg / s的] </td></tr><tr><td>轴1 </td><td>连续</td><td> 69 </td></tr><tr><td>轴2 </td><td> -128到-48 </td><td> 57 </td></tr><tr><td>轴3 </td><td> -45到+92 </td><td> 69 </td></tr><tr><td>轴4 </td><td>连续</td><td> 76 </td></tr><tr><td> 5轴</td><td> -58到+58 </td><td> 76 </td></tr><tr><td>轴6 </td><td>连续</td><td> 120 </td></tr></tbody></table></li></ol>NT“&gt; 表1。当前的MPI CyberMotion模拟器技术规范。 <ol start="3"><li>前MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器上进行任何实验，每个实验的运动轨迹，经历了一个库卡模拟PC（办公室PC）上的测试阶段。 “办公电脑”是一个特殊的产品销往库卡模拟真实的机器人手臂，包括相同的操作系统和真正的机器人控制屏幕布局。一个开环配置的MPI CyberMotion模拟器控制系统的示意图，在图2所示。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3436/3436fig2.jpg" /> 图2。MPI CyberMotion模拟器开环控制系统原理图概述。 <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3436/3436fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里放大图</a> 。 <ol start="4"><li>控制细节tructure可以在这里找到9。总之，开环，如在目前的实验中使用的配置，轨迹是预先设定的输入轨迹在直角坐标系转换通过逆运动学（ 图2）关节间隙角度。 </li><li> MPI控制系统中读取这些期望关节角增量和发送这些库卡控制系统，电机电流通过执行轴运动。联合解析器值发送到库卡控制系统，目前关节角位置确定为12ms的内部收益率，进而引发未来的合资增量MPI控制系统在从文件读取以及写入目前的联合到磁盘的角度位置。 MPI和KUKA控制系统之间的通信是通过以太网连接使用库卡RSI的协议。 </li><li>配备5点式安全带系统（Schroth谈到）一个赛车座椅（的RECARO杆位）附在底盘WHI通道包括一个脚凳。机箱的安装法兰机器人手臂（ 图3a）。实验结果也有可能在一个封闭的机舱座位（ 图3b）的参与者。 </li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3436/3436fig3.jpg" /> 图3。MPI CyberMotion模拟器设置。 A）配置液晶显示器目前的实验。二）配置要求封闭的机舱与前投影立体显示实验。 C）前投影单色显示屏。 D）头盔显示器。 <ol start="7"><li>由于在黑暗中进行实验，红外摄像机允许从控制室的视觉监测。 </li></ol> 2。可视化<ol><li>多个可视化配置是可能MPI CyberMotion模拟器，包括液晶显示屏，立体声或单声道前投影，头盔显示器（ 图3）。对于目前的实验自运动的视觉线索提供一个液晶显示屏放置在前面的人，否则在黑暗中进行测试的观察员50厘米（ 图3a）。 </li><li>使用Virtools的4.1软件生成的视觉表现，包括一个随机的，有限的生命时间点场。八个虚拟的单位前，左，右，向上和向下延伸从参与者的角度点（即16×16×8大小的单位）的长方体与20万个大小相等的粒子组成的白色圆圈0.02单位填写在一个黑色的背景前的直径。点随机分布在整个空间（空间内的概率分布均匀）。运动在虚拟单位按比例符合物理运动（1虚拟单位= 1物理米）1比1。 </li><li>每个粒子的两秒钟之前消失，并立即显示在一个空间内随机位置。因此点半改变其在一秒钟内的位置。点之间的距离为0.085和4个单位被显示给参与者（相应的视觉角度：13°和0.3°）。 </li><li>点领域内的运动与物理运动同步接收从MPI控制计算机通过以太网连接使用UDP协议传输的运动轨迹。当通过点场点的移动平均数保持恒定的所有动作。这显示没有绝对规模的，但点光流和运动视差是一个固定大小的领域;寻找小根据它们之间的距离相对观察员。 </li></ol> 3。实验设计<ol><li> 16名学员，谁是天真的作者之一（MB-C），异常的实验，穿噪音消除耳机配有一个麦克风，让实验者的双向沟通​​。额外的听觉噪声通过该式耳机连续播放<html>未列明在进一步面具由机器人产生的噪音。 </li><li>与会者用一个定制的操纵杆，配备通过以太网连接使用UDP协议传输数据的响应按钮。 </li><li>两个细分运动的角度为45°或90°。在横向，矢状和额叶飞机的变动包括：向前向右（FR）或向右转（RF），向下远期（DF）的向前或向下（FD）和向下向右（DR）或向右向下（RD），运动（ 图4a）。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3436/3436fig4.jpg" /> 图4。程序。一）在实验中使用的轨迹示意图。二）提供的信息为每个测试的轨迹类型感官。三）用来指示与会者认为，他们已经从原产地指着任务。rge.jpg“目标=”_blank“&gt;点击这里放大图。 <ol start="4"><li>提供操纵感觉信息的视觉（光流，有限的生命星域），前庭动觉（被动的自我运动眼睛闭），或视觉和前庭-动觉的议案线索（ 图4b）。 </li><li>运动轨迹包括两个部分的长度（1：0.4米，2：1米±0.24米/秒2加速度峰值; 图4b）。轨迹包括翻译。没有旋转的参与者发生。议案前，每个试验，以减少可能出现的干扰，并确保从一个稳定的状态，前庭系统进行了测试，15秒暂停之前，每个轨迹。 </li><li>观察家指出，其原产地，通过移动屏幕上的一个分身（ 图4c）上叠加的一个箭头。箭头的运动轨迹的平面约束和控制由T他操纵杆。的化身，是从正面，矢状和水平的观点。观察员被允许使用任何或所有的观点来回答。箭头方向是在随机试验。 </li><li>为指向的任务要求参与者精神转化从自我中心的指向角度到exocentric表示，与会者都指出其原产地之前，实践和实验试验头像的指示。参与者被告知，指出应化身，如果是自己的身体。与会者然后指示指向相对使用的exocentric的测量技术自我的物理目标。例如，参与者被指示，指出他们的圈中途休息之间，并在屏幕上，要求与会者向前和向下的箭头指向相对头像操纵杆。所有与会者都能够执行这些没有表达混乱的任务。 </li><li>每个实验条件下重复3次，并在随机顺序。作为两个独立的3（平面）* 2（角）* 3（方式）重复测量方差分析的因变量签署的错误和响应时间进行了分析。从一个极端离群参与者的响应时间是从分析中删除。 </li></ol> 4。代表结果签署的错误结果是折叠的不同方式和角度，发现这些因素没有显着的主效应。 图5a显示了显着的主效应的运动飞机（F（2,30）= 7.0，P = 0.003）观察员低估角的大小（平均数据比0°以下），在水平面运动（-8.9°，SE 1.8）。在额面观察员平均更可能高估了角的大小（5.3°，SE 2.6），而在矢状面（-0.7°，SE 3.7）有没有这样的偏见。 WHILE的角度和方式的主要影响是不显着，角被发现显着的互动与平面（F（2,30）= 11.1，P &lt;0.001），额面高估运动，通过45°（7.9° SE 2.6）比通过90°（2.8°，SE 2.7），而这样的差异是缺席的其他飞机。此外，模式发现显着的互动与角度（F（2,30）= 4.7，P = 0.017）等，从前庭信息仅通过90°的变动低估明显较大（-4.3°，SE 2.1）相比，视觉（-2.0°，SE 2.4）和前庭和视觉信息的结合（2.3°，SE 2.2）的条件，而这种差异缺席通过45°的变动。没有主体间的效果，重要的是签署的错误（F（1,15）= 0.7，P = 0.432）。 图5b显示响应时间的结果。是一个显着的主效应模式（F（2,28）= 22.6，P &lt;0.001）观察员回应回答时，最慢的基础上前庭动觉信息（11.0 S，SE 1.0）相比，视觉（9.3 S，SE 0.8）和联合（9.0 S，SE 0.8）的条件。也有一个重要的主要影响飞机（F（2,28）= 7.5，P = 0.002）观察员的反应最慢的移动在水平面（10.4 S，SE 1.0）时相比矢状（9.4，0.8 SE ）和额叶（9.4 S，SE 0.9）的飞机。有角段或任何相互作用没有显着的主效应。被发现的响应时间（F（1,14）= 129.1，P &lt;0.001）之间的主体作用显着。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/3436/3436fig5.jpg" /> 图5。结果。整个模式一）签名错误倒塌的测试飞机。 B）响应时间的方式倒塌横跨运动飞机测试。误差棒是+ / - 1 SEM

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没有利益冲突的声明。

通过5移动路径集成以及用来解决观察员发源的一种手段，但很容易的角度，低估已建立。我们的研究结果表明平移，但仅在水平面。在垂直平面的参与者更容易高估的角度动议通过，或有没有偏见。这些结果或许可以解释为什么估计海拔走过的地形往往被夸大了10，也就是为什么一个建筑的不同楼层之间的空间导航是可怜的11。这些结果也可能与球囊的相对比例在已知的不对称来utricule受体（〜0.58）12。响应时间较慢，前庭动觉信息相比，视觉信息是目前的基础上建议，有可能是额外的延迟，与试图确定一个人的起源，仅基于惯性线索可能会涉及到最近的研究表明，前庭感知缓慢相比13-16其他感官。总的来说，我们的结果表明，垂直移动时，其中可能涉及到人类经验的运动大多水平面内的事实，可用于替代战略，确定一个人的起源。此外，很少经历而连续翻译，他们最常发生在矢状面 - 误差是最小的 - 例如，当我们走向自动扶梯和移动。虽然实验后的采访，没有反映出不同的策略之间的飞机，实验应该探索这种可能性。使用额外程度的自由，较长的路径，用身体不同取向的相对重力，以及使用角度较大的领域，现在可能与MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器轨迹的实验计划，以进一步探讨在三个层面的整合路径的性能。

<a href="http://www.kuka-robotics.com/en/products/industrial_robots/heavy/kr500_2/start.htm" target="_blank">库卡机器人KR 500重型工业机器人</a> <a href="http://www.kuka-robotics.com/en/products/controllers/kcp/start.htm" target="_blank">库卡由于KCP KUKA控制面板</a> <a href="http://www.kuka-robotics.com/en/products/controllers/kr_c2_ed05/start.htm" target="_blank">库卡机器人KR C2的edition2005</a> <a href="http://www.kuka-robotics.com/en/products/controllers/kmc/start.htm" target="_blank">库卡库卡运动控制</a> <a href="http://www.motorsportseats.com/recaro/pole_position.html" target="_blank">的RECARO极座位的位置</a> <a href="http://www.schrothracing.com/store/Competition/profi/profi-II" target="_blank">Schroth谈到耐力赛带</a> 戴尔24“1920x1200的液晶显示屏（有效场的观点掩盖到1200×1200） <a href="http://www.virtools.com" target="_blank">VIRTOOLS 4.1</a> UDP通讯定制的操纵杆

mpi cybermotion simulator: implementation of a novel motion simulator to investigate multisensory path integration in three dimensions

路径积分是自运动是随着时间的推移集成的过程中获得估计当前的位置相对起点1。人类可以做4 2-3视觉，听觉或惯性线索的5只的基础上的整合路径。然而，目前，惯性线索-尤其是动觉-多个线索似乎主宰6-7。在缺乏远见，人类倾向于高估短距离（&lt;5米）和旋转角度（&lt;30°），但低估了较长的5。因此，通过物理空间的运动似乎并不准确代表大脑。 评估在水平面的路径集成大量的工作已经完成，但很少有人知道已知的垂直运动（见3）单从视觉的虚拟运动。原因之一是传统议案模拟器有的议案restric的的小范围特德主要水平面。在这里，我们采取大范围的运动，以评估是否水平和垂直平面之间的整合路径是类似的议案模拟器8-9的优势。路径导航的惯性和视觉线索的相对贡献，同时也评估。 16名观察员坐直改良库卡拟人化的机器人手臂法兰安装一个座位。被操纵的感觉信息，提供视觉（光流，有限的生命星域），前庭动觉（被动的自我运动眼睛闭），或视觉，前庭动觉的议案线索。包括两个部分的长度（1：0.4米，2：1米±0.24米/秒2加速度峰值）水平，矢状和额叶飞机的运动轨迹。两部分的角度是45°或90°。观察家指出，其原产地，通过移动SCRE提出一个头像上叠加的一个箭头恩。 观察员更可能低估了运动在水平面的夹角大小相比垂直面。在额面观察员更容易高估角的大小，而在矢状面有没有这样的偏见。最后，观察员单独前庭动觉信息的基础上回答时的反应较慢。因此，需要根据前庭动觉信息的人的路径整合视觉信息时存在较长。建议的指向是一致的低估和高估的角度，提出分别在水平和垂直平面通过，通过空间自运动神经表示，这可能涉及到的事实，人类的经验运动大多在非对称水平面。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about MPI CyberMotion Simulator: Implementation of a Novel Motion Simulator to Investigate Multisensory Path Integration in Three Dimensions at JoVE.com

MPI CyberMotion Simulator: Implementation of a Novel Motion Simulator to Investigate Multisensory Path Integration in Three Dimensions

介绍一种有效的方式，以获得洞察到人类如何定位自己在三个层面。该方法需要一个运动模拟器运动观察员的方式由传统的模拟器高不可攀的优势。结果证实，被低估了，在水平面运动，垂直运动，而被高估。

MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分

Path integration is a process in which self-motion is integrated over time to obtain an estimate of one's current position relative to a starting point 1. ...

mpi-cybermotion-simulator-implementation-novel-motion-simulator-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.5K 次观看.  Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics. 介绍一种有效的方式，以获得洞察到人类如何定位自己在三个层面。该方法需要一个运动模拟器运动观察员的方式由传统的模拟器高不可攀的优势。结果证实，被低估了，在水平面运动，垂直运动，而被高估。

视频: MPI CyberMotion Simulator: Implementation of a Novel Motion Simulator to Investigate Multisensory Path Integration in Three Dimensions

Using a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses

A goal of behavioral neuroscience is to identify underlying neurobiological factors that regulate specific behaviors. Using animal models to accomplish this goal, many methodological strategies require invasive techniques to manipulate the intensity of the behavior of interest (e.g., lesion methods, pharmacological manipulations, microdialysis techniques, genetically-engineered animal models). The utilization of a comparative species approach allows researchers to take advantage of naturally occurring differences in response strategies existing in closely related species. In our lab, we use two species of the Peromyscus genus that differ in paternal responses. The male California deer mouse (Peromyscus californicus) exhibits the same parental responses as the female whereas its cousin, the common deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) exhibits virtually no nurturing/parental responses in the presence of pups. Of specific interest in this article is an exploration of the neurobiological factors associated with the affiliative social responses exhibited by the paternal California deer mouse. Because the behavioral neuroscience approach is multifaceted, the following key components of the study will be briefly addressed: the identification of appropriate species for this type of research; data collection for behavioral analysis; preparation and sectioning of the brains; basic steps involved in immunocytochemistry for the quantification of vasopressin-immunoreactivity; the use of neuroimaging software to quantify the brain tissue; the use of a microsequencing video analysis to score behavior and, finally, the appropriate statistical analyses to provide the most informed interpretations of the research findings.

The comparative species approach allows behavioral neuroscientists to explore various neurobiological factors associated with specific behaviors viewed as characteristic of a specific animal model. Taking advantage of naturally occurring differences in behavior between closely related species, this technique doesn&#x2019;t require invasive techniques to manipulate the expression of the behavior.

使用方法比较物种调查父亲的反应神经生物学

A goal of behavioral neuroscience is to identify underlying neurobiological factors that regulate specific behaviors.  Using animal models to accomplish ...

科研

神经科学

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the vestibular organ results in mild to severe equilibrium problems, such as vertigo, dizziness, oscillopsia, gait unsteadiness nausea and/or vomiting. A good and frequently used measure to quantify gaze stabilization is the gain, which is defined as the magnitude of compensatory eye movements with respect to imposed head movements. To test vestibular function more fully one has to realize that 3D VOR ideally generates compensatory ocular rotations not only with a magnitude (gain) equal and opposite to the head rotation but also about an axis that is co-linear with the head rotation axis (alignment). Abnormal vestibular function thus results in changes in gain and changes in alignment of the 3D VOR response.
Here we describe a method to measure 3D VOR using whole body rotation on a 6DF motion platform. Although the method also allows testing translation VOR responses 1, we limit ourselves to a discussion of the method to measure 3D angular VOR. In addition, we restrict ourselves here to description of data collected in healthy subjects in response to angular sinusoidal and impulse stimulation.
Subjects are sitting upright and receive whole-body small amplitude sinusoidal and constant acceleration impulses. Sinusoidal stimuli (f = 1 Hz, A = 4&deg;) were delivered about the vertical axis and about axes in the horizontal plane varying between roll and pitch at increments of 22.5&deg; in azimuth. Impulses were delivered in yaw, roll and pitch and in the vertical canal planes. Eye movements were measured using the scleral search coil technique 2. Search coil signals were sampled at a frequency of 1 kHz.
The input-output ratio (gain) and misalignment (co-linearity) of the 3D VOR were calculated from the eye coil signals 3.
Gain and co-linearity of 3D VOR depended on the orientation of the stimulus axis. Systematic deviations were found in particular during horizontal axis stimulation. In the light the eye rotation axis was properly aligned with the stimulus axis at orientations 0&deg; and 90&deg; azimuth, but gradually deviated more and more towards 45&deg; azimuth.
The systematic deviations in misalignment for intermediate axes can be explained by a low gain for torsion (X-axis or roll-axis rotation) and a high gain for vertical eye movements (Y-axis or pitch-axis rotation (see Figure 2). Because intermediate axis stimulation leads a compensatory response based on vector summation of the individual eye rotation components, the net response axis will deviate because the gain for X- and Y-axis are different.
In darkness the gain of all eye rotation components had lower values. The result was that the misalignment in darkness and for impulses had different peaks and troughs than in the light: its minimum value was reached for pitch axis stimulation and its maximum for roll axis stimulation.
Case Presentation
Nine subjects participated in the experiment. All subjects gave their informed consent. The experimental procedure was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Erasmus University Medical Center and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects.
Six subjects served as controls. Three subjects had a unilateral vestibular impairment due to a vestibular schwannoma. The age of control subjects (six males and three females) ranged from 22 to 55 years. None of the controls had visual or vestibular complaints due to neurological, cardio vascular and ophthalmic disorders.
The age of the patients with schwannoma varied between 44 and 64 years (two males and one female). All schwannoma subjects were under medical surveillance and/or had received treatment by a multidisciplinary team consisting of an othorhinolaryngologist and a neurosurgeon of the Erasmus University Medical Center. Tested patients all had a right side vestibular schwannoma and underwent a wait and watch policy (Table 1; subjects N1-N3) after being diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma. Their tumors had been stabile for over 8-10 years on magnetic resonance imaging.

A method is described to measure three-dimensional vestibulo ocular reflexes (3D VOR) in humans using a six degrees of freedom (6DF) motion simulator. The gain and misalignment of the 3D angular VOR provide a direct measure of the quality of vestibular function. Representative data on healthy subjects are provided

三维前庭眼反射测试使用六度自由度运动平台

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

调查中枢神经系统修复中受伤范式<em&gt;果蝇</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

谷氨酸和GABA快速微离子导入：一个有用​​的工具，调查突触整合

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Stab Wound Injury of the Zebrafish Adult Telencephalon: A Method to Investigate Vertebrate Brain Neurogenesis and Regeneration

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular mechanisms involved in zebrafish adult central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and repair, we developed a zebrafish model of adult telencephalic injury.
In this approach, we manually generate an injury by pushing an insulin syringe needle into the zebrafish adult telencephalon. At different post injury days, fish are sacrificed, their brains are dissected out and stained by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization (ISH) with appropriate markers to observe cell proliferation, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis. The contralateral unlesioned hemisphere serves as an internal control. This method combined for example with RNA deep sequencing can help to screen for new genes with a role in zebrafish adult telencephalon neurogenesis, regeneration, and repair.

To shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of zebrafish adult neurogenesis and regeneration, we developed a protocol for invasive surgery causing mechanical injuries in the zebrafish adult telencephalon and subsequent monitoring of changes in the stabbed hemisphere by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

斑马鱼成人端脑的一刀，受伤：一个方法调查脊椎动物脑部神经发​​生与再生

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular ...

Protocol for Three-dimensional Confocal Morphometric Analysis of Astrocytes

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify their functional and structural properties, a condition called reactive astrogliosis. Here, a protocol for assessment of the morphological properties of astrocytes is presented. This protocol includes quantification of 12 different parameters i.e. the surface area and volume of the tissue covered by an astrocyte (astrocyte territory), the entire astrocyte including branches, cell body, and nucleus, as well as total length and number of branches, the intensity of fluorescence immunoreactivity of antibodies used for astrocyte detection, and astrocyte density (number/1,000 &#181;m2). For this purpose three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopic images were created, and 3D image analysis software such as Volocity 6.3 was used for measurements. Rat brain tissue exposed to amyloid beta1-40 (A&#946;1-40) with or without a therapeutic&#160;intervention was used to present the method. This protocol can also be used for 3D morphometric analysis of other cells from either in vivo or in vitro conditions.

Astrocytes in the CNS change their functional and structural properties in response to harmful stimuli. This report presents a protocol for assessment of three-dimensional astrocyte morphology in diseased conditions or after therapeutic interventions.

协议星形胶质细胞的三维共聚焦形态分析

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify ...

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral variation. The larval path-length assay was developed to measure individual differences in foraging behavior that were later linked to the foraging gene. Larval path-length is an easily scored trait that facilitates the collection of large sample sizes, at minimal cost, for genetic screens. Here we provide a detailed description of the current protocol for the larval path-length assay first used by Sokolowski. The protocol details how to reproducibly handle test animals, perform the behavioral assay and analyze the data. An example of how the assay can be used to measure behavioral plasticity in response to environmental change, by manipulating feeding environment prior to performing the assay, is also provided. Finally, appropriate test design as well as environmental factors that can modify larval path-length such as food quality, developmental age and day effects are discussed.

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

We provide a detailed protocol for a Drosophila melanogaster foraging path-length assay. We discuss the preparation and handling of test animals, how to perform the assay and analyze the data.

觅食路径长度协议<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral ...

A Novel Behavioral Assay to Investigate Gustatory Responses of Individual, Freely-moving Bumble Bees (Bombus terrestris)

Generalist pollinators like the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, encounter both nutrients and toxins in the floral nectar they collect from flowering plants. Only a few studies have described the gustatory responses of bees toward toxins in food, and these experiments have mainly used the proboscis extension response on restrained honey bees. Here, a new behavioral assay is presented for measuring the feeding responses of freely-moving, individual worker bumble bees to nutrients and toxins. This assay measures the amount of solution ingested by each bumble bee and identifies how tastants in food influence the microstructure of the feeding behavior.
The solutions are presented in a microcapillary tube to individual bumble bees that have been previously starved for 2-4 hr. The behavior is captured on digital video. The fine structure of the feeding behavior is analyzed by continuously scoring the position of the proboscis (mouthparts) from video recordings using event logging software. The position of the proboscis is defined by three different behavioral categories: (1) proboscis is extended and in contact with the solution, (2) proboscis is extended but not in contact with the solution and (3) proboscis is stowed under the head. Furthermore the speed of the proboscis retracting away from the solution is also estimated.
In the present assay the volume of solution consumed, the number of feeding bouts, the duration of the feeding bouts and the speed of the proboscis retraction after the first contact is used to evaluate the phagostimulatory or the deterrent activity of the compounds tested.
This new taste assay will allow researchers to measure how compounds found in nectar influence the feeding behavior of bees and will also be useful to pollination biologists, toxicologists and neuroethologists studying the bumble bee&#39;s taste system.

A Novel Behavioral Assay to Investigate Gustatory Responses of Individual, Freely-moving Bumble Bees Bombus terrestris

A novel behavioral assay is described for investigating the short term gustatory responses of the mouthparts of freely-moving bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) toward nutrients and toxins in solution.

一种新的行为分析调查个人的味觉，可自由移动的熊蜂（<em&gt;欧洲熊蜂</em&gt;）

Generalist pollinators like the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, encounter both nutrients and toxins in the floral nectar they collect from ...

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

慢性创伤性脑病模型的一种新方法<em&gt;果蝇</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The structural instability of SOD1 and the detection of SOD1-positive inclusions in familial-ALS patients supports a potential causal role for misfolded and/or aggregated SOD1 in ALS pathology. In this study, we describe the development of a cell-based assay designed to quantify the dynamics of SOD1 aggregation in living cells by high content screening approaches. Using lentiviral vectors, we generated stable cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant A4V SOD1 tagged with yellow fluorescent protein and found that both proteins were expressed in the cytosol without any sign of aggregation. Interestingly, only SOD1 A4V stably expressed in HEK-293, but not in U2OS or SH-SY5Y cell lines, formed aggregates upon proteasome inhibitor treatment. We show that it is possible to quantify aggregation based on dose-response analysis of various proteasome inhibitors, and to track aggregate-formation kinetics by time-lapse microscopy. Our approach introduces the possibility of quantifying the effect of ALS mutations on the role of SOD1 in aggregate formation as well as screening for small molecules that prevent SOD1 A4V aggregation.

We describe a method to quantify the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Our protocol details lentiviral induced stable cell line generation, automated confocal imaging, and image analysis of protein aggregates. As an illustrative application, we studied the effect of small molecules in promoting SOD1 aggregation in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

活细胞 Sod1 突变蛋白聚集物高含量定量测定方法的建立

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...

MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分

MPI CyberMotion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分