为这项工作提供了资金部分由宾夕法尼亚州联邦＃4100037709转包＃240468德雷克塞尔大学转包＃280773。

迷宫套件包括三个主要的应用程序，编辑程序构建迷宫环境（MazeMaker），一个可视化/渲染模块（MazeWalker），以及最后的分析和路径的可视化工具（MazeAnalyzer）。以下各节描述MazeSuite使用和更多的细节可在三个补充视频，每个MazeSuite模块之一。 1。设计迷宫套房内迷宫MazeMaker应用程序，允许创建三维（3D）环境中，由根本上绘制一个二维（2D）的画布，他们从一个鸟类鸟瞰。墙壁和地板可以得出通过鼠标点击来表示坐标，用户可以导入3D对象文件或编辑的位置，方向，颜色，纹理和灯光，如迷宫内的物品的属性。 迷宫开始和结束的地区，可以分配在除了超时时间，如其他退出标准。也可以单独的文本信息显示通知每个出口条件的参与者。在设计阶段，迷宫MazeMaker内使用“快速跑”的功能，可以测试。 功能成像研究，参加者通常会要求执行任务的一系列反复试验。为了促进这一反复试验测试，MazeMaker可以创建迷宫列表的文件，这些文件进行排序实验性会议的迷宫和文字信息的清单。至关重要的是，迷宫实验列表文件准备和前一天的实验彻底试点测试。 的使用和发展与MazeMaker环境的一个粗略的教程是在“补充视频II - MazeMaker”。 2。 fNIR安装和放置fNIR传感器垫准备fNIR盒<ol><li>后面的fNIR框中有两种电缆连接器。其中一个插槽是USB连接和其他连接电源线。 </li><li>通过USB电缆连接fNIR设备中的数据采集，将使用的PC或笔记本电脑。 </li><li>将电源适配器连接到设备，并打开开关。 </li><li>带状电缆是用于连接传感器与fNIR框垫。 <ol class="lalpha"><li>传感器垫房屋光源（LED）和光电检测器。 </li><li>发光二极管发出红外光在730nm和850nm的波长主要由无氧和含氧血红蛋白吸收，从而可以穿透生物组织。 </li></ol></li></ol>配售传感器垫<ol class="lalpha"><li>请参与者升空自己的头发，额头前传感器安置。将传感器的正上方的眉毛地带。匹配的传递也通过鼻子的垂直对称轴传感器的中​​心</li><li>按传感器垫额头和坚决反对使用剪辑一起举行的后脑勺电缆。虽然不是绝对必要，头部包裹或网球头巾建议，以确保传感器垫。 </li><li>额头上的传感器垫后，将带状电缆两端的fNIR框。应重视与相应的“我”和“II”装置上的连接器相匹配的“我”和“二”​​两岸带状电缆带状电缆连接。 </li></ol>数据收集开始COBI Studio软件<ol><li>点击光脑认知成像（COBI）Studio13在桌面上的图标打开主窗口。 </li><li>该计划将拿出一定的数据采集和可视化的预设设置。 </li><li>重要的是要检查并确认在设备设置对话框中的数据采集参数和触发（标记同步），如果需要的话。 </li><li> COBI Studio可自动命名所有相关的数据文件，如果“实验模式”是通过“新实验”向导激活。 </li><li>在数据文件夹中，将创建3种类型的文件：（*. NIR）的fNIR数据，（*. MRK）标记数据（*. TXT）实验会话日志。 </li></ol> 3。运行实验：渲染的迷宫设备设置和启动fNIR数据采集<ol><li> LED的驱动电流定义每个LED发出的亮度。默认值LED的驱动电流为20mA。这个值可能会改变皮肤色素沉着和其他参与者的特征的基础上。建议对LED电流的范围是5毫安至20mA之间</li><li>所有通道的初始增益的默认值是20。建议增益值1,5,10,15,20。 </li><li>点击“启动电流设备的链接，并检查信号质量。如果原始强度值COBI方法4000或1000以下的，按一下“停止装置”，并调整LED的驱动电流和设备增益，直到获得合适的值。在低信号的情况下，增加LED驱动电流在增加器件的增益。饱和信号的情况下下，减少前降低LED驱动电流的器件的增益。一旦信号的质量是可以接受的的，继续执行步骤4。 </li><li>开始基线。这将收集10秒的数据，并使用它作为基准，在修改过的比尔-朗伯方程计算氧和脱氧血红蛋白8的浓度变化。 </li><li>让基线完成（可能需要10-20秒） </li><li>点击“开始录音”。这将启动保存的所有数据。实验协议应在此之后开始。 </li><li>实验者可以选择添加整个实验会话手册标记，表示一定按“添加手动标记”按钮，使用手动标记菜单位于屏幕的左上角在较低的事件。 </li><li>启动迷宫套件，以目前的视觉刺激。 </li></ol>使用MazeWalker呈现迷宫<ol><li>从“开始”菜单&gt;迷宫套房&gt; MazeWalker运行MazeWalker </li><li>从菜单下的“高级”&gt;“串行端口选项中选择”启用串行端口“打开标记同步。确保选择正确的COM端口地址是。 </li><li>选择迷宫列表文件（这是由MazeMaker创建），还可以选择本次会议为新的日志文件的名称。沃克领域内，可以记录名称或参与者数量。可选的autolog可用于自动记录时戳的日志文件，而不是手动指定日志文件。 </li><li>单击“开始”以启动进程。根据视频设置，协议可以运行全屏或窗口模式。 </li></ol> 4。可视化主体的路径研究人员使用MazeAnalyzer，可以想像从迷宫的迷宫和日志文件和参与者的路径。此外，一份总结报告，包括总路径长度和时间来完成的每个迷宫生产作为粗略的行为措施。日志文件包含在毫秒级的时间分辨率信息的路径，一个主题为主题的载体和对象的相互作用，以及前往。 提供一个视频教程是在“补充视频 - MazeAnalyzer”介绍MazeAnalyzer的基本功能以及使用方法来产生结果一节中所描述的行为指标。 5。处理fNIR的数据和分析去除噪声处理数据的第一步。噪声源包括：1）头部运动2）生理信号，如心率和呼吸3）仪器和环境有关的噪音。 头部运动可以导致fNIR探测器转移而失去与皮肤接触，使他们：1）环境光; 2）发出的光直接从fNIR来源;或3）从皮肤反射光，而不是从组织反映，在大脑皮层。这种类型的运动伪影是容易辨认，因为它会导致突发性，在fNIR数据大尖峰。一个更微妙的神器，头部运动，是由于重力的影响脑血。快速头部运动可以导致血液中走向（或远离）正被监视的区域，迅速增加（或减少）血容量与随之而来的数据倾斜。由于这种类型的运动伪影的动态比LED的“弹出”慢，他们可以混淆与实际的血流动力学反应，由于大脑活动。因此，消除运动伪影fNIR数据是一个重要和必要的的一步，如果fNIR是作为一个大脑在 16个自然的环境监测技术的部署。 在更高的频率范围比血流动力学反应，如心率（超过0.5赫兹）和呼吸（0.2赫兹以上）的生理信号，因此，他们可以被淘汰使用线性相位FIR滤波器的低通与截止频率为0.1至0.15赫兹9。 仪器和环境噪声源于由于夏时制（DC）和房间的灯（60），或从电脑显示器（60 - 75HZ）的光线等环境光线。这是建议，以消除这种类型的噪声，最好的办法是准备相应的实验环境和数据采集。模拟低通滤波器（抗混叠滤波器）已实施在fNIR框上采样频率范围，以消除高频噪声的折叠。 有许多先进的降噪算法利用信号的不同的特点 17-20 。但是，如果主题或会话，如果数据是无法挽回的（即饱和），可以排除。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig1.jpg" /> 图1。 </strONG&gt; fNIR信号元件 fNIR原料信号光强度的测量（见图1）。通过测量两个波长的光密度（OD）的变化，氧血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白随时间的相对变化，可使用修改后的Beer - Lambert定律21-23。在一个特定的输入波长（λ）的OD是输入光强度（我）和输出（检测）的光强度（ 一 ）对数的比例。外径也涉及到的浓度（C）和消光系数（E）的生色，纠正光源和检测器之间的距离（D），加上一个常数衰减因子（G）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443eq1.jpg" alt="公式1" />在两个不同的时间实例和基线时检测到的光强度（ 我休息），在任务的（ 我测试），在OD的波长λ的差异表现在同样的我 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443eq2.jpg" alt="公式（2）" />在两种不同波长的测量外径为 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443eq3.jpg" alt="公式3" />如果浓度的2x2矩阵是非奇异的，是可以解决的这个方程组。通常情况下，两种波长选择I）在700 - 900nm吸收氧血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白占主导地位相比，其他组织生色，和第二）isosbestic点（〜805nm以上的脱氧吸收光谱 - 氧血红蛋白相互交叉）集中吸收的变化或者脱氧血红蛋白氧血红蛋白分别。 fNIR在这项研究中使用的仪器采用730nm和850nm波长。 最后，使用标记（时间同步信号），标记和基线/休息期间和任务是选择提取充氧数据的功能，如平均值，最小值和最大值。 COBI工作室既节省了原材料的光强度的测量和计算氧合值（使用改性啤酒Lambert定律）基于文本的文件，以及时间同步（标记）文件。 COBI Studio也可以用来申请噪音去除方法，如有限脉冲响应低通或带通滤波器。输出文件可以导出到诸如共同分析软件（MATLAB，EXCEL，SPM和SPSS）或专用分析软件进行进一步的处理，如fnirSoft 24 。 6。代表性的成果 fNIR信号范例从一个单一的测量位置，与双波长组件（730nm和850nm的）图2-5预设fNIR原始信号分别列示。图2表示一个有效的和可以接受的信号划时代的，而图3和4是不可接受的，需要丢弃。图5给出了原始信号被污染的运动伪影，需要清洗或丢弃。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2一个良好的fNIR原始信号采样。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3。850nm的通道是一个坏fNIR原始信号采样饱和。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig4.jpg" alt="图4" /> 图4。一个坏fNIR原始信号的采样，那里的硬件问题或电缆连接问题。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig5.jpg" alt="图5" /> 图5：一个坏fNIR的原始信号的采样，其中有运动伪影。 研究协议保留（即内存）和转移（即普遍性）测试的学习评估是最好的例证。在我们的研究中，三个迷宫（maze1，maze2和maze3）实行收购阶段，共跨越3天每105试验。图6中的两个条件，随机练习的顺序（RND）和实践为了堵塞（盖帽）总结。两个主体，自愿参加了为期4天的研究。在第 4天，共进行10个保留试验的每个迷宫，迷宫中随机顺序。两个新颖的迷宫（maze4和maze5）创建了额外的走廊和比原先实行的迷宫不同的出发点和落脚点。两个新的迷宫，每个受试者完成10个试验。这些迷宫构成一个传输阶段，并以随机顺序呈现给所有。传输阶段迷宫被用来确定每个题目是在何种程度上能够收购迷宫概括他们的学习和实践。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig6.jpg" alt="图6" /> 图6。代表实验协议的轮廓。/ P&gt; 研究行为结果 7至9以下的数字，显示平均每天跨学科的特征值（路径长度，完成的总时间和速度）。首先，从maze1，maze2和maze3结果中列出为RND和盖帽实践。接下来，maze4和maze5结果是上市比较随机与封锁的实践结果。所有错误酒吧的平均值的标准误差（SEM）的。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig7.jpg" alt="图7" /> 图7。RND的实践行为表现总结为采集和保留的任务，包括路径总长度，总完成时间和平均速度。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig8.jpg" alt="图8" /> 图8座行为表现总结实践，为采集和保留的任务，包括路径总长度，总完成时间和平均速度。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig9.jpg" alt="图9" /> 图9。盖帽的行为表现比较与RND的传输任务，包括路径总长度，总完成时间和平均速度的做法。 研究fNIR结果氧合血红蛋白浓度的变化，从基线平均超过每一个人使用MazeWalker（表示每一个迷宫的开始和结束）接收的标记数据的迷宫的时间当然。更大的幅度浓度的变化是代表更高层次的区域脑激活。一个激活的更高层次的观察过程中既保留和转让盖帽的做法相比RND的实践任务。在传送过程中的任务，更高层次的激活下可见盖帽实践RND的做法（见图10）相比。 对于盖帽实践主体，传输试验需要更高的激活相比，保留审判。 RND的实践主体，激活水平没有差异的转移和保留任务，而不是盖帽实践主体（见图11）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig10.jpg" alt="图10" /> 图10，盖帽平均氧血红蛋白浓度的变化与RND的做法既保留任务（左）和传输任务（右）的比较。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3443/3443fig11.jpg" alt="图11" /> 图11。保留两个盖帽（左）和RND（右）的做法与传输任务的平均氧血红蛋白浓度的变化比较。

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+contextual+interference+effect+in+motor+skill+acquisition.">A review of the contextual interference effect in motor skill acquisition.</a> Human Movement Science. 9, 241-289 (1990).</li><li>Ayaz, H., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Analytical software and stimulus-presentation platform to utilize, visualize and analyze near-infrared spectroscopy measures Masters Degree thesis [dissertation]. , (2005).</li><li>Ayaz, H., Marek, T., Karwowski, W., Rice, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Advances in Understanding Human Performance: Neuroergonomics, Human Factors Design, and Special Populations. 3, 21-31 (2010).</li><li>Izzetoglu, M., Chitrapu, P., Bunce, S., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+artifact+cancellation+in+NIR+spectroscopy+using+discrete+Kalman+filtering.">Motion artifact cancellation in NIR spectroscopy using discrete Kalman filtering.</a> Biomedical engineering online. 9, 16-16 (2010).</li><li>Huppert, T. J., Diamond, S. G., Franceschini, M. A., Boas, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HomER:+a+review+of+time-series+analysis+methods+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy+of+the+brain.">HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.</a> Appl Opt. 48, 280-298 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Strangman, G., Ganis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+filtering+to+reduce+global+interference+in+non-invasive+NIRS+measures+of+brain+activation:+How+well+and+when+does+it+work?.">Adaptive filtering to reduce global interference in non-invasive NIRS measures of brain activation: How well and when does it work?.</a> Neuroimage. 45, 788-794 (2009).</li><li>Izzetoglu, M., Devaraj, A., Bunce, S., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+artifact+cancellation+in+NIR+spectroscopy+using+Wiener+filtering.">Motion artifact cancellation in NIR spectroscopy using Wiener filtering.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 52, 934-938 (2005).</li><li>Cope, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The development of a near infrared spectroscopy system and its application for non invasive monitoring of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation in the newborn infant. , (1991).</li><li>Elwell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+adult+cerebral+hemodynamics+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Quantification of adult cerebral hemodynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 77, 2753-2753 (1994).</li><li>Wyatt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+cerebral+blood+volume+in+human+infants+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Quantitation of cerebral blood volume in human infants by near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 68, 1086-1086 (1990).</li><li>Ayaz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy based Brain Computer Interface PhD thesis [dissertation]. , (2010).</li><li>Wood, J. N., Grafman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+prefrontal+cortex:+processing+and+representational+perspectives.">Human prefrontal cortex: processing and representational perspectives.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 4, 139-147 (2003).</li><li>Shadmehr, R., Holcomb, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+motor+memory+consolidation.">Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation.</a> Science. 277, 821-825 (1997).</li></ol>

fNIR设备有限责任公司生产的光脑成像仪和授权的IP和德雷克塞尔大学的知识。 H.阿亚兹穆塔，M. Izzetoglu，K. Izzetoglu和B。Onaral涉及技术的发展，从而提供新的启动坚定fNIR设备有限责任公司的一个小的份额。

在人类大脑的前额叶皮层（PFC）的促进认知控制的内部目标的思想和行动的协调。特别是，前/背外侧PFC调解较高的认知功能，如任务管理，规划和空间导航25。 fNIR是一种便携式，安全和无创性脑监测工具，已在临床，实验室和自然设置用于研究大脑活动。这一探索性的研究表明迷宫的套房和fNIR神经行为方面的研究空间导航的使用。在这种探索性研究，MazeSuite平台结合fNIR研究空间导航在背侧PFC的神经行为方面，证明这两个工具的组合使用。 MazeSuite是一个实验性的设计，演示和分析平台。它使简单的3D环境中创建一个用户友好的图形界面和应用程序，并自动记录为主题范围内或跨科目比较的行为的措施。在MazeSuite环境的演示，同时时间同步fNIR测量是使用市售的便携，连续波fNIR系统（1000成像仪，fNIR设备，LLC）和COBI Studio软件15。 fNIR以前已经建立作为一种安全，有效的无创脑的大脑活动 7,11研究的临床，实验室和自然设置的监测工具，并在这项研究中用于研究与上下文的干扰关联，在空间导航任务的认知反应。 要研究实践上下文干扰的影响，受试者与低干扰（盖帽）或高干扰（RND）实践秩序。这些不同的做法时间表被用来测试通过收购，保留和转让测试多个虚拟空间导航迷宫任务的学习效果。行为的结果表明，实践的订单中，有一个单调递减的总时间要完成迷宫的趋势，这表明，作为学科的做法，他们在较短的时间内完成每个迷宫。此外，与学科导航的迷宫（迷宫速度）的平均车速上升与实践。这些改进在跨越时间的行为措施，预计学习的推论。平均氧血红蛋白浓度的变化，在实践中试验表明，盖帽实践要求较高的大脑活动与RND的实践为了比较。 RND的做法导致更快的完成时间和更短的路径长度相比，盖帽实践为了保留和转让，分别。一个呈下降趋势，平均氧血红蛋白观察盖帽和RND的实践跨越保留试验表明在PFC的活性降低。这一发现有望为以往的研究表明，有在学习的12,26后期阶段，在活动的PFC减少。 此外，在传输阶段的新迷宫导航，需要更高盖帽实践主体的大脑活动相比，RND的实践主体。鉴于这种做法秩序已经学过的（即maze1，maze2和maze3），这分层随机实践秩序为主题的任务，了解到在一个连续的顺序（盖帽实践）的任务不同，可能已经足够新颖，要求额外的努力和认知资源来执行任务12,26。然而，为RND实践，传输阶段的神经激活不高于保留阶段。这些研究结果证实，范霍恩和他的同事 12报道的虚拟迷宫空间导航的PET的结果。 综上所述，我们介绍了结合的MazeSuite COBI Studio中使用上下文相关的实践学习空间航行任务时，为了干扰的影响的研究。这里讨论fNIR方法不仅限于空间的导航任务，可用于多种其他神经影像学研究的任务。打算为今后的研究提供一个指引，设计，实施，数据采集和分析阶段的研究进行了解释。

<ul><li>迷宫套房www.mazesuite.com </li><li> fNIR成像1000 www.fnirdevices.com </li></ul>

using mazesuite and functional near infrared spectroscopy to study learning in spatial navigation

MazeSuite是一个完整的工具集的准备，介绍和分析航行和空间实验 1 。 MazeSuite可用于设计和编辑改编的3D虚拟环境，跟踪一个参与者在虚拟环境中的行为表现，并与外部设备的生理和神经影像学的措施，包括脑电图和眼动追踪同步。 功能近红外光谱（fNIR）是一种光学脑成像技术，使脑血有关人类大脑功能2-7的充氧的变化连续，无创，和便携式监测。在过去的十年fNIR是用来有效地监测认知任务，如注意力，工作记忆和解决问题的7-11。 fNIR可以实现在一个穿戴在身上，最小侵入性装置的形式，它有能力在生态有效的环境监测大脑活动。 通过工作绩效评估认知功能，包括大脑前额叶皮层（PFC）从最初的新任务性能不同的激活模式，经过实践，并在保留12。虽然有很少或几乎没有激活使用正电子发射断层扫描（PET），范霍恩和同事发现，在虚拟的迷宫空间导航的编码（即最初的幼稚表现）右额叶激活局部脑血流经过实践和保留测试期间额叶区域。此外，上下文干扰有关组织的实践，学习的现象，影响是显而易见的，当个人收购，根据不同的做法时间表13,14的多个任务。高语境干扰（随机做法时间表）时，应吸取的任务是在一个非连续的，不可预测的顺序创建。低语境的干扰（封锁的做法附表）创建要学习的任务时，在可预见的秩序。 我们的目标是双重的：首先要说明的实验方案的设计过程和使用的MazeSuite，和第二，向人们展示fNIR脑活动的监测系统使用认知光脑成像（COBI）Studio 软件 15安装和部署。为了说明我们的目标，一个子样本是从研究报告显示MazeSuite和COBI工作室在一次实验中使用。这项研究涉及的封锁和随机订单收购和计算机迷宫任务的学习过程中认知活动的PFC评估。两个右手的成年人（一男，一女），进行跨4天315收购，30保留20个传输试验。打算为今后的研究提供一个指引，设计，实施，数据采集和分析阶段的研究进行了解释。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation at JoVE.com

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite是一个完整的工具，导航和空间实验的准备，介绍和分析。功能近红外光谱（fNIR）是一种光学脑成像技术，使无创性和便携式监测脑血氧变化。本文总结了集体使用MazeSuite和fNIR在认知加工学习范式。

使用近红外光谱MazeSuite和功能研究学习空间导航

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

using-mazesuite-functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

30.3K 次观看.  Drexel University. MazeSuite是一个完整的工具，导航和空间实验的准备，介绍和分析。功能近红外光谱（fNIR）是一种光学脑成像技术，使无创性和便携式监测脑血氧变化。本文总结了集体使用MazeSuite和fNIR在认知加工学习范式。

视频: Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

科研

神经科学

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we describe a pERK immunohistochemistry protocol to study the profile of hippocampal neuron activation following exposure to a spatial learning task in a mouse model characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodevelopmental origin. Specifically, we used pERK immunostaining to study neuronal activation following Morris water maze (MWM, a classical hippocampal-dependent learning task) in Engrailed-2 knockout (En2-/-) mice, a model of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). As compared to wild-type (WT) controls, En2-/- mice showed significant spatial learning deficits in the MWM. After MWM, significant differences in the number of pERK-positive neurons were detected in specific hippocampal subfields of En2-/- mice, as compared to WT animals. Thus, our protocol can robustly detect differences in pERK-positive neurons associated to hippocampal-dependent learning impairment in a mouse model of ASD. More generally, our protocol can be applied to investigate the profile of hippocampal neuron activation in both genetic or pharmacological mouse models characterized by cognitive deficits.

We describe an immunohistochemistry protocol to study the profile of hippocampal neuron activation following exposure to a spatial learning task in a mouse model characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodevelopmental origin. This protocol can be applied to both genetic or pharmacological mouse models characterized by cognitive deficits.

海马神经元活动的可视化免疫组化空间后学习神经发育障碍的小鼠模型

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

为记录细胞内电压响应电法<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;光感受器和中间对光刺激<em&gt;在体内</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, interest in the cognitive processes of nonmodel species, typically within an ecological context, has also become an emerging field of study. In particular, interest in the cognitive processes in reptiles is growing although experimental studies on reptilian cognition are sparse. The few reptilian studies that have experimentally tested for spatial learning and memory have used rodent paradigms modified for use in reptiles. However, ecologically important aspects of the physiology and behavior of this taxonomic group must be taken into account when testing for spatially based cognition. Here, we describe modifications of the dry land Barnes maze and associated testing protocol that can improve performance when probing for spatial learning and memory ability in small squamate reptiles. The described paradigm and procedures were successfully used with male side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), demonstrating that spatial learning and memory can be assessed in this taxonomic group with an ecologically relevant apparatus and protocol.

This paper describes a modification of the Barnes maze, a standard rodent paradigm used to assess spatial memory and learning, for use in small squamate reptiles.

评估空间学习记忆小鳞类爬行动物

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, ...

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

利用功能近红外光谱成像技术研究全球儿童发展: 农村撒哈拉以南非洲地区的神经影像场方法

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

利用功能近红外光谱进行超扫描实验

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

近红外荧光和高分辨率扫描测量啮齿类动物大脑中蛋白质的表达

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical treatment. Among the many neuroimaging technologies used to measure brain activity, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables the evaluation of dynamic cortical activities by measuring the local hemoglobin levels similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Also, due to lesser physical restriction in fNIRS, multiple variants of sensorimotor tasks can be evaluated. Many laboratories have developed several methods for fNIRS data analysis; however, despite the fact that the general principles are the same, there is no universally standardized method. Here, we present the qualitative and comparative analytic methods of data obtained from a multi-channel fNIRS experiment using a block design. For qualitative analysis, we used a software for NIRS as a mass-univariate approach based on the generalized linear model. The NIRS-SPM analysis shows qualitative results for each session by visualizing the activated area during the task. In addition, the non-invasive three-dimensional digitizer can be used to estimate the fNIRS channel locations relative to the brain. To corroborate the NIRS-SPM findings, the amplitude of the changes in hemoglobin levels induced by the sensorimotor task can be statistically analyzed by comparing the data obtained from two different sessions (before and after intervention) of the same study subject using a multi-channel hierarchical mixed model. Our methods can be used to measure the pre- vs. post-intervention analysis in a variety of neurological disorders such as movement disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

We describe the analysis of continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment using a block design with a sensorimotor task. To increase the reliability of the data analysis, we used the qualitative general linear model-based statistical parametric mapping and the comparative hierarchical mixed models for multi-channels.

功能近红外光谱实验应用块设计的定性和比较皮质活动数据分析

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the concurrent brain activity of two or more interactive individuals with a novel index called inter-brain synchrony (IBS) (i.e., phase and/or amplitude alignment of the neuronal or hemodynamic signals across time). A protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is presented here. Further, a pipeline of analyzing IBS of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signal is explained. Specifically, the experimental design, the process of NIRS data recording, data analysis methods, and future directions are all discussed. Overall, implementing a standardized fNIRS hyperscanning pipeline is a fundamental part of second-person neuroscience. Also, this is in line with the call for open-science to aid the reproducibility of research.

The protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is outlined. Further, a pipeline to analyze the Inter-Brain Synchrony (IBS) of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signals is presented.