我们想感谢加州大学旧金山分校的牛皮癣和皮肤病治疗中心的工作人员对他们的工作，尤其是我们的Goeckerman协调员萨拉·赫尔斯RN

1。评估和准备<ol><li>执行一个完整的病史和身体开始治疗之前。在过去的牛皮癣治疗方法，任何历史环境阳光或光疗，皮肤瘙痒症的严重程度，以及睡眠质量不良反应的病史和体格检查，文件等重要信息现在/过去的药物，响应。 </li><li>设立了门诊室与所有必要的材料，真皮应用药物和闭塞[查看材料部分和图1]。此外，放置在房间里，如手套，保鲜膜，袜子，磨砂/睡衣袍的其他材料。 </li><li>弥漫性和激烈性红斑开始治疗前评估患者。 </li><li>如果病人具有广泛或有强烈的红斑，进行"降温"的过程（见下文），，直到红斑显著减少。如果没有广泛或有强烈的红斑出现，进行"光疗+焦油"步骤。 </LI&gt; </ol> 2。冷静下来（如果需要） <ol><li>外用皮质类固醇应用到灾区。应用曲安奈德软膏0.1％，躯干和四肢，0.05％地奈德软膏霜/面部/腋下/腹股沟，肤轻松0.01％，油或确炎舒松0.1％洗剂头皮。储备氯倍他索软膏地区最激烈的炎症0.05％。 </li><li>躯干和四肢，防渗手套的手和脚上的袜子内，浴帽浴帽头皮，用保鲜膜闭塞的外用药物。 </li><li>病人降温，直到红斑明显减少（范围从3-14天）。 </li></ol> 3。光疗+焦油<ol><li>病人完成后降温期间，管理彩光每天早上粗煤焦油中的应用[ 图2]前。光疗选项包括窄带UVB（最常用的psori阿齐兹）或宽带UVB（最常用的湿疹）。 Fitzpatrick皮肤类型确定初始光疗剂量[ 见表1和表2]。 </li><li>慢慢滴定随后向上彩光剂量的耐受性。彩光根据病人的反应，需要进行个性化给药方案和时间表。 </li><li>光疗后，局部应用2％粗煤焦油（CCT）AQUAPHOR灾区[ 图3]。如果患者有头皮受累，应用20％:液体carbonis detergens（LCD）头皮在nutraderm。 </li><li>最初，使用2％的CCT（最低强度）。在随后的治疗的天数，从2％至5％，患者的耐受性，然后为10％，以达到更好的效果，提高强​​度的焦油。 </li><li>对于牛皮癣的增厚区域，使用tar复合水杨酸（2％/ 5％/ 10％水杨酸），以帮助减少结垢和硬结斑块。最初使用制剂2％水杨酸10％色温，和滴定的百分比水杨酸耐受的患者在随后的日子。水杨酸，可能是糖尿病或胃溃疡患者的禁忌。 </li><li>闭塞所述相同的方法，在步骤2.2中的冷却过程中的局部焦油。 </li><li>外用药物保持在皮肤上至少4小时。经过4小时的最低限度，去除咬合材料，洗淋浴与矿物油和肥皂[ 图4]中的焦油。 </li><li>给的患者的20％的LCD AQUAPHOR 20％LCD nutraderm的申请对身体和头皮，分别在家里。 </li><li>湿疹患者往往有皮肤敏感。使用2％的CCT最初湿疹患者。时要小心滴定至5％，持续关连交易，湿疹患者往往有皮肤敏感。不要使用10％色温（或任何中建比例高于5％），以及不使用任何水杨酸制剂。 </li></ol> 4。每日评估<ol><li>每一天，进行评估，评估患者的皮肤和对治疗的反应。具体评估，它可以表明病人不能耐受光疗，或瘙痒 ，这可以表明刺激的焦油及/或保鲜膜燃烧的感觉。 </li><li>如果患者表现出的迹象燃烧（燃烧感，显着增加红斑，痒或很少增加预示着即将到来的烧伤，如果进一步增加剂量测定），减少彩光剂量或不给光疗的那一天，因为它可能已造成以前的UV光剂量的光毒性反应。 </li><li>这是不寻常的病人有不同区域的解剖反应和耐受性彩光。为了获得最佳的治疗，调整接触到身体的不同区域的光疗剂量根据病人的反应的量。例如，如果病人出现轻度蒲式耳的树干，rning那么首先把整个身体彩光剂量降低，比覆盖行李箱，并提供额外的光线到四肢。 </li></ol> 5。放电规划和维护<ol><li>继续直到Goeckerman治疗疾病被清除，患者准备出院。 </li><li>将维修方案的患者，其中可以包括门诊光疗，外用药物</li><li>管理门诊彩光每周三次（至少第一个月）。最终的频率是逐渐下降到每周两次，然后每周一次） </li><li>门诊外用药物，包括:曲安西龙霜/软膏身体每日两次，氯倍他索顽抗病变（如需要），每天两次，20％AQUAPHOR的身体LCD和20％以上的液晶nutraderm在头皮上。 </li><li>出院一个月内，安排跟进医师与病人访问，以监测疾病状态。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Goeckerman+treatment+for+remission+of+psoriasis+refractory+to+biologic+therapy.">Goeckerman treatment for remission of psoriasis refractory to biologic therapy.</a> Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 60, 348-349 (2009).</li><li>Chern, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+effect+of+modified+Goeckerman+regimen+on+quality+of+life+and+psychosocial+distress+in+moderate+and+severe+psoriasis.">Positive effect of modified Goeckerman regimen on quality of life and psychosocial distress in moderate and severe psoriasis.</a> Acta Dermato-venereologica. 91, 447-451 (2011).</li><li>Dennis, M., Bhutani, T., Koo, J., Liao, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Goeckerman+therapy+for+the+treatment+of+eczema:+a+practical+guide+and+review+of+efficacy.">Goeckerman therapy for the treatment of eczema: a practical guide and review of efficacy.</a> The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. , (2011).</li><li>Papp, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biologic+therapy+in+psoriasis:+perspectives+on+associated+risks+and+patient+management.">Biologic therapy in psoriasis: perspectives on associated risks and patient management.</a> Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 16, 153-168 (2012).</li><li>Menter, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+of+care+for+the+management+of+psoriasis+and+psoriatic+arthritis:+Section+5.+Guidelines+of+care+for+the+treatment+of+psoriasis+with+phototherapy+and+photochemotherapy.">Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 5. Guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with phototherapy and photochemotherapy.</a> Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 62, 114-135 (2010).</li><li>de Miguel, R., el-Azhary, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy,+safety,+and+cost+of+Goeckerman+therapy+compared+with+biologics+in+the+treatment+of+moderate+to+severe+psoriasis.">Efficacy, safety, and cost of Goeckerman therapy compared with biologics in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis.</a> International Journal of Dermatology. 48, 653-658 (2009).</li><li>Busse, K., Koo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introducing+the+delayed+retinoid+burn:+a+case+report+and+discussion+of+this+potential+risk+of+retinoid-phototherapy+combination+management.">Introducing the delayed retinoid burn: a case report and discussion of this potential risk of retinoid-phototherapy combination management.</a> Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 64, 1011-1012 (2011).</li><li>Maughan, W. Z., Muller, S. A., Perry, H. O., Pittelkow, M. R., O'Brien, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+of+skin+cancers+in+patients+with+atopic+dermatitis+treated+with+ocal+tar.+A+25-year+follow-up+study.">Incidence of skin cancers in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with ocal tar. A 25-year follow-up study.</a> Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 3, 612-615 (1980).</li><li>Pittelkow, M. R., Perry, H. O., Muller, S. A., Maughan, W. Z., O'Brien, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+cancer+in+patients+with+psoriasis+treated+with+coal+tar.+A+25-year+follow-up+study.">Skin cancer in patients with psoriasis treated with coal tar. A 25-year follow-up study.</a> Archives of Dermatology. 117, 465-468 (1981).</li><li>Roelofzen, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+increased+risk+of+cancer+after+coal+tar+treatment+in+patients+with+psoriasis+or+eczema.">No increased risk of cancer after coal tar treatment in patients with psoriasis or eczema.</a> The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 130, 953-961 (2010).</li></ol>

顾博士雅培，狮子座，和Stiefel的葛兰素史克是一个扬声器。顾博士进行Amgen公司，西安杨森，诺华，Photomedex，Galderma公司和辉瑞公司的研究。顾博士有任何制药公司没有股票，就业，或董事会成员。没有利益冲突的披露任何其他作者。

上面概述的的养生Goeckerman协议是利用在UCSF，并根据患者对治疗的反应，可以以多种方式变化。由于病人每天看到和检查，该协议可以为每一个病人个性化，以确保最大的功效。仅的传统Goeckerman治疗包括使用持续关连交易及UVB光疗，然而，该方案已经被修改，包括使用外用皮质类固醇（在其他外用药物如卡泊三醇，蒽和他扎罗汀）5预现有可以继续治疗牛皮癣的药物组合与Goeckerman治疗帮助...

牛皮癣是一种慢性，免疫介导的炎症性皮肤疾病，影响约2-3％的人口，三分之一的患者体验广义牛皮癣，使衰弱的身体和心理的影响。广义牛皮癣的治疗，于1925年首次出版的Goeckerman方案，包括暴露于紫外线B（UVB）光，应用粗煤焦油（CCT）。虽然新的内部剂如生物增强了治疗牛皮癣，治疗Goeckerman仍然作为一个非常有效的选项，同时提供缓解持续时间长。3,4在发表的研究报告，在加州大学旧金山分校进行，100％的患者上Goeckerman治疗取得PASI75（75％的改善牛皮癣严重程度指数评估[PASI评分]从基线），由3个月。5比较（虽然不是头对头），最有效的生物制剂的患者实现只有67-68％PASI75 3星期一部份效果。6 Goeckerman的方案有起效快，并已成功地利用光疗或内部药物难治性难治性牛皮癣患者7 Goeckerman方案也有一个非常安全的毒性，基本上内部没有副作用，这是更严重的风险与其它的牛皮癣的治疗方法。此外，该疗法已经被证明与广义牛皮癣患者的生活质量有重大而积极的影响。 Goeckerman方案前身是一天24小时，直到病人在住院设施被清除了他们的牛皮癣。然而，由于报销的变化和托管护理，患者现在被视为一个至少4-8小时/天，每周5天/日托设施，直到他们的疾病清除。最初制定goeckerman治疗牛皮癣的治疗，但修改后的版本最近已用于其他皮肤疾病的治疗，如湿疹成功。以下协议专门用于在加州大学旧金山分校，治疗牛皮癣，湿疹，全身皮肤瘙痒，结节性痒疹，慢性苔藓样糠疹，红皮病，以及其他相关的皮肤疾病，但略有变化的程序可以根据。 虽然这是可用于牛皮癣的最古老的疗法之一，是一种没有任何已发布的视频演示过程。一个视频可以有广泛的吸引力，因为它可以被用来作为一种资源指的医疗从业人员（初级保健医生和皮肤科医生），了解的过程，感觉很舒服，建议治疗。因为只有少数机构继续提供这种类型的我离开的视频演示Goeckerman的过程也将是教育居民和医学生谁不暴露的养生治疗ntensive。为那些有兴趣在接受Goeckerman治疗的潜在患者的视频也将是有益的。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Medication </td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2% Crude Coal Tar in White Petrolatum or Cetaphil</td>
			<td>Compounded at Pharmacy</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5% Crude Coal Tar in White Petrolatum or Cetaphil</td>
			<td>Compounded at Pharmacy</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Crude Coal Tar in White Petrolatum +/- 2/5/10% Salicyclic Acid</td>
			<td>Compounded at Pharmacy</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Crude Coal Tar in Cetaphil</td>
			<td>Compounded at Pharmacy</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20% Liquid Carbonis Detergenis in Nutraderm</td>
			<td>Compounded at Pharmacy</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20% Liquid Carbonis Detergenis in Aquaphor or Cetaphil</td>
			<td>Compounded at Pharmacy</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triamcinolone 0.1% ointment/cream/lotion</td>
			<td>Prescription Medication - Generic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desonide 0.05% cream/ointment</td>
			<td>Prescription Medication - Generic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluocinolone 0.01% oil</td>
			<td>Prescription Medication - Generic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clobetasol 0.05% ointment/cream</td>
			<td>Prescription Medication - Generic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrophillic Ointment</td>
			<td>Over the Counter - Generic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil</td>
			<td>Over the Counter - Generic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Equipment </td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Narrow-Band Phototherapy Unit</td>
			<td>National Biologic Corporation</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Broad-Band Phototherapy Unit</td>
			<td>National Biologic Corporation</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the goeckerman regimen for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis

牛皮癣是一种慢性，免疫​​介导的炎症性皮肤疾病，影响约2-3％的人口。 Goeckerman方案由暴露在紫外线B（UVB）光粗煤焦油（CCT）和应用。 goeckerman治疗是非常有效和相对安全的用于牛皮癣的治疗和改善患者的生活质量。在下面的文章中，我们提出了我们的协议，特别是利用在美国加州大学旧金山的的Goeckerman治疗。该协议的细节用品，行政编制外用焦油光疗和应用。此协议还介绍了如何评估病人每天，监测不良反应（包括瘙痒和灼热），并根据病人的反应调整治疗。虽然这是可用于牛皮癣的最古老的疗法之一中，有一个展示了详细的过程中没有任何已发布的视频金正日。视频要管理治疗，学员谁想要了解更多的过程，并为有意患者要经过他们的皮肤疾病治疗的医疗服务提供者是有益的。

在我们中心进行的一项研究，在美国加州旧金山大学，PASI75响应牛皮癣评估严重性指数（提高75％），达到了100％的患者接受Goeckerman组（n = 25）超过3个月的时间内5 24/25例患者只需要2个月实现PASI75，而其余的病人在3个月获得一个PASI75响应。 Menter博士等人在另一项研究中，管理Goeckerman的方案为300例，100％的患者达到90％以上的结算基线银屑病皮损。为患者治疗的天数达到90％以上，?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis at JoVE.com

The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis

牛皮癣是一种慢性，免疫​​介导的炎症性皮肤病。 ，配制用于治疗牛皮癣的Goeckerman方案，由暴露在紫外线（UVB）光粗煤焦油（CCT）和应用。以下协议是用于治疗中度至重度牛皮癣的行政的Goeckerman治疗。

Goeckerman方案用于治疗中度至重度牛皮癣

Psoriasis is a  chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease affecting approximately 2-3%  of the population. The Goeckerman regimen consists of ...

the-goeckerman-regimen-for-treatment-moderate-to-severe

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

38.7K 次观看.  University of Southern California. 牛皮癣是一种慢性，免疫​​介导的炎症性皮肤病。 ，配制用于治疗牛皮癣的Goeckerman方案，由暴露在紫外线（UVB）光粗煤焦油（CCT）和应用。以下协议是用于治疗中度至重度牛皮癣的行政的Goeckerman治疗。

视频: The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis

Bronchial Thermoplasty:  A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Severe Asthma

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled manner to reduce excessive airway smooth muscle. Reducing airway smooth muscle decreases the ability of the airways to constrict, thereby reducing the frequency of asthma attacks. Bronchial thermoplasty is delivered by the Alair System and is performed in three outpatient procedure visits, each scheduled approximately three weeks apart. The first procedure treats the airways of the right lower lobe, the second treats the airways of the left lower lobe and the third and final procedure treats the airways in both upper lobes. After all three procedures are performed the bronchial thermoplasty treatment is complete.
Bronchial thermoplasty is performed during bronchoscopy with the patient under moderate sedation. All accessible airways distal to the mainstem bronchi between 3 and 10 mm in diameter, with the exception of the right middle lobe, are treated under bronchoscopic visualization. Contiguous and non-overlapping activations of the device are used, moving from distal to proximal along the length of the airway, and systematically from airway to airway as described previously. Although conceptually straightforward, the actual execution of bronchial thermoplasty is quite intricate and procedural duration for the treatment of a single lobe is often substantially longer than encountered during routine bronchoscopy. As such, bronchial thermoplasty should be considered a complex interventional bronchoscopy and is intended for the experienced bronchoscopist. Optimal patient management is critical in any such complex and longer duration bronchoscopic procedure. This article discusses the importance of careful patient selection, patient preparation, patient management, procedure duration, postoperative care and follow-up to ensure that bronchial thermoplasty is performed safely.
Bronchial thermoplasty is expected to complement asthma maintenance medications by providing long-lasting asthma control and improving asthma-related quality of life of patients with severe asthma. In addition, bronchial thermoplasty has been demonstrated to reduce severe exacerbations (asthma attacks) emergency rooms visits for respiratory symptoms, and time lost from work, school and other daily activities due to asthma.

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled manner to reduce excessive airway smooth muscle. Reducing airway smooth muscle decreases the ability of the airways to constrict, thereby reducing the frequency of asthma attacks.

支气管Thermoplasty:严重哮喘的一种新的治疗方法

Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled ...

科研

医学

Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Abdominal Tumors

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ablation procedure, a thin applicator is guided into the target tumor under imaging guidance. Energy is then applied to the tissue until temperatures rise to cytotoxic levels (50-60 &deg;C). Various energy sources are available to heat biological tissues, including radiofrequency (RF) electrical current, microwaves, laser light and ultrasonic waves. Of these, RF and microwave ablation are most commonly used worldwide.
During RF ablation, alternating electrical current (~500 kHz) produces resistive heating around the interstitial electrode. Skin surface electrodes (ground pads) are used to complete the electrical circuit. RF ablation has been in use for nearly 20 years, with good results for local tumor control, extended survival and low complication rates1,2. Recent studies suggest RF ablation may be a first-line treatment option for small hepatocellular carcinoma and renal-cell carcinoma3-5. However, RF heating is hampered by local blood flow and high electrical impedance tissues (eg, lung, bone, desiccated or charred tissue)6,7. Microwaves may alleviate some of these problems by producing faster, volumetric heating8-10. To create larger or conformal ablations, multiple microwave antennas can be used simultaneously while RF electrodes require sequential operation, which limits their efficiency. Early experiences with microwave systems suggest efficacy and safety similar to, or better than RF devices11-13.
Alternatively, cryoablation freezes the target tissues to lethal levels (-20 to -40 &deg;C). Percutaneous cryoablation has been shown to be effective against RCC and many metastatic tumors, particularly colorectal cancer, in the liver14-16. Cryoablation may also be associated with less post-procedure pain and faster recovery for some indications17. Cryoablation is often contraindicated for primary liver cancer due to underlying coagulopathy and associated bleeding risks frequently seen in cirrhotic patients. In addition, sudden release of tumor cellular contents when the frozen tissue thaws can lead to a potentially serious condition known as cryoshock 16.
Thermal tumor ablation can be performed at open surgery, laparoscopy or using a percutaneous approach. When performed percutaneously, the ablation procedure relies on imaging for diagnosis, planning, applicator guidance, treatment monitoring and follow-up. Ultrasound is the most popular modality for guidance and treatment monitoring worldwide, but computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used as well. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI are typically employed for diagnosis and follow-up imaging.

A thermal tumor ablation procedure is described. The entire procedure is detailed, including pretreatment planning and imaging studies, anesthesia, adjuvant techniques to facilitate a percutaneous approach, imaging guidance of the ablation device to the tumor, thermal treatment, post-treatment care and follow-up.

热消融治疗腹部肿瘤

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

测量和制止在弱视治疗

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

通过40W的Elvax缓释给药的大鼠视网膜:对慢性疾病的治疗

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In these cases, surgery is the only alternative to eliminate/control seizures. However, a significant minority of patients continues to exhibit post-operative seizures, even in those cases in which the suspected source of seizures has been correctly localized and resected. The protocol presented here combines a clinical procedure routinely employed during the pre-operative evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with a novel technique for network analysis. The method allows for the evaluation of the temporal evolution of mesial network parameters. The bilateral insertion of foramen ovale electrodes (FOE) into the ambient cistern simultaneously records electrocortical activity at several mesial areas in the temporal lobe. Furthermore, network methodology applied to the recorded time series tracks the temporal evolution of the mesial networks both interictally and during the seizures. In this way, the presented protocol offers a unique way to visualize and quantify measures that considers the relationships between several mesial areas instead of a single area.

This protocol describes a procedure to track the evolution of mesial network measures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. It is based on the combination of intracranial recordings with a novel numerical technique for data analysis. Specifically, we present a protocol for network analyses of foramen ovale recordings.

在耐药性颞叶癫痫患者卵圆孔电极记录的网络分析

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In these cases, surgery is the only alternative to eliminate/control ...

2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer Treatment of Complete Dentures to Inhibit Denture Plaque Deposition

Removable dentures made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are prone to bacterial adherence and dental plaque formation, which is called denture plaque. Denture plaque-associated infection is a source of serious dental and medical complications in the elderly. 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) is a well-known biomedical material that exhibits marked antithrombogenicity and tissue compatibility because of its high resistance to protein adsorption and cell adhesion. Therefore, MPC polymer coatings are suggested to have the potential to inhibit plaque deposition on the surface of PMMA dentures. However, coating MPC polymer on the surface of a PMMA denture is a complex procedure that requires specialized equipment, which is regarded as a major barrier to its clinical application. 
Here, we introduce a new MPC polymer treatment procedure that uses poly (MPC-co-BMA-co-MPAz) (PMBPAz) to prevent denture plaque deposition on removable dentures. This procedure enables the MPC coating of PMMA denture surfaces in a simple and stable manner that is resistant to various chemical and mechanical stresses due to the MPC layer of PMBPAz that is covalently bound to the PMMA surface by ultraviolet light irradiation. In addition, the procedure does not require any specialized equipment and can be completed by clinicians within 2 min. We applied this procedure in a clinical setting and demonstrated its clinical utility and efficacy in inhibiting plaque deposition on removable dentures.

Removable poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) dentures are prone to bacterial adherence and plaque formation. Denture plaque-associated infection is a source of serious dental and medical complications in the elderly. This paper introduces a novel protocol to treat PMMA dentures with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer, poly(MPC-co-BMA-co-MPAz), to suppress plaque deposition on PMMA dentures.

全口义齿的2-甲基丙烯酰磷酰胆碱聚合物处理，以抑制义齿斑块沉积

Removable dentures made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are prone to bacterial adherence and dental plaque formation, which is called denture plaque. ...

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

The systemic administration of protective agents to treat drug-induced ototoxicity is limited by the possibility that these protective agents could interfere with the chemotherapeutic efficacy of the primary drugs. This is especially true for the drug cisplatin, whose anticancer actions are attenuated by antioxidants which provide adequate protection against hearing loss. Other current or potential otoprotective agents could pose a similar problem, if administered systemically. The application of various biologicals or protective agents directly to the cochlea would allow for high levels of these agents locally with limited systemic side effects. In this report, we demonstrate a trans-tympanic method of delivery of various drugs or biological reagents to the cochlea, which should enhance basic science research on the cochlea and provide a simple way of directing the use of otoprotective agents in the clinics. This report details a method of trans-tympanic drug delivery and provides examples of how this technique has been used successfully in experimental animals to treat cisplatin ototoxicity.

We present a technique for localized administration of drugs through the trans-tympanic route into the cochlea. Drug delivery through this route would not interfere with the anti-cancer efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin.

经鼓膜药物治疗耳毒性的临床研究

The systemic administration of protective agents to treat drug-induced ototoxicity is limited by the possibility that these protective agents could ...

Intense Pulsed Light for the Treatment of Dry Eye Owing to Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Dry eye disease (DED) is an increasingly common condition and one of the most common complaints of patients. The vast majority of DED is caused by the so-called &#34;evaporative&#34; subtype, that is mainly caused by meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Intense pulsed light (IPL) devices employ high intensity pulses of polychromatic lights with a broad range of wavelength (515-1200 nm). IPL treatment has been utilized for years in the field of dermatology, and then its use was applied to ophthalmology for the treatment of MGD. Recently, a new device employing IPL was specifically designed for the periocular application. This procedure determines the thermal selective coagulation and ablation of superficial blood vessels and telangiectasias of the eyelids skin, reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and tear cytokines levels, and improving meibomian glands outflow. IPL treatment is noninvasive and easy to perform, lasts for only a few minutes and can be conducted in an office setting. In the present study, 19 patients underwent 3 sessions of IPL treatment. After treatment, both mean noninvasive break-up time and lipid layer thickness grade significantly increased, as a result of an improvement of tear film stability and quality, respectively. Conversely, no statistically significant changes were found for meibomian gland loss and tear osmolarity. Furthermore, the vast majority of the treated patients (17/19; 89.5% of the total) perceived an improvement of their ocular discomfort symptoms after IPL treatment. Although IPL treatment provides an improvement of both ocular surface parameters and ocular discomfort symptoms after one cycle of three sessions, regular repeated treatments are usually required to maintain the persistence over the time of its beneficial effects.

Dry eye disease is an increasingly common condition, which strongly impair patients&#39; life quality. Recently, a new device employing intense pulsed light, specifically designed for the periocular area, has been shown to improve tear film stability and ocular discomfort symptoms in dry eye disease owing to meibomian gland dysfunction.

梅博米安腺体功能障碍治疗干眼症的强脉冲光

Dry eye disease (DED) is an increasingly common condition and one of the most common complaints of patients. The vast majority of DED is caused by the ...

Establishment of a Mouse Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model using Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in the current clinical practice. With the easy accessibility of transgenic and knockout strains and their small size, which allows minimal doses of drugs required for in vivo evaluation, a well-established experimental model in mice is preferred for AP research. Moreover, SAP induced through sodium taurocholate (TC) is currently one of the most widely used and best characterized models. This model has been investigated for novel therapies and possible molecular events during the process of AP. Here, we present the generation of an AP mouse model using sodium taurocholate and a simple homemade microsyringe. Moreover, we also provide the methodology for the subsequent histology and serological testing.

A mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis is described herein. The procedure presented here is very rapid, simple, and accessible, thereby potentially allowing the study of the molecular mechanisms and different therapeutic interventions in acute pancreatitis in a convenient way.

建立小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型，将牛磺胆酸钠逆行注射到胆胰管中

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a ...

Laparoscopy-endoscopy Cooperative Surgery for the Treatment of Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

In view of the shortcomings of endoscopic or laparoscopic surgeries alone in the treatment of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (G-GISTs), this approach makes an innovative improvement in the treatment of G-GISTs that are less than 5 cm in size. Laparoscopy-endoscopy cooperative surgery (LECS) is used to combine endoscopic and laparoscopic surgeries, fully realizing their respective advantages and avoiding their drawbacks. The main steps are as follows. First, gastroscopy and laparoscopy are combined to confirm the location and boundary of the tumor. Tumor resection is carried out laparoscopically, guided by a gastroscope. The specimen is removed orally and the gastric wound closed laparoscopically. Then, gastroscopy and laparoscopy are combined to determine whether there is wound bleeding, if the suture is satisfactory, and if the gastric cavity is deformed.
LECS has natural advantages in the treatment of G-GISTs that are less than 5 cm in size. The accurate estimation of tumor location and boundary greatly improves the complete resection rate of tumors. The risk of tumor rupture is substantially reduced, and the long-term prognosis of patients is significantly improved. The process allows for accurate resection of the tumor, maximum preservation of normal gastric tissue and organ function, and avoids postoperative gastric deformation. The patient's postoperative rehabilitation is greatly accelerated, and oral feeding can resume on the day of the operation. The specimen is taken out through the mouth to avoid the need for an extended abdominal incision. This greatly reduces the patient's postoperative pain and scarring. The method greatly shortens the postoperative hospital stay (i.e., discharge is possible on the day after the operation), increasing the turnover of hospital beds.

Laparoscopy-endoscopy cooperative surgery is appropriate for the treatment of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors less than 5 cm in size. It can achieve the respective advantages of endoscopic and laparoscopic surgeries while avoiding their drawbacks.

腹腔镜-内镜合作手术治疗胃肠道间质瘤

In view of the shortcomings of endoscopic or laparoscopic surgeries alone in the treatment of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (G-GISTs), this ...