这项工作已经NSERC，中国电机工程学报，nanoBridge TRLabs财政支持。

如前所述，基于氧化铝制造过程中的两个关键步骤（一）任意空AAO模板合成（主要是导电性和/或透明）衬底（原理图如图1中的描述）和（二）小的增长分子有机纳米线在AAO模板的纳米孔（ 图2）。在本节中，我们提供的详细描述这些过程。 1。导电铝基底上生长的阳极氧化铝（AAO）模板<ol><li>建立多孔氧化铝模板第一抛光铝箔和，然后阳极氧化（或电化学氧化）他们。首先切出厚度250微米的小（2 x 2厘米2）张高纯 ​​度铝糙米（99.997％）。 </li><li>在代替电解抛光中，一个简单的化学抛光过程18被使用。淹没在硝酸，2 x 2厘米2张少数的磷酸的蚀刻液，在80℃5分钟，在加热板上。 </li></ol> 注意：用于预先处理的铝板的硝酸磷酸溶液是15份68％的硝酸和85份85％的磷酸。的抛光步骤是必要的，在阳极化处理之前，因为购买的铝的表面粗糙度为几微米，它创建了一个非均匀电场，并防止在表面形成一个有序的孔阵列的顺序。在文学作品中，电解已广泛用于此目的2,3。然而，化学抛光是一种廉价和简便的替代，这也产生抛光表面相媲美（或更好）的平滑18。 <ol start="3"><li>蚀刻后，20分钟的1M氢氧化钠中和金属箔。这些“化学抛光”箔现在已经准备好要阳极氧化。 </li><li>加载扁平细胞和抛光铝板阳极氧化与3％oxal的15分钟40 V DC偏置IC酸。 </li></ol> 注意：对于箔样品，两个步骤的阳极氧化处理以提高孔隙订货2,3,19。在Al表面上和纳米级凹窝上面的铝/氧化铝的接口，该接口作为孔隙生长的起始位点，在第二阳极氧化步骤，该第一步骤将创建一个多孔氧化物层。 <ol start="5"><li>蚀刻从平面细胞中取出的样品中铬磷酸。中的蚀刻液的烧杯中，在热板上将样品浸泡在60℃〜30分钟以除去氧化物初始层。 </li><li>重复的阳极氧化过程（步骤1.4）2.5分钟，而所有其他参数保持不变。尝试重新调整箔，使得阳极氧化处理步骤（1.4）在同一地区，将再次接触到电解质中的扁平细胞。 </li></ol> 注意：最终的阳极氧化步骤中的时间确定的最终的厚度氧化物层，并可以相应地改变。持续时间为2.5分钟。对应的膜厚度（〜500nm的孔的长度）。在第二个步骤结束时，创建一个有序的纳米孔阵列阳极氧化铝层。阳极氧化和蚀刻循环可以重复，以进一步提高孔隙顺序。 <ol start="7"><li>淹没模板在5％磷酸溶液中，在室温下进行40分钟薄的纳米孔底部的阻挡层，和加宽的纳米孔直径。最后的这一步后的纳米孔的直径约为60-70 nm。 </li></ol> 2。透明基板上生长的AAO模板（玻璃） <ol><li>存入以下的多层系统上依次洗净的载玻片： 二氧化钛（20纳米，原子层沉积），金（7纳米，溅射），铝（1微米，溅射）。 </li></ol> 注意：Au层作为电极，阳极化处理所需的，并且不恶化透明度20 &lt;/ SUP&gt;。的TiO 2作为透明粘接层在互惠和玻璃基板之间的行为。 <ol start="2"><li>将箔电极，以该薄膜的表面上的铝进行阳极氧化，使用导电性银环氧树脂。这将导致在一个适当的连接，从电源到样品，同时改善电流分布。 </li></ol> 注意：由于很少有铝沉积在玻璃基板上，之前提到的抛光技术是不可行的，扁平化的铝表面。相反，该​​协议修改的阳极化过程，将另一阳极氧化/蚀刻工序。 <ol start="3"><li>装入样品中的扁平细胞为4分钟，用3％的草酸，在30 V DC偏置，阳极氧化的铝薄膜。 </li><li>不除去从平坦的细胞样品，冲洗细胞与去离子水和蚀刻的模板在铬酸磷酸在60℃下1小时，倒入热腐蚀剂我n到细胞。 </li></ol> 注意：的蚀刻剂的温度会立即开始下降，一旦它被倾入到细胞。因此，增加蚀刻的持续时间从箔样品的30分钟至1小时，以确保所有的氧化膜被除去。 <ol start="5"><li>细胞再次冲洗和第二次阳极氧化相同的条件下成为第一个4分钟，用3％的草酸在30 V DC偏置。 </li><li>重复步骤（2.4）。不除去从平坦的细胞样品，冲洗细胞与去离子水和蚀刻的模板在铬酸磷酸在60℃下1小时，倒入热蚀刻液中的细胞。 </li><li>在最后的时间冲洗细胞，并进行第三次（也是最后一次）阳极氧化工序，用3％的草酸在30 V DC。监视当前的系统以确定何时停止。 </li></ol> 注：目前在最后一个需要监控odization。的前几秒钟后，电流稳定在大约1-2毫安。这表明阳极化均匀发生。一旦已经消耗剩余的铝阳极氧化过程中，电解质溶液（3％草酸）会在与底层金层，这会导致一个急剧增加阳极氧化电流（ 图3）进行联系。此时，停止阳极氧化。的时间应该是大约4分钟大关。箔样品（ 图3）中没有观察到电流的上升，因为均匀的阻挡层分离的溶液和金属基板。 <ol start="8"><li>执行的孔加宽步骤中，类似的金属箔40分钟，在室温下浸没在5％磷酸溶液中的模板的示例协议。 </li></ol> 连接注意：这将扩大的毛孔，但由于阳极氧化过程中，通过阻挡层吃，有没有留下薄。图4以显示玻璃基板/ 20 nm的二氧化钛/ 7纳米的Au / 500nm的多孔质的Al 2 O 3与势垒层的情况下的分层结构，毛孔清楚地暴露相关Au薄膜， 图5a和图5b示出空AAO箔和玻璃基板上的模板。 3。毛孔内的离心辅助生长的小分子有机纳米线的AAO模板<ol><li>准备在合适的溶剂中的饱和溶液中的小分子有机。 </li></ol> 注意：下面的有机分子和溶剂已被用于：红荧烯，丙酮，氯仿和PCBM在甲苯中的Alq 3。从这里开始，PCBM被称为分子的利益。 <ol start="2"><li>负载中的模板，使得阳极氧化的区域面对的试管的顶部的离心试管的底部。管必须是大辰交流或适合内的样品。 </li></ol> 注意：箔样品，它是有帮助的，使用同样大小的晶片支持箔，并防止在离心过程中的弯曲（如下文所述）， 图2示出了如何将样品安装在离心机中的示意性描述，。 <ol start="3"><li>用移液管，以填补在试管中加入足够的PCBM溶液，使得该模板完全被浸没。 </li><li>装入试管在离心机中，以6,000 rpm 5分钟的运行。 </li></ol> 注意：如果样品以一定角度安装在试管中，确保试管中被安装在这样一种方式，表面阳极氧化处理，在离心机（ 图2）的中心对准。 <ol start="5"><li>一旦离心机停止，卸载试管管倒出来PCBM的解决方案。 </li><li>从试管中取出的模板，或者升檐的底部，为〜1分钟干燥。 </li><li>重复步骤3.2-3.6，使总数为5-10的离心机运行已执行。 </li></ol> 注意：在那里的小分子在其溶剂中的溶解度低的情况下，更多的离心机运行将有助于存款材料中的纳米孔。 <ol start="8"><li>从试管的底部取出样品，并使用浸泡在甲苯（或相应的溶剂中）的棉棒轻轻擦拭表面，除去遗留的任何材料的表面上的模板的模板。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Martin, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanomaterials:+a+membrane-based+synthetic+approach.">Nanomaterials: a membrane-based synthetic approach.</a> Science. , (1994).</li><li>Pramanik, S., Kanchibotla, B., Sarkar, S., Tepper, G., Bandyopadhyay, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+Self-Assembly+of+Nanostructures:+Fabrication+and+Device+Applications.">Electrochemical Self-Assembly of Nanostructures: Fabrication and Device Applications.</a> Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 13, 273-332 (2011).</li><li>Kanchibotla, B., Pramanik, S., Bandyopadhyay, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+nanostructures+using+nanoporous+alumina+template.">Self-assembly of nanostructures using nanoporous alumina template.</a> Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook. Chapter 9, (2007).</li><li>Pramanik, S., Stefanita, C. -. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+extremely+long+spin+relaxation+times+in+an+organic+nanowire+spin+valve.">Observation of extremely long spin relaxation times in an organic nanowire spin valve.</a> Nat. Nano. 2 (4), 216-219 (2007).</li><li>Alam, K. M., Bodepudi, S. C., Starko-Bowes, R., Pramanik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+spin+relaxation+in+rubrene+nanowire+spin+valves.">Suppression of spin relaxation in rubrene nanowire spin valves.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 101 (19), 192403 (2012).</li><li>Alam, K. M., Singh, A. P., Starko-Bowes, R., Bodepudi, S. C., Pramanik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Template-Assisted+Synthesis+of+&#960;-Conjugated+Molecular+Organic+Nanowires+in+the+Sub-100+nm+Regime+and+Device+Implications.">Template-Assisted Synthesis of &#960;-Conjugated Molecular Organic Nanowires in the Sub-100 nm Regime and Device Implications.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 22 (15), 3298-3306 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, D., Luo, L., Liao, Q., Wang, H., Fu, H., Yao, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polypyrrole/ZnS+Core/Shell+Coaxial+Nanowires+Prepared+by+Anodic+Aluminum+Oxide+Template+Methods.">Polypyrrole/ZnS Core/Shell Coaxial Nanowires Prepared by Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template Methods.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 115 (5), 2360-2365 (2011).</li><li>Kim, F. S., Ren, G., Jenekhe, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-Dimensional+Nanostructures+of+&#960;-Conjugated+Molecular+Systems:+Assembly,+Properties,+and+Applications+from+Photovoltaics,+Sensors,+and+Nanophotonics+to+Nanoelectronics.">One-Dimensional Nanostructures of &#960;-Conjugated Molecular Systems: Assembly, Properties, and Applications from Photovoltaics, Sensors, and Nanophotonics to Nanoelectronics.</a> Chem. Mater. 23 (3), 682-732 (2010).</li><li>Brock, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Membrane filtration: a user's guide and reference manual. , (1983).</li><li>Valizadeh, S., George, J., Leisner, P., Hultman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+deposition+of+Co+nanowire+arrays;+quantitative+consideration+of+concentration+profiles.">Electrochemical deposition of Co nanowire arrays; quantitative consideration of concentration profiles.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 47 (6), 865-874 (2001).</li><li>Nasirpouri, F., Southern, P., Ghorbani, M., Iraji zad, A., Schwarzacher, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GMR+in+multilayered+nanowires+electrodeposited+in+track-etched+polyester+and+polycarbonate+membranes.">GMR in multilayered nanowires electrodeposited in track-etched polyester and polycarbonate membranes.</a> Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 308 (1), 35-39 (2007).</li><li>Diggle, J. W., Downie, T. C., Goulding, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anodic+oxide+films+on+aluminum.">Anodic oxide films on aluminum.</a> Chemical Reviews. 69 (3), 365-405 (1969).</li><li>Steinhart, M., Wehrspohn, R. B., G&#246;sele, U., Wendorff, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanotubes+by+Template+Wetting:+A+Modular+Assembly+System.">Nanotubes by Template Wetting: A Modular Assembly System.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (11), 1334-1344 (2004).</li><li>Al-Kaysi, R. O., Ghaddar, T. H., Guirado, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+One-Dimensional+Organic+Nanostructures+Using+Anodic+Aluminum+Oxide+Templates.">Fabrication of One-Dimensional Organic Nanostructures Using Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates.</a> Journal of Nanomaterials. 2009, 1-14 (2009).</li><li>Lee, J. W., Kim, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-Emitting+Rubrene+Nanowire+Arrays:+A+Comparison+with+Rubrene+Single+Crystals.">Light-Emitting Rubrene Nanowire Arrays: A Comparison with Rubrene Single Crystals.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 19 (5), 704-710 (2009).</li><li>Pramanik, S., Bandyopadhyay, S., Garre, K., Cahay, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+and+inverse+spin-valve+effect+in+organic+semiconductor+nanowires+and+the+background+monotonic+magnetoresistance.">Normal and inverse spin-valve effect in organic semiconductor nanowires and the background monotonic magnetoresistance.</a> Physical Review B. 74 (23), 235329 (2006).</li><li>Alam, K. M., Pramanik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-field+magnetoresistance+in+nanowire+organic+spin+valves.">High-field magnetoresistance in nanowire organic spin valves.</a> Physical Review B. 83 (24), 245206 (2011).</li><li>Alam, K. M., Singh, A. P., Bodepudi, S. C., Pramanik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+hexagonally+ordered+nanopores+in+anodic+alumina:+An+alternative+pretreatment.">Fabrication of hexagonally ordered nanopores in anodic alumina: An alternative pretreatment.</a> Surface Science. 605 (3-4), 441-449 (2011).</li><li>Masuda, H., Hasegwa, F., Ono, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-Ordering+of+Cell+Arrangement+of+Anodic+Porous+Alumina+Formed+in+Sulfuric+Acid+Solution.">Self-Ordering of Cell Arrangement of Anodic Porous Alumina Formed in Sulfuric Acid Solution.</a> Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 144 (5), L127-L130 (1997).</li><li>Stec, H. M., Williams, R. J., Jones, T. S., Hatton, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+Transparent+Au+Electrodes+for+Organic+Photovoltaics+Fabricated+Using+a+Mixed+Mono-Molecular+Nucleation+Layer.">Ultrathin Transparent Au Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics Fabricated Using a Mixed Mono-Molecular Nucleation Layer.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 21 (9), 1709-1716 (2011).</li><li>Schettino, V., Pagliai, M., Ciabini, L., Cardini, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Vibrational+Spectrum+of+Fullerene+C60.">The Vibrational Spectrum of Fullerene C60.</a> J. Phys. Chem. A. 105, 11192-11196 (2001).</li><li>Lee, Y., Lee, S., Kim, K., Lee, J., Han, K., Kim, J., Joo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+nanoparticle+of+organic+p-type+and+n-type+hybrid+materials:+nanoscale+phase+separation+and+photovoltaic+effect.">Single nanoparticle of organic p-type and n-type hybrid materials: nanoscale phase separation and photovoltaic effect.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 22, 2485-2490 (2012).</li><li>Bodepudi, S. C., Bachman, D., Pramanik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+Highly+Ordered+Cylindrical+Nanopores+with+Modulated+Diameter+Using+Anodic+Alumina.">Fabrication of Highly Ordered Cylindrical Nanopores with Modulated Diameter Using Anodic Alumina.</a> , 1-4 (2011).</li><li>Vlad, A., Melinte, S., M&#225;t&#233;fi-Tempfli, M., Piraux, L., M&#225;t&#233;fi-Tempfli, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertical+Nanowire+Architectures:+Statistical+Processing+of+Porous+Templates+Towards+Discrete+Nanochannel+Integration.">Vertical Nanowire Architectures: Statistical Processing of Porous Templates Towards Discrete Nanochannel Integration.</a> Small. 6 (18), 1974-1980 (2010).</li><li>Jo, S. H., Kim, K. -. H., Lu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Density+Crossbar+Arrays+Based+on+a+Si+Memristive+System.">High-Density Crossbar Arrays Based on a Si Memristive System.</a> Nano Letters. 9 (2), 870-874 (2009).</li><li>Haberkorn, N., Gutmann, J. S., Theato, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Template-Assisted+Fabrication+of+Free-Standing+Nanorod+Arrays+of+a+Hole-Conducting+Cross-Linked+Triphenylamine+Derivative:+Toward+Ordered+Bulk-Heterojunction+Solar+Cells.">Template-Assisted Fabrication of Free-Standing Nanorod Arrays of a Hole-Conducting Cross-Linked Triphenylamine Derivative: Toward Ordered Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells.</a> ACS Nano. 3 (6), 1415-1422 (2009).</li><li>Aryal, M., Buyukserin, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imprinted+large-scale+high+density+polymer+nanopillars+for+organic+solar+cells.">Imprinted large-scale high density polymer nanopillars for organic solar cells.</a> Journal of Vacuum Science &amp; Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures. 26 (6), 2562 (2008).</li><li>Lee, J. H., Kim, D. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+solar-cell+efficiency+in+bulk-heterojunction+polymer+systems+obtained+by+nanoimprinting+with+commercially+available+AAO+membrane+filters.">Enhanced solar-cell efficiency in bulk-heterojunction polymer systems obtained by nanoimprinting with commercially available AAO membrane filters.</a> Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany). 5 (19), 2139-2143 (2009).</li><li>Allen, J. E., Black, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Power+Conversion+Efficiency+in+Bulk+Heterojunction+Organic+Solar+Cells+with+Radial+Electron+Contacts.">Improved Power Conversion Efficiency in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells with Radial Electron Contacts.</a> ACS Nano. 5 (10), 7986-7991 (2011).</li><li>Slota, J. E., He, X., Huck, W. T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+nanoscale+morphology+in+polymer+photovoltaic+devices.">Controlling nanoscale morphology in polymer photovoltaic devices.</a> Nano Today. 5 (3), 231-242 (2010).</li><li>Chidichimo, G., Filippelli, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+Solar+Cells:+Problems+and+Perspectives.">Organic Solar Cells: Problems and Perspectives.</a> International Journal of Photoenergy. 2010, 1-11 (2010).</li><li>O'Carroll, D. M., Fakonas, J. S., Callahan, D. M., Schierhorn, M., Atwater, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-Polymer-Metal+Split-Dipole+Nanoantennas.">Metal-Polymer-Metal Split-Dipole Nanoantennas.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (23), (2012).</li><li>Zheng, J. Y., Yan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Peroxide+Vapor+Sensing+with+Organic+Core/Sheath+Nanowire+Optical+Waveguides.">Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Sensing with Organic Core/Sheath Nanowire Optical Waveguides.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (35), (2012).</li><li>Zhang, L., Meng, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+ammonia+sensor+based+on+high+density,+small+diameter+polypyrrole+nanowire+arrays.">A novel ammonia sensor based on high density, small diameter polypyrrole nanowire arrays.</a> Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 142 (1), 204-209 (2009).</li><li>Cui, Q. H., Jiang, L., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y. S., Hu, W., Yao, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coaxial+Organic+p-n+Heterojunction+Nanowire+Arrays:+One-Step+Synthesis+and+Photoelectric+Properties.">Coaxial Organic p-n Heterojunction Nanowire Arrays: One-Step Synthesis and Photoelectric Properties.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (17), 2332-2336 (2012).</li><li>Duvail, J. L., Long, Y., Cuenot, S., Chen, Z., Gu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning+electrical+properties+of+conjugated+polymer+nanowires+with+the+diameter.">Tuning electrical properties of conjugated polymer nanowires with the diameter.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 90, 102114 (2007).</li><li>Briseno, A. L., Mannsfeld, S. C. B., Jenekhe, S. A., Bao, Z., Xia, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introducing+organic+nanowire+transistors.">Introducing organic nanowire transistors.</a> Materials Today. 11 (4), 38-47 (2008).</li><li>Kippelen, B., Br&#233;das, J. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+photovoltaics.">Organic photovoltaics.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 2 (3), 251-261 (2009).</li><li>G&#252;nes, S., Neugebauer, H., Sariciftci, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjugated+polymer-based+organic+solar+cells.">Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells.</a> Chemical Reviews. 107 (4), 1324-1338 (2007).</li><li>Coakley, K. M., McGehee, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjugated+Polymer+Photovoltaic+Cells.">Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Cells.</a> Chem. Mater. 16 (23), 4533-4542 (2004).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争经济利益。

纳米线生长的实物图片这是第一重要的是要充分了解有机纳米线的生长方法。一旦我们知道他们究竟是如何生长和形成自己的毛孔，我们可以使用这个工程师纳米结构，设备和材料沉积法。在过去，聚合物纳米线已经没有离心机的协助下制作中，采用模板浸润过程，但对于一些材料，如有机小分子，我们发现这是无效的。由于表面之间的化学反应溶液和模板，以及纳米孔被困在...

模板辅助方法通常用于制造垂直取向纳米线阵列1-3。此方法允许直接制造复杂的纳米线的几何形状，如一个轴向4-6或径向7多层纳米线的超晶格，这往往是可取的各种电子和光学应用。此外，这是一个低成本的，自底向上nanosynthesis具有高通过性和多功能性的方法。因此，模板的方法已经获得了巨大的人气，在世界各地的研究人员2,3。 “模板”指示的方法的基本思想如下所述。首先，模板制作，其中包含一个垂直方向的圆柱形纳米孔阵列。接着，将所需的材料沉积纳米孔，直到内孔被填充。其结果是所需的材料采用孔结构，并形成了一个纳米线阵列在t承载emplate。最后，根据目标应用程序，主机模板可能被删除。然而，这也破坏的垂直秩序。最终的纳米结构的几何形状和尺寸的模拟主机模板的孔结构，从而合成是制造过程中的一个关键部分。 在文献8中，已报道了不同类型的纳米多孔模板。最常用的模板包括：（一）聚合物跟踪蚀刻膜，（二）嵌段共聚物，及（c）阳极氧化铝（AAO）模板。要创建的聚合物轨迹蚀刻膜照射高能量的离子，它完全穿透金属箔和离开潜离子轨道内的散装箔9的聚合物箔。的轨道，然后选择性地蚀刻，创建纳米通道内的聚合物箔9。的纳米通道，可以进一步扩大了合适的蚀刻工序。用此方法的主要问题是次的非均匀性ë键纳通道，缺乏控制的位置，非均匀信道之间的相对距离，低的密度（每单位面积的通道的数目〜10 8 /厘米2），和低有序的多孔结构体1。在嵌段共聚物中的方法类似的圆筒状的纳米多孔模板第一次被创建，接着由所要求的材料的生长的孔8内。 方法（一）及（b）如上所述，在过去，已被用来制备聚合物纳米线8。然而，这些方法可能不适合用于合成纳米线的任意的有机材料，由于选择性的蚀刻后处理步骤期间可能没有。的后处理通常涉及去除主机模板，上述模板需要有机溶剂。这样的溶剂的有机纳米线的结构和物理性质的，可能有有害的影响。然而，这些模板理想浩STS无机纳米线，如10，钴，镍，铜和金属多层膜11，在蚀刻工艺中去除的聚合物主体不受影响。上述方法的另一个潜在的挑战是在较高的温度下热稳定性差的基质。往往是必需的高温退火，以改善结晶性的有机纳米线，这表明良好的热稳定性，基质的必要性。 受控电化学氧化的铝（也被称为“铝阳极氧化）是一个著名的工业过程和常用于汽车，厨具，航空航天等行业的保护铝表面的腐蚀12。氧化的铝（或阳极氧化铝）的性质，在很大程度上依赖于阳极氧化所用的电解质的pH值。对于耐腐蚀性能的应用中，通常进行阳极氧化与WEA的Ķ酸（pH约为5-7），而产生一个紧凑的，无孔的，“阻挡型氧化铝膜12。但是，如果电解质是强酸性（pH &lt;4的），氧化物变成“多孔”由于局部溶解的H +离子的氧化物。整个氧化确定局部电场的局部浓度的H +离子，因此表面阳极氧化之前预图案化，在最后的多孔结构中提供了一些控制。的孔是圆柱形的，具有小直径（约10-200 nm），因此这些纳米多孔阳极氧化铝膜已被广泛用于在最近几年，用于合成的各种材料的纳米线2,3。 多孔阳极氧化铝模板提供更好的热稳定性，高孔密度，远距离孔隙秩序和优良的可调的孔径，长度，孔隙间分离和孔密度，如pH值，电解质和阳极氧化电压阳极氧化参数通过明智的选择2,3岁。由于这些原因，我们选择AAO模板矩阵主机的有机纳米线的生长。另外，无机氧化物（如氧化铝）有较高的表面能，从而有利于均匀的有机溶液（低表面能）在氧化铝表面13上的蔓延。此外，我们的目标是要发展这些纳米线阵列的导电和/或透明基板上直接。其结果是，孔隙被封闭的底端处，这需要额外的代价，因为我们在下面的描述。生长的纳米线内的通孔的模板并随后转移到所需的基板通常是不希望的，因为接口质量差，此方法甚至不是可行的长度较短的纳米线（或薄模板），由于薄的模板的机械稳定性差。 π共轭有机材料大致可分为两类：（一）长链的共轭聚合物，及（b）分子量小的有机硫<html> emiconductors。许多研究小组报道合成长链聚合物纳米线的AAO模板在过去的圆柱形孔洞内。有关此主题的全面审查在参8,14。然而，合成的纳米线具有重要商业价值的小分子有机物（如红荧烯，三-8 -羟基喹啉铝（ALQ 3）和PCBM AAO）是极为罕见的。红荧烯和Alq 3 AAO模板孔洞内的物理气相沉积已报道的几组4,15-17。但是，只有一薄层（约30纳米）的有机物可沉积于毛孔（〜50 nm的直径）和长时间的沉积阻止的孔隙入口4,16,17的倾向。在该方法中，如果孔的直径是足够大的（〜200 nm）的15，可以实现完整的填充孔隙。因此，重要的是要找到一种替代的方法，该方法是适用于在子100 nm范围内的细孔径。 “&gt;，已被用于其他一些小分子有机物的另一种方法是所谓的”模板润湿“法8,14。然而，在大多数报告厚的商业模板（〜50微米）的两侧的开放孔和大直径（〜200 nm）的使用，这种方法还没有在一个侧产生的纳米线收毛孔如前面提到的，大概是由于存在有残留的空气的口袋内的毛孔，防止毛孔内的溶液浸润。我们有先前报道的新方法，克服了这些挑战，并允许任何所需的基板上的任意尺寸的小分子有机纳米线阵列的生长。在下文中，我们将介绍详细的协议，潜在的局限性和未来的修改。

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T324-4</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>68% Nitric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A200-212</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>85% Phosphoric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A242-4</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>10% Chromic Acid</td>
			<td>RICCA Chemical Company</td>
			<td>2077-32</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>10% Oxalic Acid</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>FW.90.04</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C607-4</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aluminum Sheets</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>7429-90-5</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>PCBM</td>
			<td>Nano-C</td>
			<td>Nano-CPCBM-BF</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Alq3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>444561-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Rubrene</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>551112-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>FlexAL Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)</td>
			<td>Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For deposition of TiO2</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>PVD Sputter System</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For deposition of Au &amp; Al</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Flat Cell</td>
			<td>Princeton Applied Research</td>
			<td>K0235</td>
			<td>For anodization of Al</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>HERMLE Labnet</td>
			<td>Z206 A</td>
			<td>For deposition of organic nanowires</td>
		 </tr>
	 </tbody>
 </table>

ultrahigh density array of vertically aligned small-molecular organic nanowires on arbitrary substrates

在最近几年，已经出现π共轭有机半导体作为活性物质，在许多不同的应用，包括大面积的廉价显示器，光伏，打印和柔性电子产品和有机自旋阀。有机允许（一）成本低，低温处理及（b）电子，光学和自旋输运特性的分子水平的设计。这种特点是没有现成的无机半导体主流，这使得有机硅为主的电子市场中开拓利基。有机为基础的设备的第一代专注于薄膜的几何形状，通过物理气相沉积或溶液处理生长。然而，它已经实现了有机纳米结构可以用来增强上述的应用程序的性能，显着的努力探索有机纳米结构体的制造方法，已投入。 t“的一个特别有趣的一类有机纳米结构是垂直方向的有机纳米线，纳米棒，纳米管组织在其中的一个良好的刻板，高密度的磁盘阵列 。这种结构是高度灵活的，是理想的形态结构等各种应用作为化学传感器，瞬间偶极的nanoantennas，与径向异质结构的“核 - 壳”纳米线的光生伏打器件，和记忆装置的交叉点型的几何形状。这样的架构实现了一个模板导向的方法，在过去，这种方法已被用于生长金属和无机半导体纳米线阵列。最近的π-共轭聚合物纳米线生长于纳米多孔模板。然而，这些方法取得了有限的成功，在生长纳米线的重要技术的π-共轭的小分子量的有机物 ，如三8 -羟基喹啉铝（Alq 3的），红荧烯和甲基anofullerenes在不同的领域，包括有机显示器，太阳能电池，薄膜晶体管和自旋电子学，这是常用的。 最近，我们已经能够解决上述问题，通过采用一种新型的“离心辅助”的方法。因此，这种方法拓宽光谱的有机材料，可以在垂直排列的纳米线阵列图案。由于技术的Alq 3，红荧烯和螺亚甲基衍生物的重要性，我们的方法可以用来研究这些材料的纳米结构如何影响上述有机器件的性能。这篇文章的目的是描述上述协议的技术细节，证明这个过程是如何可以扩展到任意基板终于长出小分子有机纳米线，讨论的关键步骤，限制，可能修改，麻烦拍摄和未来的应用。

由图所示（ 图5和图6）证明，离心机辅助降连续铸造方法生产的纳米线。 ，制成的纳米线在AAO模板内的孔，在垂直方向对齐，均匀，底封端的彼此电隔离。纳米线的直径确定在模板中的孔的直径。他们可以成功地制作在几个不同的底物，从而导致许多设备后这些结构的潜在应用。 因为这些结果是在这样的高纵横比功能，按理说这种沉积方法也可以扩...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates at JoVE.com

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

我们报告一个简单的方法制造的超高密度垂直有序的小分子有机纳米线阵列。这种方法可以合成复杂的异质结构的混合纳米线的几何形状，可以廉价地在任意衬底上生长的。这些结构有机电子学，光电子学，化学传感，光电和自旋电子学中具有潜在的应用。

超高密度垂直对齐的任意基质的小分子有机纳米线阵列

In  recent years &pi;-conjugated  organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of  diverse applications including large-area, ...

ultrahigh-density-array-vertically-aligned-small-molecular-organic

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.9K 次观看.  University of Alberta. 我们报告一个简单的方法制造的超高密度垂直有序的小分子有机纳米线阵列。这种方法可以合成复杂的异质结构的混合纳米线的几何形状，可以廉价地在任意衬底上生长的。这些结构有机电子学，光电子学，化学传感，光电和自旋电子学中具有潜在的应用。

视频: Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates

Conducting polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 19771. They offer the advantages of low weight, easy tailoring of properties and a wide spectrum of applications2,3. Due to sensitivity of conducting polymers to environmental conditions (e.g., air, oxygen, moisture, high temperature and chemical solutions), lithographic techniques present significant technical challenges when working with these materials4. For example, current photolithographic methods, such as ultra-violet (UV), are unsuitable for patterning the conducting polymers due to the involvement of wet and/or dry etching processes in these methods. In addition, current micro/nanosystems mainly have a planar form5,6. One layer of structures is built on the top surfaces of another layer of fabricated features. Multiple layers of these structures are stacked together to form numerous devices on a common substrate. The sidewall surfaces of the microstructures have not been used in constructing devices. On the other hand, sidewall patterns could be used, for example, to build 3-D circuits, modify fluidic channels and direct horizontal growth of nanowires and nanotubes.
A macropunching method has been applied in the manufacturing industry to create macropatterns in a sheet metal for over a hundred years. Motivated by this approach, we have developed a micropunching lithography method (MPL) to overcome the obstacles of patterning conducting polymers and generating sidewall patterns. Like the macropunching method, the MPL also includes two operations (Fig. 1): (i) cutting; and (ii) drawing. The "cutting" operation was applied to pattern three conducting polymers4, polypyrrole (PPy), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen)-poly(4-styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT) and polyaniline (PANI). It was also employed to create Al microstructures7. The fabricated microstructures of conducting polymers have been used as humidity8, chemical8, and glucose sensors9. Combined microstructures of Al and conducting polymers have been employed to fabricate capacitors and various heterojunctions9,10,11. The "cutting" operation was also applied to generate submicron-patterns, such as 100- and 500-nm-wide PPy lines as well as 100-nm-wide Au wires. The "drawing" operation was employed for two applications: (i) produce Au sidewall patterns on high density polyethylene (HDPE) channels which could be used for building 3D microsystems12,13,14, and (ii) fabricate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars on HDPE substrates to increase the contact angle of the channel15.

A micropunching lithography approach is developed to generate micro- and submicron-patterns on top, sidewall and bottom surfaces of polymer substrates. It overcomes the obstacles of patterning conducting polymers and generating sidewall patterns. This method allows rapid fabrication of multiple features and is free of aggressive chemistry.

Micropunching为微型和亚微米模式聚合物基板上生成的光刻

Conducting polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 19771. They offer the advantages of ...

科研

工程学

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

控制的大小，形状和稳定性超分子聚合物在水

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Photocatalytically active nanostructures require a large specific surface area with the presence of many catalytically active sites for the oxidation and reduction half reactions, and fast electron (hole) diffusion and charge separation. Nanowires present suitable architectures to meet these requirements. Axially segmented Ag|ZnO and radially segmented (coaxial) TiO2-Ag nanowires with a diameter of 200 nm and a length of 6-20 &#181;m were made by templated electrodeposition within the pores of polycarbonate track-etched (PCTE) or anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes, respectively. In the photocatalytic experiments, the ZnO and TiO2 phases acted as photoanodes, and Ag as cathode. No external circuit is needed to connect both electrodes, which is a key advantage over conventional photo-electrochemical cells. For making segmented Ag|ZnO nanowires, the Ag salt electrolyte was replaced after formation of the Ag segment to form a ZnO segment attached to the Ag segment. For making coaxial TiO2-Ag nanowires, a TiO2 gel was first formed by the electrochemically induced sol-gel method. Drying and thermal annealing of the as-formed TiO2 gel resulted in the formation of crystalline TiO2 nanotubes. A subsequent Ag electrodeposition step inside the TiO2 nanotubes resulted in formation of coaxial TiO2-Ag nanowires. Due to the combination of an n-type semiconductor (ZnO or TiO2) and a metal (Ag) within the same nanowire, a Schottky barrier was created at the interface between the phases. To demonstrate the photocatalytic activity of these nanowires, the Ag|ZnO nanowires were used in a photocatalytic experiment in which H2 gas was detected upon UV illumination of the nanowires dispersed in a methanol/water mixture. After 17 min&#160;of illumination, approximately 0.2 vol% H2 gas was detected from a suspension of ~0.1 g of Ag|ZnO nanowires in a 50 ml 80 vol% aqueous methanol solution.

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Procedures are outlined to prepare segmented and coaxial nanowires via templated electrodeposition in nanopores. As examples, segmented nanowires consisting of Ag and ZnO segments, and coaxial nanowires consisting of a TiO2 shell and a Ag core were made. The nanowires were used in photocatalytic hydrogen formation experiments.

制备和使用光催化活性分段银|氧化锌和二氧化钛同轴<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;银纳米线制成由模板电

Photocatalytically active nanostructures require a large specific surface area with the presence of many catalytically active sites for the oxidation and ...

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the presence of carbon nanotubes. These nanowires are extreme in the sense that they are the limit of miniaturization of nanowires and their behavior is not always a simple extrapolation of the behavior of larger nanowires as their diameter decreases. The paper then describes the methods required to obtain Raman spectra from extreme nanowires and the fact that due to the van Hove singularities that 1D systems exhibit in their optical density of states, that determining the correct choice of photon excitation energy is critical. It describes the techniques required to determine the photon energy dependence of the resonances observed in Raman spectroscopy of 1D systems and in particular how to obtain measurements of Raman cross-sections with better than 8% noise and measure the variation in the resonance as a function of sample temperature. The paper describes the importance of ensuring that the Raman scattering is linearly proportional to the intensity of the laser excitation intensity. It also describes how to use the polarization dependence of the Raman scattering to separate Raman scattering of the encapsulated 1D systems from those of other extraneous components in any sample.

The paper describes a method for producing extreme nanowires by melt infiltration into carbon nanotubes and how 1D systems may be characterized and investigated using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy to determine vibrational and optical excitation energies.

至尊纳米线和其他维系统的共振拉曼光谱

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the ...

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of stretchable electronic devices is the preparation of stretchable conductors with great mechanical stability. In this study, we developed a simple fabrication method to chemically solder the contact points between silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. AgNW nanomesh was first deposited on a glass slide via spray coating method. A reactive ink composed of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) precursors was applied over the spray coated AgNW thin films. After heating for 40 min, AgNPs were preferentially generated over the nanowire junctions to solder the AgNW nanomesh, and reinforced the conducting network. The chemically modified AgNW thin film was then transferred to polyurethane (PU) substrates by casting method. The soldered AgNW thin films on PU exhibited no obvious change in electrical conductivity under stretching or rolling process with elongation strains up to 120%.

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

对于高伸缩的导线与银纳米线制作方法

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

Effect of Bending on the Electrical Characteristics of Flexible Organic Single Crystal-based Field-effect Transistors

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling immensely. However, in soft electronics, in which organic semiconductors play a critical role, the devices will be bent or folded repeatedly. The effect of bending on the crystal packing and thus the charge transport is crucial to the performance of the device. In this manuscript, we describe the protocol to bend a single crystal of 5,7,12,16-tetrachloro-6,13-diazapentacene (TCDAP) in the field-effect transistor configuration and to obtain reproducible I-V characteristics upon bending the crystal. The results show that bending a field-effect transistor prepared on a flexible substrate results in nearly reversible yet opposite trends in charge mobility, depending on the bending direction. The mobility increases when the device is bent toward the top gate/dielectric layer (upward, compressive state) and decreases when bent toward the crystal/substrate side (downward, tensile state). The effect of bending curvature was also observed, with greater mobility change resulting from higher bending curvature. It is suggested that the intermolecular &#960;-&#960; distance changes upon bending, thereby influencing the electronic coupling and the subsequent carrier transport ability.

This manuscript describes the bending process of an organic single crystal-based field-effect transistor to maintain a functioning device for electronic property measurement. The results suggest that bending causes changes in the molecular spacing in the crystal and thus in the charge hopping rate, which is important in flexible electronics.

弯曲对基于晶体的柔性有机单场效应晶体管的电气特性的影响

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&amp;#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...