这项研究是由美国国家心理健康研究所（MH060668 MH069558）支持。

设计一丝空调使用后掩蔽阻止意识的范式 1。设计刺激<ol><li>两组设计刺激。 </li><li>选择4来自不同个体的中性表情。 </li><li>对齐的面，每个面的眼睛区域是在相同的位置。 </li><li>作物的面孔用一个椭圆形，使头发，耳朵和其他外设功能不再可见。 </li><li>使用信号处理工具箱在Matlab软件需要运行实验（ 见表1），以创建高通滤波图像，删除所有信息是少于5个周期，每度12。 </li><li>一些中性表情合并在一起，并加入高空间频率噪声的图像，创建口罩。 </li><li>标准化所有图像，使它们具有相同亮度。 </li></ol> 2。计划使用演示实验<ol><li>计划的培训和测试阶段，演示使用的参数如下（ 见图1）。 </li><li>此外，方案由PSYLAB数据采集软件包将被用来训练和测试，以提供演示所引发的震荡一个单独的文件（PCC）。 </li><li>对于4块差一丝恐惧空调每CS，每块有15个试验培训会议程序。 </li><li>在每次试验呈现CSS为30毫秒。 </li><li>在每次试验呈现口罩，970毫秒。 </li><li>在每个CS +试用呈现100毫秒的冲击UCS，，以便它coterminates，掩码。 </li><li>发生变化的CS /掩模组合的位置，以便它随机出现的1的4个象限。 </li><li>使用一个变量的试验间的间隔在1日起试行，每6±2秒。 </li><li>用于测试会话程序1块5试验每个面的CS和5项试验两个新的脸上CSS公司买回。 </LI&gt; <li>为了最大限度地发挥你的能力，测试试验期间记录皮肤电导反应（可控硅），目前CS，持续8秒。 </li><li>在每个CS +试用呈现100毫秒的冲击UCS，，以便它coterminates与CS +。 </li><li>使用一个变量的试验间的间隔在1日起试行每20±4秒。 </li><li>指示在这两个会议主题报告UCS预期，并记录他们的反应，使用的MRI / MEG兼容的的轴设备（摇杆，滑块，拨号，参见第7章）。 </li><li>左脚使用连接参与者的底部的电极的测试会话期间的世界纪录的SCR（见第9节）。 </li></ol>任务期间记录的大脑活动利用脑磁图 3。设置培训在MEG室（见图2）设备。 <ol><li>刺激呈现计算机连接到MEG采集系统使用标准DB25多功能接头带状电缆（ 见表2 </stroNG&gt;必要的设备来进行实验。）。 </li><li>刺激呈现计算机连接到PSYLAB独立的监视器（SAM），使用8位的2位的隔离适配器和同步电缆。 </li><li>晶体管 - 晶体管逻辑（TTL）脉冲刺激演示用来标记可能会导致文物在MEG的数据，如果它们被发送到SAM。为了避免这些工件，标记只使用位阻断隔离适配器的刺激发病。 </li><li>连接到SAM震荡刺激（SHK1），使用电缆单位提供。 </li><li>通过屏蔽延长线通过导波，并把它连接到的震撼刺激。 </li><li>将SAM到电脑运行PSYLAB数据采集软件使用标准的USB电缆。 </li><li>连接旋转转盘刺激呈现电脑（USB）和MEG采集系统（BNC）使用分离器和游戏端口USB适应gameport-to-gameport/BNC呃。 </li><li>两分钟的传感器数据记录，而不在房间的主题。 </li></ol> 4。在MRI套件安装测试设备<ol><li>刺激呈现计算机连接到SAM使用同步电缆。 </li><li>的SAM使用与单元一起提供的电缆连接的打击刺激（SHK1）和皮肤电导放大器（SC5）。 </li><li>通过屏蔽延长电缆通过波导SCR和冲击，并把它们连接到各自的单位。 </li><li>将SAM到电脑运行PSYLAB数据采集软件使用标准的USB电缆。 </li><li>旋转转盘刺激呈现电脑使用的游戏端口USB适配器连接。 </li></ol> 5。设置主题在MEG套房培训（见图3） <ol><li>将电极和传感器的使用原理图如图3为导向的主题。 </li><li>一次性电极连接到显示器eyeblinks主体的右眼上方和下方。 </li><li>将一次性电极监测心脏速率主体的左侧心脏下方和右胸部锁骨下方。 </li><li>将一个一次性电极作为参考的背面的被检者的左肩。 </li><li>两个杯电极连接到管理主体的右腿，右胫神经内踝上方震荡。 </li><li>将4头位置指示器（HPI）线圈的主题，一个眼睛上面每个耳朵后面。 </li><li>数字化主体的头部相对于HPI线圈使用基准点的位置。 </li><li>使用Polhemus公司系统，地图主体的鼻根的位置，和左右的悲喜剧。 </li><li>将被检者的数字头的相对位置的基准点，确定的点是对称的。 </li><li>下一步地图主体的HPI线圈的位置。 </li><li>最后，数字IZE 50-100点沿着主体的头皮。 </li><li>护送受MEG系统，电极和传感器连接到相应的接口。 </li><li>一次性电极插头导致MEG系统放大器。 </li><li> MEG系统将HPI线束。 </li><li>电击电极插头到屏蔽延长线引出。 </li><li>提高主体的头部接触椅子，使MEG头盔的顶部。 </li><li>在屏幕上定位，使投影图像是关注的焦点。 </li></ol> 6。冲击全面评估<ol><li>设置震动程度，是痛苦的，但容忍的主题报告。 </li><li>臂的震撼刺激转动拨盘从0 mA位置5毫安的立场。 </li><li>辖几个演示的震撼刺激控制窗口从PSYLAB的数据采集软件包。 </li><li>在每个演示文稿的主题速率上的冲击强度规模从0（而不是在所有的痛苦），10（痛苦的，但容忍）。 </li><li>逐步加大的震荡，直至主体评级为10。 </li><li>从规模上记录的价值主体的细节窗口在参数值对话框中，在此框中的值表示在实验过程中，将管理冲击。 </li></ol> 7。响应设备<ol><li>指导正确使用拨号使用的例子演示场景的主题。 </li><li>说明:"移动游标一路权（100），如果你绝对相信，在不久的将来，您将收到一条介绍的刺激。将光标移动到左（0）的方式，如果你是肯定在不久的将来，你不会收到刺激，将光标移动到中间（50）如果您不确定您是否会在不久的将来收到的刺激。" </li></ol> 8。在培训过程中记录MEG <ol><li> RECORD两分钟的原始数据，在2 kHz，而主体在于他们的眼睛睁得大大的。 </li><li>训练之前开始记录事件代码和冲击交付使用PSYLAB数据采集软件。 </li><li>确保PSYLAB运行适当的PCC代码，所以它发出的冲击时，由计算机引发的。 </li><li>在2 kHz记录的原始数据，在每四个跑步训练。 </li><li>作为一种视觉检查系统的噪声源中的数据实时在线记录的平均值。 </li><li>询问受利率冲击的强度，每次运行后评估习惯。 </li></ol> 9。测试设置主题MRI套房<ol><li>护航的主题，从MEG套件的MRI套房。 </li><li>重新将震荡电极和重新校准的冲击强度。 </li><li>将两个杯子电极附加到被检者的左右脚的底部，可以监控可控硅。 </li><li>确保主题仍然懂得如何使用他的反应设备。 </li><li>的MRI表上的主题定位，确保他们的头，并连接SCR和电击电极导致相应的屏蔽电缆。 </li><li>附加镜头线圈，使参与者可以看到放置在屏幕后面的头线圈的位置。 </li></ol> 10。在测试过程中记录的fMRI <ol><li>收集高分辨率的解剖图像（SPGR）。 </li><li>记录血液氧合程度取决于反应过程中使用标准的摄像参数的测试会话（TR = 2秒，TE = 25毫秒;视图= 24厘米fleld翻转角= 90°）。 </li><li>经过测试，让主体完成实验后的问卷调查。 </li></ol>使用源成像皮层下结构恢复信号。 11。行为和fMRI数据分析<ol><li>使用UCS期望，以确定是否能够刺激之间的歧视。 </li><li>平均UCS的预期数据追踪间隔900毫秒和900毫秒前面基准期为每个审判。 </li><li>减去基准期从跟踪时间间隔，以确定的主题是如何移动的表盘刺激呈现后的值的值。 </li><li>通过试验重复测量方差分析跨学科进行CS类型。 </li><li>分析行为和fMRI的数据从测试会话使用先前公布的标准5,13-15。 </li></ol> 12。预处理MRI音量的<ol><li>使用Freesurfer 16建立分段皮层体积和表面的皮质，外层的皮肤，颅骨外。 </li><li>体积和表面到AFNI可读格式。 </li><li>运行importsurfaces.csh - 你第一次运行程序，你需要进入一个新的"模式"在每个主题的分割文件夹的文件夹，将所有文件复制。它还将创建一个&#39;importsurface.mrml的文件，该文件是用于创建冲浪杏仁核和海马的王牌车型。 </li><li>创建并转换成表面使用Slicer3和的Paraview的杏仁核和海马体积。 <ol><li>运行Slicer3 importsurface.mrml从主体的"模型"目录。这将加载的表面和卷成3dslicer。 </li><li>杏仁核和海马的生成模型，模型保存为{结构}。vtk的。 </li><li>进口vtk的文件par​​aview的。 </li><li>运行过滤器"生成表面法线。" </li><li>导出表面法线艾米和HIPP {结构}。层（ASCII）文件。 </li></ol></li><li>导入的表面和MRI量进入头脑风暴。 </li><li>再次运行importsurfaces.csh" - 这将表面转换成文件，可以用matlab读取和复制所有的tess_ {结构}格式的文件到脑力激荡数据库目录。 </li><li>请确保您已经创建的主题之前:复制tess_ {结构}脑力激荡头脑风暴文件夹（见步骤14.1）格式的文件。 </li><li> ØNCE到脑力激荡，一定要刷新数据库，你得到的表面。 </li><li>经MRI成标准的空间量，确定基准点。 </li><li>手动对齐与MRI头皮表面，然后将所有其他表面的经线。 </li><li>合并这两个软脑膜表面和顶点总数减少到15,000。 </li><li>合并这两个海马表面和减少了的顶点总数为2000。 </li><li>合并两个杏仁核的表面的顶点总数减少到1,000。 </li><li>合并软脑膜，海马和杏仁核的表面。 </li><li>创建感兴趣区域（球探），杏仁核和海马。 </li></ol> 13。预处理MEG录制使用脑力激荡11 <ol><li>的脑力激荡数据库中创建新的课题。 </li><li>每次训练，进口MEG记录文件。 </li><li>清除文​​物造成源外磁屏蔽室（MSR）信号空间分离17。 </li><li>清除文​​物造成的心脏跳动和眼球运动的事件预测确定的心电图（ECG）和电图（EOG）通道的信号空间。 </li><li>检查记录，头脑风暴，以确保正确确定心脏的跳动和eyeblinks事件。 </li><li>其他可能的噪声源的检查记录。 </li><li>检查从网上平均神器系统来源诱发的数据。 <ol><li>请注意，TTL脉冲用来标记的刺激的发作可能会导致文物的录音，如果发送到PSYLAB SAM装置。 </li><li>仅发送TTL脉冲需要管理SAM装置和隔离单元2位隔离适配器使用8位的剩余脉冲震荡。 </li></ol></li></ol> 14。使用脑力激荡诱发电位分析<ol><li>使用识别时代（-200毫秒至900毫秒），对应的事件通道各试验。 </li><li>缩小MRI登记用头点。 </li><li>计算噪声方差录音。 </li><li>计算头模型作为输入使用重叠的领域与皮质的方法。 </li><li>计算来源，使用最小范数估计方法10。 </li><li>继续分析来源。 </li><li>带通滤波器源为单个试验（1赫兹到20赫兹）。 </li><li>带通滤波源的绝对值，这些值转换成z分数的基础上的基线变异。 </li><li>空间平滑源（σ= 5毫米）。 </li><li>平均各试验。 </li><li>投射到默认的解剖实验的平均值。 </li><li>计算t检验，在不同条件下的来源。 </li><li>过滤重大t检验结果使用空间和时间阈值修正为家庭明智的错误。 </li><li>确定显着激活区域和出口交流的时间过程为每个主题tivati​​on。 </li><li>计算在每个时间点的平均值和标准误差的平均值跨学科。 </li></ol> 15。投资回报率使用头脑风暴进行时频分解<ol><li>项目个别试验到默认解剖实验的原始数据。 </li><li>识别和创建的感兴趣区域，从诱发反应的分析或从anatomo官能先验假设。 </li><li>从投资回报率的数据计算时频分解每次试验中使用的标准参数（中心频率= 1赫兹，时间分辨率[FWHM] = 3秒;频率范围= 10:90赫兹频率分辨率= 1赫兹）。 </li><li>转换时频分解映射到z分数。 </li><li>平均为每个主题各试验生成的映射。 </li><li>在不同的条件下在地图上进行t检验。 </li></ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classical+conditioning+of+autonomic+fear+responses+is+independent+of+contingency+awareness.">Classical conditioning of autonomic fear responses is independent of contingency awareness.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes. 36, 495-500 (2010).</li><li>Fischl, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence-independent+segmentation+of+magnetic+resonance+images.">Sequence-independent segmentation of magnetic resonance images.</a> NeuroImage. 23, 69-84 (2004).</li><li>Taulu, S., Kajola, M., Simola, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+interference+and+artifacts+by+the+Signal+Space+Separation+Method.">Suppression of interference and artifacts by the Signal Space Separation Method.</a> Brain Topography. 16, 269-275 (2004).</li><li>Dumas, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MEG+study+of+amygdala+responses+during+the+perception+of+emotional+faces+and+gaze.">MEG study of amygdala responses during the perception of emotional faces and gaze.</a> , (2010).</li><li>Reinhard, G., Lachnit, H., K&#246;nig, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+stimulus+processing+in+Pavlovian+pupillary+conditioning.">Tracking stimulus processing in Pavlovian pupillary conditioning.</a> Psychophysiology. 43, 73-83 (2006).</li><li>Reinhard, G., Lachnit, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+conditioning+of+anticipatory+pupillary+dilation+responses+in+humans.">Differential conditioning of anticipatory pupillary dilation responses in humans.</a> Biological Psychology. 60, 51-68 (2002).</li></ol>

什么都没有透露。

在本文中，我们描述的方法1）期间操纵主体意识的目标CSS一丝恐惧调节范式。 2）和恢复MEG信号从杏仁核在跟踪恐惧空调不认识。使用这些方法，我们能够表明跟踪空调不认识是可能的人脸时，被用来预测该UCS。这一结果表明，面孔受到特殊处理，即使低于感性检测阈值*。与此结论相一致，我们发现，广谱面临的追踪间隔期间，唤起强大的杏仁核反应和阵阵伽马振荡。这一结果表明，扁桃体是能够保持在一个简短的扫描间隔的面部CS表示。 虽然在一起，这两种方法可以独立使用。比如，它有可能使用反向掩蔽操纵目标能见度其他范式性的行为可能会受到情感线索加工水平以下的意识5,6,8 *。此外，使用所述的源成像的方法，在这里它是未能创建的3D模型的其他皮层下结构，有可能恢复信号从这些结构在其他区域特定的任务。例如，通过使用源成像模型海马活动，它可能会恢复MEG信号在空间导航任务，如海马来源。 此处所述的方法，设计了两个目标:1）块的目标刺激，2）意识，并最大限度地提高检测能力刺激诱发杏仁核反应MEG。这些设计上的限制，使其难以测量受试者的内隐知识的刺激或然。比如，可控硅解决的过程中几秒钟，5,13，但是，只介绍了CS〜30毫秒在培训过程中，震荡后不久（约900毫秒）。鉴于这些时间限制，将不可避免地混淆CR表达UCR表达在训练中。由于这种共线性，这是必要的测试受试者的采用后续的未屏蔽的测试会话的刺激或然的知识。然而，实验结束后，在测试会话不是最优的，因为可控硅往往习惯于实验1的过程中。由于试验需要数显示可靠的诱发反应与MEG，这SCR习惯将大大降低电源检测行为的训练效果。未来的研究应着眼于寻找更好的方法来指数内隐学习在蒙面CSS恐惧空调。这可以通过在培训期间（ 即散瞳19,20）找到一个替代的恐惧指数或恐惧找到一个更敏感的措施，可以是政府上台培训会议后stered。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Software</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Matlab</td>
 <td>Mathworks</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/" target="_blank">mathworks.com/products/matlab</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Presentation</td>
 <td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.neurobs.com/" target="_blank">neurobs.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Psylab</td>
 <td>Contact Precision Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.psychlab.com/" target="_blank">psychlab.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>AFNI</td>
 <td>NIMH - Scientific and Statistical Computing Core</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni" target="_blank">afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Freesurfer</td>
 <td>Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki" target="_blank">surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MNE</td>
 <td>Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/martinos/userInfo/data/sofMNE.php" target="_blank">nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/martinos/userInfo/data/sofMNE.php</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Brainstorm</td>
 <td>open-source collaboration</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/" target="_blank">neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>3d Slicer</td>
 <td>open-source collaboration</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.slicer.org/" target="_blank">slicer.org</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraview</td>
 <td>Kitware</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.paraview.org/" target="_blank">paraview.org</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Table 1. Software used Software used.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Physiological Monitoring System </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Psylab stand alone monitor (x2)</td>
 <td>Contact Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>SAM</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Skin conductance amplifier</td>
 <td>Contact Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>SC5</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Shock stimulator (x2)</td>
 <td>Contact Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>SHK1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Additional Components</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>8-bit synchronization cable (x2)</td>
 <td>Contact Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>Included with SAM</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>8-bit to 2-bit isolation adapter</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Custom</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DB25 ribbon cable (x2)</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Standard</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Shielded extension cable (x3)</td>
 <td>Contact Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>CL41</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Radiotranslucent cup electrodes for SCR and shock (x6)</td>
 <td>Biopac</td>
 <td>EL258-RT</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Signa Gel</td>
 <td>Parker Laboratories</td>
 <td>15-250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Response Device </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rotary dial with gameport connector (x2)</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Custom</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gameport-to-gameport/BNC splitter</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Custom</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BNC cable</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Standard</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gameport-to-USB adapter (x2)</td>
 <td>Rockfire</td>
 <td>RM203U</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Additional Components for MEG Setup </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HPI coils and wiring harness</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Custom</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HPI positioning system</td>
 <td>Inition</td>
 <td>Polhemus Isotrak</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Table 2. Equipment used.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

how to detect amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography using source imaging

在一丝恐惧条件，一个条件刺激（CS）预测发生的无条件刺激（UCS），这是经过短暂的刺激无霜期（微量间隔）1。因为CS和UCS不共同发生的时间，主体必须保持跟踪间隔期间，CS表示。在人类中，这种类型的学习需要的刺激或然意识，以弥合追踪间隔2-4。然而，当面对作为一个CS，受试者可以隐学习敬畏的脸，甚至在没有明确的意识*。这表明，有可能是额外的神经机制能够保持在一个简短的扫描间隔的某些类型的"生物相关的"刺激。给定的杏仁核参与痕量空调，和面敏感，它可能是一个简短的跟踪间隔期间，该结构可以维护表示的面部CS。 5。介绍的面具呈现目标无形6-8。二，掩蔽需要非常快速和精确的定时，使其难以调查使用许多常见的方法掩蔽刺激诱发的神经反应。血液氧合水平依赖（BOLD）的反应时间表太慢这种类型的方法，实时的录音技术，如electroen解决颅摄影（EEG）和脑磁图（MEG）有困难，恢复从深源信号。 然而，最近有进步的方法用于本地化的神经来源的MEG信号9-11。通过收集被检者的大脑高分辨率MRI图像，它是能够创建一个源模型的基础上个别神经解剖学。使用这个模型来"形象"的MEG信号源，它是可以恢复信号从深皮层下结构，如杏仁核和海马*。

使用这里介绍的方法，我们的调查已导致两个主要结论:1）这是可能的操纵人们的视觉CSS在跟踪空调，仍然证明学习。 2）它是可以恢复从杏仁核使用源成像* MEG信号。 在第2节中，我们介绍了如何操纵视觉CSS认识后掩蔽。当暴露在一个蒙面的刺激所显示的〜30毫秒，受试者是不知情的刺激呈现5,6,8 *。这种操作是否成功的方法之一是测量受试者的能力，预测发生的UCS。如果掩蔽操作是成功的，主体应是无法准确地预测的CS类型（参见图4）的基础上发生的UCS。 虽然在这种类型的培训时间使得它很难直接测量文件在培训过程中的故障警告。这是可能的间接衡量学习使他们与新老刺激后续东窗事发买回测试环节5 *。如果受试者能够了解然，在训练阶段，他们应显示更大的幅度差（CS +&gt; CS）可控硅新的刺激相对老刺激。未筛选组中，这种效果是明显的，当我们在看测试阶段试验后受试者被重新接触到CS-UCS然（ 即试验2-5 见图4）。 在第8节，我们介绍了如何在蒙面跟踪空调会议记录MEG。使用源成像处理这些录音，有可能恢复MEG信号皮层下结构，如杏仁核18 *。主题未经过滤的脸（N = 9）CSS表现出较大的杏仁核反应（ 图5），GAM马振荡（ 图6），显示高通滤波面（N = 9）比。另外，这些受试者的反应也表现出较大的网络面孔加工区，如枕部脸区域（ 图7和补充视频 ）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig1.jpg" alt="图1"/> 图1。示意图描绘了一个典型的培训会议。目前的60项试验的CS +和60试验的一个CS，伪随机顺序排列，这样，有4块各15试验。目前CSS为30毫秒，后面紧跟着一个970毫秒的面具，coterminates震荡UCS CS +试验。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig2.jpg" alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig2highres.jpg" /> 图2。示意图depicti的纳克在一个典型的空调实验中使用的设备，这种设置使得它可以:1）目前的视觉刺激，通过演示软件，2）管理的电刺激的的Psylab硬件（SAM），3）记录UCS预期UCS通过使用轴设备（拨号）连接到演示计算机，和4）刺激的情况介绍和对同步与的MEG录音，通过收购MEG系统接口。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig3.jpg" alt="图3" fo:content-width="4.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig3highres.jpg"/> 图3。示出第5节中所描述的传感器和基准点的位置。与连接的线的点对应于标记的传感器和引线。蓝箭头表示用于注册MEG录音MRI解剖量的基准点。紫色点s代表数字化使用的头皮点进一步细化MEG-MRI配准。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig4.jpg" alt="图4" fo:content-width="6in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig4highres.jpg"/> 图4。过滤和过滤的群体行为结果，从一个典型的空调研究。左图显示UCS整个培训会议的预期，全线崩溃。请注意，受试者都出现了类似的水平UCS预期CS +和CS-横跨60个试验，表明屏蔽程序阻止自己的能力来区分的CSS（F（1,17）= 2.19，P = 0.16）。右图显示差分可控硅测试会话期间。请注意，未经过滤，但过滤组似乎显示出较大的差分可控硅旧的刺激，比新的刺激（未过滤的新/ OLD x瑞+ / CS互动:F（1,7）= 5.94，P = 0.045;过滤新/旧x瑞+ / CS互动:F（1,7）= 1.13，P = 0.32），提示该培 ​​训导致更好地买回这些科目的CS-UCS协会。 （* P &lt;0.05）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig5.jpg" alt="图5" fo:content-width="6in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig5highres.jpg"/> 图5。 MEG结果从一个典型的空调实验。在左边的图显示了杏仁核（橙色），海马（绿色），用于模拟大脑皮层的MEG信号源的3D模型。右图表示仿照从MEG录音的杏仁核簇的活动。浅色线代表活动诱发的未过滤的面孔，而深色的线代表活动诱发过滤面。 VErtical灰色阴影部分表示的时间间隔，未过滤的面孔唤起显着更大的反应比过滤面（F（1,17）&gt; 3.44，P &lt;0.05）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig6.jpg" alt="图6" fo:content-width="6in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig6highres.jpg"/> 图6。杏仁核时间频率从一个典型的空调实验结果在左边的图显示了杏仁核（橙色），海马（绿色），用来模拟脑磁图信号的来源和大脑皮层的三维模型。右图表示的MEG信号记录的时间和频率细分杏仁核。暖色代表摄谱仪地区的显着更多的权力unfiltereð面临比过滤面孔。冷色代表相反。条纹覆盖的地区代表组之间的显着差异。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig7.jpg" alt="图7" fo:content-width="3.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212fig7highres.jpg"/> 图7。图，在一个典型的空调实验示出枕脸部区域的激活。颜色代表的幅值在相应的偶极子筛选的"未过滤"&gt; t-检验。暖色代表未过滤的面孔，而不是过滤面较大的反应。冷色代表较大的反应，过滤，而不是未过滤的面孔面孔。 补充视频，视频显示在一个典型的条件皮质反应oning实验。颜色代表的幅值在相应的偶极子筛选的"未过滤"&gt; t-检验。暖色代表未过滤的面孔，而不是过滤面较大的反应。冷色代表更大的回应，而不是未过滤的面孔过滤面孔。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50212/50212supplementalmovie1.pptx" target="_blank">点击这里查看补充电影</a> 。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging at JoVE.com

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

本文介绍了如何记录脑磁图（MEG）的杏仁核活动。此外，这篇文章将介绍如何进行跟踪恐惧空调没有意识，激活了杏仁核的任务。它将涵盖3个主题:1）设计一丝空调使用后掩蔽操纵意识的范式。 2）记录大脑活动的任务期间，利用脑磁图。 3）使用源成像皮层下结构恢复信号。

如何检测杏仁核活动脑磁图源成像

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

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22.1K 次观看.  University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 本文介绍了如何记录脑磁图（MEG）的杏仁核活动。此外，这篇文章将介绍如何进行跟踪恐惧空调没有意识，激活了杏仁核的任务。它将涵盖3个主题:1）设计一丝空调使用后掩蔽操纵意识的范式。 2）记录大脑活动的任务期间，利用脑磁图。 3）使用源成像皮层下结构恢复信号。

视频: How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and molecular approaches allow the investigation of either different stimuli on few neurons, or one stimulus in large parts of the brain, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows combining both advantages, i.e. compare the neural activation induced by different stimuli in the entire brain at once. fMRI in songbirds is challenging because of the small size of their brains and because their bones and especially their skull comprise numerous air cavities, inducing important susceptibility artifacts. Gradient-echo (GE) BOLD fMRI has been successfully applied to songbirds 1-5 (for a review, see 6). These studies focused on the primary and secondary auditory brain areas, which are regions free of susceptibility artifacts. However, because processes of interest may occur beyond these regions, whole brain BOLD fMRI is required using an MRI sequence less susceptible to these artifacts. This can be achieved by using spin-echo (SE) BOLD fMRI 7,8 . In this article, we describe how to use this technique in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), which are small songbirds with a bodyweight of 15-25 g extensively studied in behavioral neurosciences of birdsong. The main topic of fMRI studies on songbirds is song perception and song learning. The auditory nature of the stimuli combined with the weak BOLD sensitivity of SE (compared to GE) based fMRI sequences makes the implementation of this technique very challenging.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

This article shows an optimized procedure for imaging of the neural substrates of auditory stimulation in the songbird brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). It describes the preparation of the sound stimuli, the positioning of the subject and the acquisition and subsequent analysis of the fMRI data.

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

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Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, underlying mechanisms of placebo responses are not fully understood. It has repeatedly been shown that placebo responses are associated with changes in neural activity but for many conditions it is unclear whether they also affect the target organ, such as the stomach in motion sickness. Therefore, we present a methodology for the multivariate assessment of placebo responses by subjective, behavioral and objective measures in motion sickness with a rotation chair paradigm. The physiological correlate of motion sickness is a shift in gastric myoelectrical activity towards tachygastria that can be recorded with electrogastrography. The presented study applied the so-called balanced placebo design (BPD) to investigate the effects of ginger compared to placebo and the effects of expectations by verbal information. However, the study revealed no significant main or interactional effects of ginger (as a drug) or information on outcome measures but showed interactions when sex of participants and experimenters are taken into considerations. We discuss limitations of the presented study and report modifications that were used in subsequent studies demonstrating placebo responses when rotation speed was lowered. In general, future placebo studies have to identify the appropriate target organ for the studied placebo responses and to apply the specific methods to assess the physiological correlates.

An experimental rotation chair paradigm is used to investigate whether a placebo intervention on motion sickness affects subjective outcome measures only or also affects behavioral and objective measures in a balanced placebo design.

如何学习安慰剂反应晕车了旋转椅范式健康参与者

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, ...

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A challenging illness to treat, due to the lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiology, AN has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric illnesses. To address this need, neuroscientists are using an animal model to study how neural circuits may contribute toward vulnerability to AN and may be affected by AN. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a bio-behavioral phenomenon described in rodents that models the key symptoms of anorexia nervosa. When rodents with free access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel experience food restriction, they become hyperactive &#8211; running more than animals with free access to food. Here, we describe the procedures by which ABA is induced in adolescent female C57BL/6 mice. On postnatal day 36 (P36), the animal is housed with access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel. After 4 days of acclimation to the running wheel, on P40, all food is removed from the cage. For the next 3 days, food is returned to the cage (allowing animals free food access) for 2 hr daily. After the fourth day of food restriction, free access to food is returned and the running wheel is removed from the cage to allow the animals to recover. Continuous multi-day analysis of running wheel activity shows that mice become hyperactive within 24 hr following the onset of food restriction. The mice run even during the limited time during which they have access to food. Additionally, the circadian pattern of wheel running becomes disrupted by the experience of food restriction. We have been able to correlate neurobiological changes with various aspects of the animals&#8217; wheel running behavior to implicate particular brain regions and neurochemical changes with resilience and vulnerability to food-restriction induced hyperactivity.

Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa.

使用基于活动的厌食症啮齿动物模型来研究神经性厌食症的神经生物学基础

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has focused on the cognitive strategies people adopt to deal with uncertainty. However, especially when uncertainty is due to unpredictable societal events (e.g., economical crises, political revolutions, terrorism threats) of which one is unable to judge the impact on one&#8217;s future live, cognitive strategies (like seeking additional information) is likely to fail to combat uncertainty. Instead, the current paper discusses a method demonstrating that people might deal with uncertainty experientially through soft haptic sensations. More specifically, because touching something soft creates a feeling of comfort and security, people prefer objects with softer as compared to harder properties when feeling uncertain. Seeking for softness is a highly efficient and effective tool to deal with uncertainty as our hands are available at all times. This protocol describes a set of methods demonstrating 1) how environmental (un)certainty can be situationally activated with an experiential priming procedure, 2) that the quality of the softness experience (what type of softness and how it is experienced) matters and 3) how uncertainty can be reduced using different methods.

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

实验研究研究如何人能不确定性通过软触觉感知应对

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

How to Use the H1 Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil for Conditions Other than Depression

Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) is a relatively new technique that uses different coils for the treatment of different neuropathologies. The coils are made of soft copper windings in multiple planes that lie adjacent to the skull. They are located within a special helmet so that their magnetic fields combine and improve depth penetration. The H1 dTMS coil is designed to stimulate bilateral prefrontal cortices with greater effective stimulation over the left than the right. By positioning the left side of the coil close to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the H1 coil was used in a multisite study, leading to FDA approval for treatment-resistant depression. In this same position, the H1 coil was also explored as a possible treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia, bipolar depression, and migraine. When moved to different positions over the subject's skull, the H1 coil was also explored as a possible treatment for other conditions. Such manipulation of the H1 coil was demonstrated for PTSD and alcohol dependence by positioning it over the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), for anxiety by positioning it over the right prefrontal cortex (rPFC), for auditory hallucinations and tinnitus by positioning it over the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), and for Parkinson's and fatigue from multiple sclerosis (MS) by positioning it over the motor cortex (MC) and PFC. Corresponding electrical field diagrams measured with an oscilloscope through a saline-filled head are included.

The H1 deep transcranial magnetic stimulation coil is FDA-cleared for the treatment of depression. We demonstrate how to utilize the H1 for other conditions, such as auditory hallucinations and PTSD, by moving the helmet to different locations over the subject's skull.

如何使用H1深经颅磁刺激线圈条件除抑郁症

Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) is a relatively new technique that uses different coils for the treatment of different neuropathologies. The ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One difficulty in proving this objectively is that the natures of brain and heart activities are quite different. In this paper, we propose a methodology that uses wavelet entropy to measure the chaotic levels of both electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) data and show how this may be used to explore the potential coordination between the mind and heart under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was used to identify the brain regions in which the EEG wavelet entropy was the most affected by the experimental conditions. As an illustration, the EEG and ECG were recorded under two different conditions (normal rest and mindful breathing) at the beginning of an 8-week standard Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training course (pretest) and after the course (posttest). Using the proposed method, the results consistently showed that the wavelet entropy of the brain EEG decreased during the MBSR mindful breathing state as compared to that during the closed-eye resting state. Similarly, a lower wavelet entropy of heartrate was found during MBSR mindful breathing. However, no difference in wavelet entropy during MBSR mindful breathing was found between the pretest and posttest. No correlation was observed between the entropy of brain waves and the entropy of heartrate during normal rest in all participants, whereas a significant correlation was observed during MBSR mindful breathing. Additionally, the most well-correlated brain regions were located in the central areas of the brain. This study provides a methodology for the establishment of evidence that mindfulness practice (i.e., mindful breathing) may increase the coordination between mind and heart activities.

This manuscript describes how to use the wavelet entropy index to analyze high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) data. We show that the irregularity of cerebral and cardiac activities became more coordinated during mindfulness-based stress reduction practice.

使用小波熵来证明正念练习如何增加不规则脑与心脏活动之间的协调

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

A Computational Method to Quantify Fly Circadian Activity

In most animals and plants, circadian clocks orchestrate behavioral and molecular processes and synchronize them to the daily light-dark cycle. Fundamental mechanisms that underlie this temporal control are widely studied using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. In flies, the clock is typically studied by analyzing multiday locomotor recording. Such a recording shows a complex bimodal pattern with two peaks of activity: a morning peak that happens around dawn, and an evening peak that happens around dusk. These two peaks together form a waveform that is very different from sinusoidal oscillations observed in clock genes, suggesting that mechanisms in addition to the clock have profound effects in producing the observed patterns in behavioral data. Here we provide instructions on using a recently developed computational method that mathematically describes temporal patterns in fly activity. The method fits activity data with a model waveform that consists of four exponential terms and nine independent parameters that fully describe the shape and size of the morning and evening peaks of activity. The extracted parameters can help elucidate the kinetic mechanisms of substrates that underlie the commonly observed bimodal activity patterns in fly locomotor rhythms.

A method to quantify the main temporal features seen in fly circadian locomotor rhythms is presented. The quantification is achieved by fitting fly activity with a multi-parametric model waveform. The model parameters describe the shape and size of the morning and evening peaks of daily activity.