<ol>
	<li>Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Tempel, B. L., Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+of+genomic+and+complementary+DNA+from+Shaker,+a+putative+potassium+channel+gene+from+Drosophila.">Cloning of genomic and complementary DNA from Shaker, a putative potassium channel gene from Drosophila.</a> Science. 237, 749-753 (1987).</li><li>Tempel, B. L., Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence+of+a+probable+potassium+channel+component+encoded+at+Shaker+locus+of+Drosophila.">Sequence of a probable potassium channel component encoded at Shaker locus of Drosophila.</a> Science. 237, 770-775 (1987).</li><li>Gu, H., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+Cell+Recordings+from+Brain+of+Adult+Drosophila.">Whole Cell Recordings from Brain of Adult Drosophila.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (6), e248 (2007).</li><li>Gu, H., Jiang, S. A., Campusano, J. M., Iniguez, J., Su, H., Hoang, A. A., Lavian, M., Sun, X., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cav2-type+calcium+channels+encoded+by+cac+regulate+AP-independent+neurotransmitter+release+at+cholinergic+synapses+in+adult+Drosophila+brain.">Cav2-type calcium channels encoded by cac regulate AP-independent neurotransmitter release at cholinergic synapses in adult Drosophila brain.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 101, 42-53 (2009).</li><li>Baines, R. A., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+development+of+central+neurons+in+the+Drosophila+embryo.">Electrophysiological development of central neurons in the Drosophila embryo.</a> J. Neurosci. 18, 4673-4683 (1998).</li><li>Lin, W. H., Wright, D. E., Muraro, N. I., Baines, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+splicing+in+the+voltage-gated+sodium+channel+DmNav+regulates+activation,+inactivation,+and+persistent+current.">Alternative splicing in the voltage-gated sodium channel DmNav regulates activation, inactivation, and persistent current.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 102, 1994-2006 (2009).</li><li>Worrell, J. W., Levine, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+voltage-dependent+Ca2++currents+in+identified+Drosophila+motoneurons+in+situ.">Characterization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents in identified Drosophila motoneurons in situ.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 100, 868-878 (2008).</li><li>Srinivasan, S., Lance, K., Levine, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segmental+differences+in+firing+properties+and+potassium+currents+in+Drosophila+larval+motoneurons.">Segmental differences in firing properties and potassium currents in Drosophila larval motoneurons.</a> J. Neurophysiol. , (2011).</li><li>Choi, J. C., Park, D., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+and+morphological+characterization+of+identified+motor+neurons+in+the+Drosophila+third+instar+larva+central+nervous+system.">Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of identified motor neurons in the Drosophila third instar larva central nervous system.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 91, 2353-2365 (2004).</li><li>Pulver, S. R., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spike+integration+and+cellular+memory+in+a+rhythmic+network+from+Na+/K++pump+current+dynamics.">Spike integration and cellular memory in a rhythmic network from Na+/K+ pump current dynamics.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 13, 53-59 (2010).</li><li>Fayyazuddin, A., Zaheer, M. A., Hiesinger, P. R., Bellen, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nicotinic+acetylcholine+receptor+Dalpha7+is+required+for+an+escape+behavior+in+Drosophila.">The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Dalpha7 is required for an escape behavior in Drosophila.</a> PLoS Biol. 4, e63 (2006).</li><li>Duch, C., Vonhoff, F., Ryglewski, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendrite+elongation+and+dendritic+branching+are+affected+separately+by+different+forms+of+intrinsic+motoneuron+excitability.">Dendrite elongation and dendritic branching are affected separately by different forms of intrinsic motoneuron excitability.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 100, 2525-2536 (2008).</li><li>Ryglewski, S., Duch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shaker+and+Shal+mediate+transient+calcium-independent+potassium+current+in+a+Drosophila+flight+motoneuron.">Shaker and Shal mediate transient calcium-independent potassium current in a Drosophila flight motoneuron.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 102, 3673-3688 (2009).</li><li>Ryglewski, S., Lance, K., Levine, R. B., Duch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cav2+Channels+Mediate+LVA+and+HVA+Calcium+Currents+in+Drosophila+Motoneurons.">Cav2 Channels Mediate LVA and HVA Calcium Currents in Drosophila Motoneurons.</a> J. Physiol. , (2011).</li><li>Ikeda, K., Koenig, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+identification+of+the+motor+neurons+innervating+the+dorsal+longitudinal+flight+muscle+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Morphological identification of the motor neurons innervating the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 1273, 436-444 (1988).</li><li>Boerner, J., Godenschwege, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+Mount+Preparation+of+the+Adult+Drosophila+Ventral+Nerve+Cord+for+Giant+Fiber+Dye+Injection.">Whole Mount Preparation of the Adult Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord for Giant Fiber Dye Injection.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (52), e3080 (2011).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

当可视化的细胞绿色荧光蛋白的荧光蛋白，如，重要的是不超过制剂暴露太多的光。这可能会导致光损伤。我们使用100W HBO短弧汞灯泡，照明，我们还可以使用中性密度（ND）的0.8（的色度ND过滤器0.3和0.5）。为了能够判断清洗良好的能见度的质量是至关重要的。因此，ND过滤器可以去除约20秒，多次短时间。 应用了一些积极的压力时，细胞体“襟翼”一点。这有助于判断质量?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 代理/项目 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录号 </td></tr><tr><td>蛋白酶型第十四</td><td>美国Sigma Aldrich公司</td><td> P5147 </td></tr><tr><td> Microfil灵活的注射针</td><td>美国世界精密仪器</td><td> MF28G-5 </td></tr><tr><td>高硼硅玻璃毛细管，外径1.5毫米，1.0毫米，无灯丝ID </td><td>美国世界精密仪器</td><td> PG52151-4 </td></tr><tr><td> DiI荧光</td><td> Invitrogen公司的美国</td><td> D3899 </td></tr><tr><td> Sylgard的弹性体套装184（道康宁） </td><td> <a href="http://www.ellsworth.com" target="_blank">www.ellsworth.com</a> </td><td> 184 SIL ELAST套件</td></tr><tr><td> ND过滤器集（卸载） </td><td>浓度</td><td> 22000b系列</td></tr><tr><td>电极架1-HL-U </td><td>莫分子器件</td><td> 1，HL-U </td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of drosophila central neurons for in situ patch clamping

短的世代时间和轻便的基因技术使果蝇优良的遗传模型的基础神经科学的研究。离子通道是神经元兴奋性的基础上，所有的行为，因为他们调解。电压门控离子通道的克隆果蝇的电压门控钾通道振动筛1,2。对理解离子通道和细胞膜的兴奋性神经系统功能的作用，它是有用的，结合强大的遗传工具，可以在果蝇在原位膜片钳记录。多年来，这样的录音已经阻碍了果蝇的中枢神经系统的小尺寸。此外，强大的鞘的神经胶质细胞和胶原蛋白构成障碍补丁吸液管进入中央神经元。本套去除任何在成年果蝇中枢神经系统的神经元膜片钳记录的一个必要的先决条件。近年来科学家们一直在能够进行原位膜片钳记录神经元在成人大脑3,4和腹神经索的胚胎，幼虫7,8,9,10，5,6和成年果蝇 11,12,13,14。一个稳定的千兆密封是一个很好的补丁的主要的先决条件，并取决于与细胞膜，以避免漏电流的补丁移液器的清洁接触。因此，从成年果蝇神经元全细胞原位膜片钳记录，必须彻底清洗。神经节鞘在第一步骤中，将被处理酶，并机械地除去，使靶细胞可访问。在第二步骤中，细胞膜具有进行研磨，使得没有神经胶质细胞，胶原蛋白或其他材料的层，可能会扰乱千兆密封件形成。本文介绍了如何编写一个确定的中央神经元在果蝇的腹神经索，飞行运动神经元的5（MN5 15），体细胞整个C埃尔膜片钳记录。识别和知名度的神经元是通过有针对性的表达GFP MN5。我们不打算解释膜片钳技术。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping at JoVE.com

Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

原位补丁钳用于神经元的电生理特性的完整电路。在果蝇的遗传模型膜片钳是困难的，因为中枢神经系统，周围环绕着一个强大的护套。本文介绍的步骤，取出护套和清洁随后的膜片钳记录神经元。

制备<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;中央神经元<em在原位</em&gt;膜片钳

Short generation times and facile genetic techniques make the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster an excellent genetic model in fundamental neuroscience ...

preparation-of-drosophila-central-neurons-for-in-situ-patch-clamping

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

14.0K 次观看.  Arizona State University. 原位补丁钳用于神经元的电生理特性的完整电路。在果蝇的遗传模型膜片钳是困难的，因为中枢神经系统，周围环绕着一个强大的护套。本文介绍的步骤，取出护套和清洁随后的膜片钳记录神经元。

视频: Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying class-specific dendrite morphogenesis1,2. To facilitate molecular analyses of class-specific da neuron development, it is vital to obtain these cells in a pure population. Although a range of different cell, and tissue-specific RNA isolation techniques exist for Drosophila cells, including magnetic bead based cell purification3,4, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)5-8, and RNA binding protein based strategies9, none of these methods can be readily utilized for isolating single or multiple class-specific Drosophila da neurons with a high degree of spatial precision. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool that can be used to isolate specific cell types from tissue sections with a high degree of spatial resolution and accuracy. RNA obtained from isolated cells can then be used for analyses including qRT-PCR and microarray expression profiling within a given cell type10-16. To date, LCM has not been widely applied in the analysis of Drosophila tissues and cells17,18, including da neurons at the third instar larval stage of development. 
Here we present our optimized protocol for isolation of Drosophila da neurons using the infrared (IR) class of LCM. This method allows for the capture of single, class-specific or multiple da neurons with high specificity and spatial resolution. Age-matched third instar larvae expressing a UAS-mCD8::GFP19 transgene under the control of either the class IV da neuron specific ppk-GAL420 driver or the pan-da neuron specific 21-7-GAL421 driver were used for these experiments. RNA obtained from the isolated da neurons is of very high quality and can be directly used for downstream applications, including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses. Furthermore, this LCM protocol can be readily adapted to capture other Drosophila cell types a various stages of development dependent upon the cell type specific, GAL4-driven expression pattern of GFP.

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

In this video-article we present a method for isolating single or multiple Drosophila da neurons from third instar larvae using the infrared capture (IR) class of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). RNA obtained from the isolated neurons can be readily used for downstream applications including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses.

激光捕获显微切割技术的果蝇外周神经元

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

科研

神经科学

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

从一个暗适应切片制备小鼠视网膜神经细胞的膜片钳录音

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

标记的单细胞在中枢神经系统<em&gt;果蝇</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

调查中枢神经系统修复中受伤范式<em&gt;果蝇</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

嗅觉受体神经元在全山免疫标记<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;天线

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing organisms, combined with the embryonic optical clarity, served as initial compelling attributes of this model. Over the past two decades, the success of this model has been further propelled by its amenability to large-scale mutagenesis screens and by the ease of transgenesis. More recently, gene-editing approaches have extended the power of the model.
For neurodevelopmental studies, the zebrafish embryo and larva provide a model to which multiple methods can be applied. Here, we focus on methods that allow the study of an essential property of neurons, electrical excitability. Our preparation for the electrophysiological study of zebrafish spinal neurons involves the use of veterinarian suture glue to secure the preparation to a recording chamber. Alternative methods for recording from zebrafish embryos and larvae involve the attachment of the preparation to the chamber using a fine tungsten pin1,2,3,4,5. A tungsten pin is most often used to mount the preparation in a lateral orientation, although it has been used to mount larvae dorsal-side up4. The suture glue has been used to mount embryos and larvae in both orientations. Using the glue, a minimal dissection can be performed, allowing access to spinal neurons without the use of an enzymatic treatment, thereby avoiding any resultant damage. However, for larvae, it is necessary to apply a brief enzyme treatment to remove the muscle tissue surrounding the spinal cord. The methods described here have been used to study the intrinsic electrical properties of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons at several developmental stages6,7,8,9.

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

This manuscript describes methods for electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The preparation maintains neurons in situ and often involves minimum dissection. These methods allow for the electrophysiological study of a variety of spinal neurons, from the initial electrical excitability acquisition through the early larval stages.

斑马鱼<em&gt;原位</em&gt;脊髓制备用于脊髓感觉和运动神经元的电生理记录

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a challenging and low-throughput technique due to its complexity and high reliance on user operation and control. This manuscript demonstrates an image-guided automatic patch clamp system for in vitro whole-cell patch clamp experiments in acute brain slices. Our system implements a computer vision-based algorithm to detect fluorescently labeled cells and to target them for fully automatic patching using a micromanipulator and internal pipette pressure control. The entire process is highly automated, with minimal requirements for human intervention. Real-time experimental information, including electrical resistance and internal pipette pressure, are documented electronically for future analysis and for optimization to different cell types. Although our system is described in the context of acute brain slice recordings, it can also be applied to the automated image-guided patch clamp of dissociated neurons, organotypic slice cultures, and other non-neuronal cell types.

This protocol describes how to conduct automatic image-guided patch-clamp experiments using a system recently developed for standard in vitro electrophysiology equipment.

自动图像引导贴片夹在脑切片神经元研究中的应用

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

爪蟾Tectal 神经元全细胞膜片钳记录的制备与协议

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Preparation of Acute Spinal Cord Slices for Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recording in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms underlying sensory transmission, nociceptive regulation, and chronic pain or itch development. Implementations of electrophysiological recordings together with morphological studies based on the utility of acute spinal cord slices have further improved our understanding of neuronal properties and the composition of local circuitry in SG. Here, we present a detailed and practical guide for the preparation of spinal cord slices and show representative whole-cell recording and morphological results. This protocol permits ideal neuronal preservation and can mimic in vivo conditions to a certain extent. In summary, the ability to obtain an in vitro preparation of spinal cord slices enables stable current- and voltage-clamp recordings and could thus facilitate detailed investigations into the intrinsic membrane properties, local circuitry and neuronal structure using diverse experimental approaches.

Here, we describe the essential steps for whole-cell patch-clamp recordings made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in the in vitro spinal cord slice. This method allows the intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic transmission and morphological characterization of SG neurons to be studied.

凝胶神经元全细胞斑块夹的急性脊髓切片的制备

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms ...

Detection of G Protein-coupled Receptor Expression in Mouse Vagal Afferent Neurons using Multiplex In Situ Hybridization

This study describes a protocol for the multiplex in situ hybridization (ISH) of the mouse jugular-nodose ganglia, with a particular emphasis on detecting the expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Formalin-fixed jugular-nodose ganglia were processed with the RNAscope technology to simultaneously detect the expression of two representative GPCRs (cholecystokinin and ghrelin receptors) in combination with one marker gene of either nodose (paired-like homeobox 2b, Phox2b) or jugular afferent neurons (PR domain zinc finger protein 12, Prdm12). Labeled ganglia were imaged using confocal microscopy to determine the distribution and expression patterns of the aforementioned transcripts. Briefly, Phox2b afferent neurons were found to abundantly express the cholecystokinin receptor (Cck1r) but not the ghrelin receptor (Ghsr). A small subset of Prdm12 afferent neurons was also found to express Ghsr and/or Cck1r. Potential technical caveats in the design, processing, and interpretation of multiplex ISH are discussed. The approach described in this article may help scientists in generating accurate maps of the transcriptional profiles of vagal afferent neurons.

Detection of G Protein-coupled Receptor Expression in Mouse Vagal Afferent Neurons using Multiplex In Situ Hybridization

Multiplex in situ hybridization (ISH) was employed to simultaneously visualize the transcripts for two G protein-coupled receptors and one transcription factor in the entire vagal ganglionic complex of the adult mouse. This protocol could be used to generate accurate maps of the transcriptional profiles of vagal afferent neurons.

使用多重 原位 杂交检测小鼠迷走神经传入神经元中G蛋白偶联受体表达

This study describes a protocol for the multiplex in situ hybridization (ISH) of the mouse jugular-nodose ganglia, with a particular emphasis on detecting ...