この仕事のための資金は、ペンシルベニア州の連邦＃4100037709外注＃240468とドレクセル大学下請け＃280773によって部分的に提供されていました。

<ol>
	<li>Ayaz, H., Allen, S. L., Platek, S. M., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maze+Suite+1.0:+a+complete+set+of+tools+to+prepare,+present,+and+analyze+navigational+and+spatial+cognitive+neuroscience+experiments.">Maze Suite 1.0: a complete set of tools to prepare, present, and analyze navigational and spatial cognitive neuroscience experiments.</a> Behav. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+consolidation+and+contextual+interference+effects+with+computer+games.">Memory consolidation and contextual interference effects with computer games.</a> Perc Motor Skills. 97, 581-589 (2003).</li><li>Magill, R. A., Hall, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+contextual+interference+effect+in+motor+skill+acquisition.">A review of the contextual interference effect in motor skill acquisition.</a> Human Movement Science. 9, 241-289 (1990).</li><li>Ayaz, H., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Analytical software and stimulus-presentation platform to utilize, visualize and analyze near-infrared spectroscopy measures Masters Degree thesis [dissertation]. , (2005).</li><li>Ayaz, H., Marek, T., Karwowski, W., Rice, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Advances in Understanding Human Performance: Neuroergonomics, Human Factors Design, and Special Populations. 3, 21-31 (2010).</li><li>Izzetoglu, M., Chitrapu, P., Bunce, S., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+artifact+cancellation+in+NIR+spectroscopy+using+discrete+Kalman+filtering.">Motion artifact cancellation in NIR spectroscopy using discrete Kalman filtering.</a> Biomedical engineering online. 9, 16-16 (2010).</li><li>Huppert, T. J., Diamond, S. G., Franceschini, M. A., Boas, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HomER:+a+review+of+time-series+analysis+methods+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy+of+the+brain.">HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.</a> Appl Opt. 48, 280-298 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Strangman, G., Ganis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+filtering+to+reduce+global+interference+in+non-invasive+NIRS+measures+of+brain+activation:+How+well+and+when+does+it+work?.">Adaptive filtering to reduce global interference in non-invasive NIRS measures of brain activation: How well and when does it work?.</a> Neuroimage. 45, 788-794 (2009).</li><li>Izzetoglu, M., Devaraj, A., Bunce, S., Onaral, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+artifact+cancellation+in+NIR+spectroscopy+using+Wiener+filtering.">Motion artifact cancellation in NIR spectroscopy using Wiener filtering.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 52, 934-938 (2005).</li><li>Cope, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The development of a near infrared spectroscopy system and its application for non invasive monitoring of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation in the newborn infant. , (1991).</li><li>Elwell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+adult+cerebral+hemodynamics+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Quantification of adult cerebral hemodynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 77, 2753-2753 (1994).</li><li>Wyatt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+cerebral+blood+volume+in+human+infants+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Quantitation of cerebral blood volume in human infants by near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 68, 1086-1086 (1990).</li><li>Ayaz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy based Brain Computer Interface PhD thesis [dissertation]. , (2010).</li><li>Wood, J. N., Grafman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+prefrontal+cortex:+processing+and+representational+perspectives.">Human prefrontal cortex: processing and representational perspectives.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 4, 139-147 (2003).</li><li>Shadmehr, R., Holcomb, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+motor+memory+consolidation.">Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation.</a> Science. 277, 821-825 (1997).</li></ol>

fNIRデバイスは、LLCは、光脳機能イメージング機器とドレクセル大学からライセンスされたIPとノウハウを製造しています。 H. Ayaz、M. Izzetoglu、K. IzzetogluとB. Onaralは、技術開発に関与し、したがって、新しいスタートアップ企業のfNIRデバイス、LLCのマイナーシェアを提供された。

人間の脳の前頭前野（PFC）は、内部の目標に関連して思考と行動の調整上の認知制御を容易にします。特に、前方/背外側PFCは、そのようなタスク管理、計画と空間ナビゲーション25と高次認知機能を仲介することが知られている。 fNIRは、脳の活性化を調べるために臨床、実験室および自然な設定で使用されているポータブル、安全かつ非侵襲的脳モニタリングツールです。この予備研究では、迷路のスイートと空間ナビゲーションの神経行動学的側面を研究するためにfNIRの使用を示した。この探索的研究では、MazeSuiteのプラットフォームは、背側PFCの空間ナビゲーションの神経行動学的側面を研究し、これら2つのツールの組み合わせを示すためにfNIRと組み合わせて使用​​されます。 MazeSuiteは、実験デザイン、プレゼンテーションおよび分析プラットフォームです。それはユーザーフレンドリーなグラフィカルインターフェースで簡単な3D環境の創造と応用を可能にし、自動的に被写体内やサブジェクトの比較全体のための行動措置を記録します。 MazeSuite環境のプレゼンテーション中に、同時時刻同期fNIRの測定は、市販の、携帯型、連続波のfNIRシステム（イメージャー1000、fNIRデバイス、LLC）とCOBI Studioソフトウェア15を用いて撮影した。 fNIRは、以前に脳の活性化7,11の研究のための臨床、研究室と自然環境に安全かつ効果的な非侵襲的脳モニタリングツールとして確立されていると空間ナビゲーションタスクの中に文脈干渉に伴う認知応答を調査するために本研究で使用されています。 練習の順序文脈干渉の影響を調べるために、被験者は、どちらか低い干渉（BLK）または高い干渉（RND）の練習のために発表された。これらの個別の練習スケジュールが取得、保有及び移転テスト全体で複数の仮想空間ナビゲーションの迷路のタスクを学習の効果をテストするために使用されていました。行動の結果は、実際の注文の両方のために、被験者の練習として、彼らはより短い期間で各迷路を完了したことを示唆し、迷路を完了するために必要な合計時間の単調な減少傾向があることを示している。さらに、被験者が迷路（迷路速度を）移動元と平均速度は、実際に増加した。時間にわたって行動措置でこれらの改善は、学習の推論を期待されています。練習の試験期間中のオキシヘモグロビンの濃度変化は、RNDの練習の順序と比較するとBLKの練習は、高次脳の活性化を必要とすることを示す意味する。 RNDそれぞれ保持し、転送、両方のBLKの練習の順序に比べて速く完了時間と短いパス長をもたらした練習を。 PFCの活性低下を示す保持試験間BLKのための酸素ヘモグロビンの平均値とRND実際に見られる減少傾向。以前の研究では12,26を学習の後の段階におけるPFCの活性低下があることを示唆しているとして、この発見が期待されている。 また、転送フェーズ中に、新しい迷路のナビゲーションは、RND主題の練習に比べBLKの練習の主題のための高次脳の活性化が必要。練習の順序は、すでに学んだタスク（すなわち、maze1、maze2、およびmaze3）のための異なっていたことを考えると、シーケンシャル（BLK練習）の順序でタスクを学んだ主題は、この層化の練習の順序は、必要とするように十分に斬新されている可能性がありますタスク12,26を実行するための付加的な努力と認知資源。しかし、RNDの練習のために、神経活性化の転送フェーズでは、リテンションの位相よりも高くはなかった。これらの知見は、ヴァンホーンと同僚12で報告される仮想迷路の空間的ナビゲーションとPETの知見を裏付け。 要約すると、我々は空間的ナビゲーションタスクを学習する際の順序を実践に関連する文脈干渉の影響に関する研究のためのCOBI Studioと組み合わせてMazeSuiteの使用を記載。ここで説明fNIR方法は空間ナビゲーションタスクに限定されるものではなく、他のニューロイメージング研究におけるさまざまなタスクに使用することができます。調査の設計、実装、データ収集と分析のフェーズは、今後の研究のための指針を提供する意図で説明された。

<ul><li>迷路スイートwww.mazesuite.com </li><li> fNIRイメージャ1000年www.fnirdevices.com </li></ul>

using mazesuite and functional near infrared spectroscopy to study learning in spatial navigation

MazeSuiteは、ナビゲーションおよび空間的な実験を提示し、分析し、1を準備する完全なツールセットです。 MazeSuiteは、設計および編集適応仮想3D環境を、仮想環境内で、参加者の行動のパフォーマンスを追跡し、脳波と眼球の追跡を含む生理学的および神経画像措置、のための外部デバイスとの同期に使用することができます。 機能的近赤外分光法（fNIR）は、ヒトの脳機能2-7関連する脳の血液酸素化の変化の、連続的な非侵襲的、およびポータブルモニタリングを可能にする光学的脳イメージング技術です。過去10年間fNIRが効果的にメモリと7-11を問題解決の作業、などの注意などの認知タスクを監視するために使用されます。 fNIRはウェアラブルとそれほど煩わしい装置の形で実現することができる、それは生態学的に有効な環境での脳活動を監視する能力を持っています。 認知機能の練習後、保持12の間に、最初の小説のタスクのパフォーマンスと異なる前頭前野（PFC）の脳の活性化のパターンを伴うタスクのパフォーマンスによって評価。のない活性化に少しはあったものの局所脳血流量が仮想迷路の空間ナビゲーションのエンコーディング（すなわち、初期ライブラリー - 全曲無料試聴できるパフォーマンス）の間に右前頭葉でアクティブ化されたことがわかった陽電子放射断層撮影法（PET）、ヴァンホーンと同僚の使い方練習後、保持テスト時の前頭部。個人別の練習スケジュール13,14の下に複数のタスクを取得するときにまた、文脈干渉、実際の組織に関連する学習現象の影響は明白です。学習するタスクは、非シーケンシャル、予測不可能な順番で提示されている場合、高文脈干渉（ランダム練習スケジュール）が作成されます。学習するタスクが予測可能な順序で提示されるときに低文脈干渉（ブロックされた練習スケジュール）が作成されます。 ここで我々の目標は2つあります：認知光脳イメージング（COBI）Studioソフトウェア15を使用してfNIRの脳活動のモニタリングシステムのセットアップと展開を実証するために、実験プロトコルの設計プロセスとMazeSuiteの使用、および秒を説明する最初の。我々の目標を説明するために、調査からサブサンプルは、単一の実験でMazeSuiteとCOBI Studioの両方の用途を示すことが報告されている。研究では、買収時のPFCの認知活動の評価とブロックとランダム注文のコンピュータの迷路タスクの学習を行います。二右利きの成人（1つはオス、メス一）315獲得、30保持して四日間で20の転送試験を行った。調査の設計、実装、データ収集と分析のフェーズは、今後の研究のための指針を提供する意図で説明された。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation at JoVE.com

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuiteは、ナビゲーションおよび空間的な実験を準備し、提示し、分析するための完全なツールセットです。機能的近赤外分光法（fNIR）は脳血酸素代謝変化の非侵襲的、ポータブルモニタリングを可能にする光学的脳イメージング技術です。本論文では、認知処理の学習のパラダイム内MazeSuiteとfNIRの集団的使用をまとめたものです。

空間ナビゲーションで学習研究するために近赤外分光法をMazeSuiteおよび機能の使用

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

using-mazesuite-functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

30.3K ビュー.  Drexel University. MazeSuiteは、ナビゲーションおよび空間的な実験を準備し、提示し、分析するための完全なツールセットです。機能的近赤外分光法（fNIR）は脳血酸素代謝変化の非侵襲的、ポータブルモニタリングを可能にする光学的脳イメージング技術です。本論文では、認知処理の学習のパラダイム内MazeSuiteとfNIRの集団的使用をまとめたものです。

ビデオ: Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

超音波血液脳関門の破壊とマンガン増強MRIを用いた脳機能イメージングの試み

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

神経科学

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we describe a pERK immunohistochemistry protocol to study the profile of hippocampal neuron activation following exposure to a spatial learning task in a mouse model characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodevelopmental origin. Specifically, we used pERK immunostaining to study neuronal activation following Morris water maze (MWM, a classical hippocampal-dependent learning task) in Engrailed-2 knockout (En2-/-) mice, a model of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). As compared to wild-type (WT) controls, En2-/- mice showed significant spatial learning deficits in the MWM. After MWM, significant differences in the number of pERK-positive neurons were detected in specific hippocampal subfields of En2-/- mice, as compared to WT animals. Thus, our protocol can robustly detect differences in pERK-positive neurons associated to hippocampal-dependent learning impairment in a mouse model of ASD. More generally, our protocol can be applied to investigate the profile of hippocampal neuron activation in both genetic or pharmacological mouse models characterized by cognitive deficits.

We describe an immunohistochemistry protocol to study the profile of hippocampal neuron activation following exposure to a spatial learning task in a mouse model characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodevelopmental origin. This protocol can be applied to both genetic or pharmacological mouse models characterized by cognitive deficits.

神経発達障害のマウスモデルにおける空間学習した後、海馬ニューロン活動の免疫組織化学的可視化

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

の記録細胞内の電圧応答のための電気生理学的手法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;光刺激に感光体と介在ニューロン<em&gt;インビボ</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, interest in the cognitive processes of nonmodel species, typically within an ecological context, has also become an emerging field of study. In particular, interest in the cognitive processes in reptiles is growing although experimental studies on reptilian cognition are sparse. The few reptilian studies that have experimentally tested for spatial learning and memory have used rodent paradigms modified for use in reptiles. However, ecologically important aspects of the physiology and behavior of this taxonomic group must be taken into account when testing for spatially based cognition. Here, we describe modifications of the dry land Barnes maze and associated testing protocol that can improve performance when probing for spatial learning and memory ability in small squamate reptiles. The described paradigm and procedures were successfully used with male side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), demonstrating that spatial learning and memory can be assessed in this taxonomic group with an ecologically relevant apparatus and protocol.

This paper describes a modification of the Barnes maze, a standard rodent paradigm used to assess spatial memory and learning, for use in small squamate reptiles.

小さなうろこに覆われた爬虫類の空間学習と記憶を評価します

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, ...

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロ イメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

機能的近赤外分光法による Hyperscanning 実験を実施

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

げっ歯類の脳におけるタンパク質発現を測定するために近赤外蛍光と高解像度走査を用いること

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

フランカータスクによる同時脳波と機能的近赤外分光記録の実施

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical treatment. Among the many neuroimaging technologies used to measure brain activity, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables the evaluation of dynamic cortical activities by measuring the local hemoglobin levels similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Also, due to lesser physical restriction in fNIRS, multiple variants of sensorimotor tasks can be evaluated. Many laboratories have developed several methods for fNIRS data analysis; however, despite the fact that the general principles are the same, there is no universally standardized method. Here, we present the qualitative and comparative analytic methods of data obtained from a multi-channel fNIRS experiment using a block design. For qualitative analysis, we used a software for NIRS as a mass-univariate approach based on the generalized linear model. The NIRS-SPM analysis shows qualitative results for each session by visualizing the activated area during the task. In addition, the non-invasive three-dimensional digitizer can be used to estimate the fNIRS channel locations relative to the brain. To corroborate the NIRS-SPM findings, the amplitude of the changes in hemoglobin levels induced by the sensorimotor task can be statistically analyzed by comparing the data obtained from two different sessions (before and after intervention) of the same study subject using a multi-channel hierarchical mixed model. Our methods can be used to measure the pre- vs. post-intervention analysis in a variety of neurological disorders such as movement disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

We describe the analysis of continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment using a block design with a sensorimotor task. To increase the reliability of the data analysis, we used the qualitative general linear model-based statistical parametric mapping and the comparative hierarchical mixed models for multi-channels.

ブロック設計を応用した機能近赤外分光法実験による定性的・比較皮質活動データ解析

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the concurrent brain activity of two or more interactive individuals with a novel index called inter-brain synchrony (IBS) (i.e., phase and/or amplitude alignment of the neuronal or hemodynamic signals across time). A protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is presented here. Further, a pipeline of analyzing IBS of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signal is explained. Specifically, the experimental design, the process of NIRS data recording, data analysis methods, and future directions are all discussed. Overall, implementing a standardized fNIRS hyperscanning pipeline is a fundamental part of second-person neuroscience. Also, this is in line with the call for open-science to aid the reproducibility of research.

The protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is outlined. Further, a pipeline to analyze the Inter-Brain Synchrony (IBS) of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signals is presented.