鱼鳔是由英国女王伊丽莎白二世奖学金（DP 0984919）由澳大利亚研究理事会资助。

1。实验装置<ol><li> 材料和橡胶手错觉设置的设置 <ol><li>使用一个盒子，其中包括参与者自己的手盖RHI范式。使用长衫还包括肩膀和手臂的参与者，以及上升到手腕部分的橡胶手。 </li><li>获得一个人工手。此手不一定必须由橡胶（名称为“橡胶手错觉&#39;给定的，因为使用了橡胶手在精液的工作7）。例如假体都可以使用。 </li><li>用两个软刷RHI提供的笔触。 </li><li>使用节拍器，一个预先录制的声音文件或实验软件提供定时信号实验者提供的笔触。 </li></ol></li><li> 实验设置-材料一致性的任务和设置的Crossmodal <ol><li>对于一致性任务crossmodal，病理因素以提供触觉刺激。例如小喇叭，骨导体（助听器）或电磁线圈型刺激可以采用。使用&#39;假病理因素的橡胶手。 </li><li>通过计算机的声音输出控制提供触觉刺激，通过一个接口卡或TTL脉冲。 </li><li>修复的音箱包装盒中的位置。 </li><li>使用例如发光二极管（LED）提供视觉刺激。这些可以与TTL脉冲控制从计算机并行卡，例如使用USB端口或电池供电。 </li><li>使用实验性的软件程序刺激呈现。 </li><li>块触觉刺激的传递过程中可能出现的任何潜在的声音。例如，使用耳机和白噪声。 </li><li>例如使用响应框中，然后，一台计算机鼠标或键盘的世界纪录的回应。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。参与者<ol><li>所有方面的实验是在符合W与道德标准所定下的1964年“赫尔辛基宣言”，并已获批准由当地麦考瑞大学人类研究伦理委员会，伦理委员会（澳大利亚）。 </li><li>取得书面知情同意参与在实验开始前。 </li><li>尤其是对刺激的位置视觉或触觉赤字的参与者需要被排除在外。 </li></ol> 3。实验步骤<ol><li>确保参与者都坐在一个舒适的位置。 </li><li>确保与会者都可以看到橡胶手，而不是自己的手。 </li><li>包括培训块，所以参与者熟悉与一致性crossmodal任务。理想的情况是第一次使用练习试验没有crossmodal视觉刺激以参与者习惯于触觉目标，然后使用实践试验的视觉刺激呈现，并没有去试验（见下文）。 </li><li>在每个crossmodal的一致性试验目前触觉刺激和视觉刺激的其中一个位置，无论是在空间上的全等的位置（同一手指）的还是不一致的位置（不同的手指）。 </li><li>指导参与者，回应和歧视的触觉尽可能快和尽可能准确的目标位置。 </li><li>参与者应注视整个实验过程中灯之间找到一个固定点。 </li><li>没有去试验，以确保参与者正在寻找刺激。例如，要求参与者隐瞒他们的反应，如果在这两个位置的灯同时开启。当学员定期在这些试验中按下一个按钮，那么这可以表明，他们不看灯。 </li><li>使用超阈值的刺激和确保参与者可以看到/感觉到刺激。 </li><li>引入一个短暂的延迟（150-250毫秒），以减少这些刺激的干扰RHI本身之间的visuotactile crossmodal刺激。&lt;/ LI&gt; <li>每个条件包括足够数量的一致和不一致的审判（约60-100试验）。 </li><li>目前一致和不一致的审判在不同的地方，在一个随机序列。 </li><li>记住，响应要求和映射可能会影响的CCE幅度24。 </li><li>为了诱导RHI使用刷1至3分钟前一致性crossmodal任务抚摸，那么中风，前一次每个crossmodal的一致性试验。 </li><li>为了诱导RHI错觉使用同步刷抚摸着，双手被感动的同时，在同一位置。 </li><li>使用异步轻抚作为控制条件下，应双手抚摸着与时间偏移。 </li><li>确保实验者可以舒适地进行抚摸。 </li><li>您还可以使用RHI评定量表监测RHI范式在主观经验。有些研究者建议使用客观和主观例25的橡胶手错觉范式的措施。获得评级的反应后的任务块，如果你想比较CCE效果，因为任务本身可调​​节RHI的经验。 </li></ol> 4。数据分析<ol><li>试验中，参与者的反应太快（ 例如刺激后发病速度超过200毫秒）或过慢（ 如超过1500毫秒）应丢弃从分析：检查数被丢弃的试验条件下潜在的显着差异。 </li><li>分析误报的数量没有去试验：检查是否有潜在的显着差异的条件误报警数量。 </li><li>获得性能措施的速度和响应的准确性的错误的（响应时间）为每个参与者，每个条件的平均值或中值。 </li><li>只有正确的试验中使用的响应时间。 </li><li>另外，也可以结合RESPONSË时间和错误的一个单一的措施：逆效率（IE）=响应时间/错误17。 </li><li>计算和描绘crossmodal的一致性效果表现不一致减去全等试验每一个试验和条件。 </li><li>使用统计测试，以评估条件的差异有统计学意义（ 如方差分析，t检验）。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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作者宣称，他们有没有竞争经济利益。

我们证明了这种范式与的行之有效的crossmodal一致性任务相结合，可以得到一个客观的衡量标准中普遍采用的RHI范式的影响如何。的RHI诱导时的幅度的叠合crossmodal效果是显着增加。 在橡胶手错觉范式刺激调节身体有关的经验，如身体所有权和身体位置的几个方面。研究提供的证据表明，知觉，稳态和行动有关的几道工序调制RHI 14,15,22,26,27。更重要的是，RHI范式的与一致性crossmodal任务相结合，允许在特定的调查多感官的过程，所有这些方面是至关重要的。 已经显示出人的手，抚摸着在RHI，以及在整个身体的错觉的同步性，这两种观看这样调制的CCE的大小，20,22,23。的叠合crossmodal任务提供了一个相对简单的上线的措施，可以反复进行多次，并且不容易受到观察者和实验偏压。 使用此任务的潜在的缺点是，它可以是耗费更多的时间，并可以在技术上较为复杂，较其他措施。此外，测量的RHI的影响，本身可以调节的错觉。最重要的挑战的一致性crossmodal任务是，它涉及多感官视觉和触觉的刺激，它可以独立刷抚摸调节身体表示变化。crossmodal的一致性任务本身，因而有可能干扰RHI刷抚摸的效果。我们发现前，抚摸着每个crossmodal一致性试验，不仅仅是抚摸试验22日开始的一整套更有效。此外，埃斯佩等人 （2009）找到的d表示呈现的视觉和触觉的刺激为的叠合crossmodal任务进一步分开（例如，一个小的延迟为150-250毫秒）增加前抚摸着的影响。这样一个小的延迟仍然允许28多感官互动，但减少触觉刺激的干扰visuo的RHI操纵上。此外，我们发现，减少当使用crossmodal的叠合任务，而在同一时间将相对接近真实的手22的橡胶手抚摸同步的效果。最有可能的，这部分是由于相对较长的刺激时间间隔（最多15分钟），并可能部分地是因为异步条件还包括crossmodal的这种情况下“同步”或“异步少”比通常将是的visuotactile刺激。因此，我们建议实施这种方法时，使用较大的两手之间的距离。所有的一切，多感官刺激在crossmodal同余ENCY任务本身调节身体的呈现，通过改变整体的同步或异步多感官刺激的量。当比较的错觉范式中同步与异步刺激，因此，重要的，以确保在刷抚摸导致相对整体的同步或异步的视觉触觉刺激。这样就可以实现由审试刷抚摸，并用一个短暂的延迟之间visuotactile crossmodal叠合任务刺激。 我们以前的研究表明CCE 22 RHI操作的效果。然而，其他方面已经研究了其他RHI措施仍然需要进行调查。举例来说，这将是有趣的研究，如果度数与CCE的大小和如果CCE幅度随时间变化的，例如所有权的经验RHI。此外，这将是有趣的调查，如果CCE的影响在RHI COMPAR的能够观察到的结果相同的任务上的真正的手。 来概括，我们表明，的crossmodal叠合任务可以使用在橡胶手错觉，得到目标行为的措施。这种行为的任务相对简单，我们认为这是适当的研究身体陈述变动，在一般人群以及病人群体及相关的多感官处理。然而，重要的是要注意，这一措施可能没有因果相关的主观体验的橡胶手错觉29。这很可能是客观和主观的措施，依靠相同或相似的多感官机制，但也可能在不同的机制。根据所研究的问题，它可能是最好获得一个客观行为的措施，也是一个较为主观的措施，使用评定量表。

我们演示了如何范式与的行之有效的crossmodal一致性任务相结合，普遍采用的橡胶手错觉范式的影响可以得到一个客观的衡量。 RHI范式参与者查看人造橡胶手触摸而参与者自己看不见的手触摸。如果同时查看和毡触及，那么这是足以引起橡胶手的令人信服的经验，是一个人的自己的手，为广大参与者。当触摸异步然后的RHI被废除或减少。正如它的名字所暗示的，RHI范式通常涉及一只手，但类似的范式也建立了对整个机构1-3。使用这种模式的实验可以探索的条件调节身体陈述。例如以前的实验表明，观看身体形态以及同步性特定触摸自己的身体4,5为代表的重要线索。因此，作为实验范式RHI可用于大脑是如何构造和更新不同的表示自己的身体4-7揭示。这样的机构表示支持许多重要的过程，当与外部环境相互作用。此外，身体表达的变化与许多临床疾病如慢性疼痛，进食障碍和精神分裂症8-10。 为了调查机制建设不同的身体陈述研究者所采用的几项措施是在橡胶手错觉范式调制。通常情况下，研究人员要求参与者率语句，如“我觉得，如果橡胶手是我的手一样。”从-3到3 7,11的规模。另一个更经常被采用的间接措施，包括要求参与者指示的位置自己的手之前和之后的错觉诱导12。手的位置通常被认为是更接近橡胶手RHI诱导后（“本体感受漂移”）。 研究人员还雇用生理措施RHI实验操作中的索引的效果，例如皮肤电导反应时，一场突如其来的威胁（例如接近刀）的橡胶手被认为13,14。 RHI也已经涉及到小的皮肤温度的变化，可以测量15。这些生理措施的优点是，它会自动进行，因此不容易受到潜在的实验偏差。这些技术的潜在劣势包括适应整个​​实验操作的生理反应。此外，生理过程，这些措施进军可以普遍放开某些病人群体（例如慢性疼痛，进食障碍和精神分裂症，见补充材料15）。 我们的具体目标是获得一个客观行为的措施在橡胶手错觉，这是不太容易受到可能的观察员或实验者偏见的影响。为此，我们结合的RHI与一致性crossmodal任务。此任务涉及速成目标的一种形式，而被迫选择位置歧视，额外的刺激呈现在不同的形态16,17。因此，这项措施涉及到一个相对简单的任务，它不像生理措施，可反复多次给药。此外，不像“本体漂移”，这一措施可以得到上线期间的错觉，而参与者查看人工手。并结合的RHI范式的与一致性crossmodal任务让特别多感官的调查过程是至关重要的调制王贤明身体陈述在RHI 4,5,18。我们认为，CCE措施适合研究在病人群体的身体陈述。我们认为这是研究的疾病，其中包括一系列的认知，动机或生理上的变化，通常可能会影响更加主观和生理的措施RHI尤其如此。 在变异，我们使用的RHI，触觉的目标（淡振动）被提交给不同的手指（例如，食指和中指）的一方面。只是要求参与者按下两个按钮之一，放开手脚手指触觉刺激。分心的视觉刺激（简短的小灯闪烁）上面安装过的橡胶手的手指。这些视觉刺激发生时间接近触觉刺激。重要的是，视觉刺激出现在同一手指 - 空间全等 - 一半的日e时代，发生在其他手指 - 空间不一致 - 另一半。空间一致的视觉刺激改善的本地化的触觉目标，而空间上不一致的视觉刺激可以减慢这一过程。的的一致性效果crossmodal（CCE）称为不一致和全等试验的性能之间的整体差异，反映区分触觉确定目标位置和指标多感官互动的视觉信息的影响。 查看手形式19-21 RHI在给定的接触22的同步性以及确定的CCE的大小。换言之，CCE幅度指标多少附近的橡胶手的视觉刺激的影响对一个人的自己的手触摸的响应。当参与者体验橡胶手是一个人的自己的手，然后增加视觉触觉刺激的CCE。据认为，RHI在多感官p的变化这可能增加之间的相互作用，触觉和视觉刺激5,18 rocessing。 我们以前曾使用的组合的RHI和crossmodal的叠合任务RHI 22中的调查实验的效果。其他CCE幅度可作为衡量整个身体的幻想涉及更多的全球身体方面的陈述23。在这项研究中，参与者歧视振动触觉刺激的位置，在自己的背上。与此同时，与会者认为自己的身体，仿佛站在自己的身体背后2米通过一个摄像头和头的位置安装显示屏。与会者还可以看到灯其中闪现在相同的位置的的触觉目标（全等试验）或在不同的位置（不一致试验）。此外的一致性crossmodal任务，还抚摸着背上的参与者。这种抚摸同步chrony浏览过的招或不同步。这种操纵引起的平均值的差的经验身体所有权的CCE的大小也受到影响。因此，在CCE幅度可以用来更改RHI，以及在“全身错觉作为一个客观的衡量。这些范式的组合与一致性crossmodal任务允许，特别是探测多感官的过程，这些幻想的发生是至关重要的。现在，我们将提供一份详细的一步一步的描述RHI范式我们如何实现crossmodal的一致性任务。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>artificial hand</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Australia Pty. Ltd</td>
			<td>passive arm prostheses</td>
			<td>other company or custom made is possible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paint brushes</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>custom-made box</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>e.g. cardboard or wood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 tactors e.g. small speakers</td>
			<td>e.g. Altronics, China</td>
			<td>C0600 (Mylar Cone Speaker)</td>
			<td>other tactors can be used for example bone conductors (from hearing aids, e.g. Oticon) or electromagnetic solenoid-type stimulators (e.g. dancerdesign.co.uk)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 light-emitting diodes (LEDs)</td>
			<td>e.g. A-Bright Industrial Co., LTD</td>
			<td>AL-513YD-004</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>computer with mouse</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Presentation software</td>
			<td>Neurobehavioural Systems</td>
			<td>Presentation</td>
			<td>other software can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>headphones and recorded sound file as metronome</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the crossmodal congruency task as a means to obtain an objective behavioral measure in the rubber hand illusion paradigm

橡胶手错觉（RHI）是一种流行的实验范式。与会者观看的人工橡胶手触摸而参与者自己看不见的手触摸。如果同时查看和毡触及，那么这是足以引起橡胶手的令人信服的经验，是一个人的自己的手。 RHI可以用于研究大脑构造不同的身体陈述自己的身体究竟如何。这些陈述是至关重要的成功与外部世界的互动。要获得一种主观衡量RHI，研究人员通常要求参与率的语句，如“我觉得，如果橡胶手是我的手”。在这里，我们将演示如何的crossmodal一致性任务可以用来获得客观行为的措施，在这个范式。 该变种的crossmodal一致性任务，我们聘请涉及的呈现的触觉目标和视觉分心。达瑞ETS和分心空间是一致的（ 即同一手指）上的一些试验和别人不一致的（ 即不同的手指）。之间的性能差异不一致的和全等试验的 - 的的一致性效果crossmodal（CCE） - 多感官​​指标相互作用。重要的是，CCE是通过查看手以及查看和毡触摸的同步性，这两者都是至关重要的因素为RHI调制。 RHI范式的叠合crossmodal任务内的使用有几个优点。这是一个简单的行为的措施，可以重复多次可以期间获得参与者的错觉，同时查看人工手。此外，这种措施是不容易受到观察者和实验者偏见。 RHI范式的与一致性crossmodal任务相结合，允许特别调查这是至关重要为身体representat调制的多感官的过程RHI离子。

<html>的CCE的幅度显着调制RHI。在图2和图3中，我们提出了从先前的研究中，我们已经进行了22次的有代表性的结果。在图2中的CCE响应时间和响应误差之间不同的RHI条件显着差异。 CCE幅度显着增加RHI同步轻抚相比异步抚摸着减少或废除RHI的诱导。在图3中，我们描述了刷抚摸前每crossmodal叠合任务交付从实验的数据。相反，刷牙受阻，事先到整个大组的试验。在本设计中的CCE是不显着的调制。 oad/50530/50530fig1.jpg“/&gt; 图1。概述设置和程序。实验装置包括参与者真实的手，橡胶手，病理因素，灯光，刷子和响应设备的掩护。覆盖手的参与者和橡胶手刷，同步诱导RHI。的笔触前给予每crossmodal一致性试验。之间的性能差异不一致的和全等试验的-的的一致性效果crossmodal（CCE） -指标变化RHI <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50530/50530fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="4.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50530/50530fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50530/50530fig2.jpg" /> 图2。的的叠合效应crossmodal（CCE）所示响应时间和响应误差。 </stronG&gt;同步刷牙（红色）诱导RHI和异步刷牙（蓝色）废除RHI。不同的的一致性效果crossmodal（CCE）的响应时间和响应错误显著之间的同步和异步刷牙。改编自措普夫等 。 （2010年），权限（平均同步和异步抚摸实验2）。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="3in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50530/50530fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50530/50530fig3.jpg" /> 图3。 （CCE）Crossmodal一致性效果并不显着不同的RHI条件之间刷抚摸时，不执行前到crossmodal一致性试验，在这种情况下，只有一个街区，前一组试验。措普夫等人 （2010）改编自，许可（平均从实验1的同步和异步抚摸）。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm at JoVE.com

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

我们演示了如何广泛采用的橡胶手错觉范式可受聘于一个客观的衡量。这项措施获得通​​过修改行之有效的crossmodal的一致性任务。此任务允许多感官的过程，这是至关重要的身体陈述调制橡胶手错觉调查。

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

the-crossmodal-congruency-task-as-means-to-obtain-an-objective

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

15.8K 次观看.  Macquarie University. 我们演示了如何广泛采用的橡胶手错觉范式可受聘于一个客观的衡量。这项措施获得通​​过修改行之有效的crossmodal的一致性任务。此任务允许多感官的过程，这是至关重要的身体陈述调制橡胶手错觉调查。

视频: The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

驻地入侵者范式：一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

科研

行为学

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务：测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

该拼图方块的使用作为评价环境富集的功效的一种手段

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务：评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words. In the recognition memory version of the task, subjects are asked whether they remember previously presented words, as well as related (but never presented) critical lure words (&#39;doctor&#39;). Typically, the critical word is recognized with high probability and confidence. This false memory effect has been robustly demonstrated across short (e.g., immediate, 20 min) and long (e.g., 1, 7, 60 d) delays between encoding and memory testing. A strength of using this task to study false memory is its simplicity and short duration. If encoding and retrieval components of the task occur in the same session, the entire task can take as little as 2 - 30 min. However, although the DRM task is widely considered a &#39;false memory&#39; paradigm, some researchers consider DRM illusions to be based on the activation of semantic memory networks in the brain, and argue that such semantic gist-based false memory errors may actually be useful in some scenarios (e.g., remembering the forest for the trees; remembering that a word list was about &#34;doctors&#34;, even though the actual word &#34;doctor&#34; was never presented for study). Remembering the gist of experience (instead of or along with individual details) is arguably an adaptive process and this task has provided a great deal of knowledge about the constructive, adaptive nature of memory. Therefore, researchers should use caution when discussing the overall reach and implications of their experiments when using this task to study &#39;false memory&#39;, as DRM memory errors may not adequately reflect false memories in the real world, such as false memory in eyewitness testimony, or false memories of sexual abuse.

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Here we present the Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task, a tool to study false memories in the laboratory. Subjects study lists of semantically related words (e.g.,&#160;nurse, sick, etc.), and later falsely remember an unstudied word (doctor) that represents the gist, or theme, of the word list.

该德泽 - 洛蒂格 - 麦克德莫特（DRM）任务：一个简单的认知范式来研究实验室错误记忆

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, the traditional ways to monitor behavioral changes in dogs are complicated and not efficient. In the current clinical evaluation, a new, simple monitoring system was used to assess the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the intense and restless activity of 24 dogs of different ages and breeds. This protocol describes how to easily and rapidly evaluate improvement in a set of symptoms related to generalized anxiety by using a specific sensor, a mobile phone app, a wireless router, and a computer. The results showed that dogs treated with specific diets showed significant improvement in the times spent active and at rest after 10 days (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). These dogs also showed an overall significant improvement in clinical and behavioral symptoms. A specific sensor, along with its related hardware, was demonstrated to successfully monitor behavioral changes relating to movement in dogs.

We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

行为障碍：一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, ...

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a higher resumption rate after a period of delay or interruption. The task interruption and resumption protocol described in this research is tailored to test the activation of cognitive goals (e.g., a goal to think more abstractly). Cognitive goals may be pursued even during the interruption period; thus, to prevent this, the protocol involves cognitive distraction. The protocol consists of several stages. Specifically, the initial stage includes the goal activation process, where the treatment (versus control) condition receives a manipulation to activate the cognitive goal being tested by the researcher. In the next stage, participants are presented with the introduction of a task that is perceived to either satisfy or not satisfy the cognitive goal of interest. Importantly, this task is interrupted a few seconds after it begins. The task interruption forces a delay period and introduces a cognitive distraction to prevent the automatic pursuit and fulfillment of the cognitive goal. After the interruption period, participants are given a choice between resuming the interrupted task and abandoning the interrupted task to complete an alternative task instead. Among participants whose cognitive goals had been activated at the earlier stage, the task resumption rate should be higher if the task was perceived as an opportunity to satisfy (versus not satisfy) the goal. Such a finding would provide empirical evidence that the cognitive goal has been activated and pursued. In previous research, this protocol has been used to test whether causal uncertainty activates an abstract thinking goal. Adapting the protocol to test the activation of other cognitive goals is also discussed.

This protocol was designed to test the activation and pursuit of cognitive goals (e.g., an abstract thinking goal) using the task interruption and resumption paradigm. The protocol is suitable for cognitive goals that are automatically pursued once activated, as the distraction procedure prevents goal pursuit during the interruption period.

任务中断和抽象思维的目标测试的激活和恢复追求范式

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children&#039;s Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

修正诱惑力的任务: 一种诱导儿童战略说谎的范式

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

Nest Building Behavior as an Early Indicator of Behavioral Deficits in Mice

Nest building is an innate behavior in male and female rodents, even when raised in laboratory settings. As such, many researchers provide rodents synthetic and/or natural materials (such as twine, tissue, cotton, paper, and hay) as a gauge of their overall well-being and as an ancillary assessment to predict the possible decline in cognition. Typically, changes in nesting behaviors, such as failure to create a nest, indicate a change in health or welfare. In addition, nesting behavior is sensitive to many environmental and physiological challenges, as well as many genetic mutations underlying pathological disease states. The following protocol describes a nesting behavior paradigm that explores the usage of four types of nesting material. In addition, the protocol utilizes intraclass correlations to demonstrate that inter-rater reliability is higher when nests are constructed out of shredded paper compared to other common nesting materials such as cotton squares, paper twists, and soft cob bedding. The chosen methodology and statistical considerations (i.e., intraclass correlation) for this assay may be of interest for those conducting experiments assessing the quality of living of mice.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to quantify nest building behavior in mice, which is known to be impaired in several neurological disorders and diseases. This protocol examines the utility of four materials and offers the opportunity to quantify the rater agreement in scoring, improving the validity and reliability of the assay.