这项研究是由院内研究计划的美国国立卫生研究院，国家老龄问题研究所和巴尔的摩纵向研究老龄问题的支持。这种支持的一部分是通过与MEDSTAR研究院的研发合同。标准协议和技术专长是由ATCOR提供。

1。程序<ol><li>通过您的Windows桌面上的快捷方式的图标，双击打开软件。 </li><li>点击病人，激活病人屏幕。 </li><li>要进入一个新的病人到数据库中，单击耐心搜索区域的新建按钮，然后点击Yes按钮确认你想进入一个新的病人。 </li><li>输入患者详细信息，如姓氏，名字，出生日期和性别。点击保存按钮，前进到下一个步骤。 </li><li>点击PWA或PWV按钮来进行测量。如果只有其中的一种模式是可用的，就没有必要去点击该按钮，简单地进行研究画面。 </li></ol> 2。中央血压测量使用脉冲波分析（PWA） <ol><li>点击学习按钮，进入研究的参数。从输入校准血压计，你想包括任何其他细节所采取的肱动脉血压。 </li><li>集团公司K对捕获数据按钮进行测量。连接三个ECG电极和引线的患者中的改性铅II配置或使用患者的肢体如在电缆表示。 </li><li>触诊患者的桡动脉。这是位于在手腕上的横向，即拇指的根部附近的腕关节的上方。轻轻按压到下面的骨的桡骨动脉的中指和食指。 </li><li>将眼压计在脉冲最强点。轻轻按下眼压计，直到您看到的数据捕获屏幕上显示一致的压力波形。 </li><li>如果自动捕捉启用（见注），系统会自动保存测量。要手动保存测量进行分析，按键盘上的空格键（或脚踏开关的步骤，如果使用）。 </li><li>如果重复测量是必需具有相同的研究参数，单击重复按钮返回到拍摄数据屏幕和重复测量按照步骤2.4-2.5上文所述。 </li><li>要在一个新的病人进行测量，点击病人按钮返回到上面的步骤1.3。 </li></ol> 3。动脉僵硬度测量使用脉搏波速度（PWV） <ol><li>点击学习按钮，进入研究的参数。 </li><li>进入肱压力校准血压计采取 输入测量远端（超胸骨切迹到股动脉脉搏）的距离和近端（超胸骨切迹到颈动脉搏动）网站。用药，注意事项和操作字段可以进入，如果需要的话</li><li>点击捕捉按钮进行测量。 </li><li>确保ECG信号是可接受的质量。 </li><li>触诊颈动脉搏动。这是位于颈部喉及胸锁乳突肌之间。它可以通过按肌肉的侧面和按压喉部的动脉被感觉到。 </li><li&gt;将眼压计对颈动脉和轻轻按下眼压计，直到您收到的数据捕获屏幕上显示的一致压力波形。 </li><li>当你有一个最低的13秒的波形一致的，单击确定按钮，或（按下脚踏开关，如果使用）。 </li><li>触诊股动脉搏动。这是位于在腹大腿一半耻骨联合和髂前上棘之间。 </li><li>把眼压计的股动脉，然后轻轻按下眼压计，直到您收到捕获屏幕上显示的一致压力波形。当你有一个最低的13秒的波形一致的，单击确定按钮（或按脚踏开关的，如果使用）。 </li><li>该报告（S）现在可以检讨。这些测量通常是在一式三份进行。如果用户希望以测量颈动脉和桡动脉之间的PWV，只是所示的这些步骤会被重复，而不是在F测量不同之处在于emoral动脉，用户将放置眼压计在桡动脉。要在一个新的病人进行测量，点击研究按钮，并重复这一过程或使用搜索功能来搜索现有病人。 </li></ol> 4。关闭<ol><li>该软件会自动保存所有报告。要关闭该软件，点击系统主菜单，然后单击退出。将张力计在模块托盘贮存。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Najjar, S. S., Scuteri, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulse+wave+velocity+is+an+independent+predictor+of+the+longitudinal+increase+in+systolic+blood+pressure+and+of+incident+hypertension+in+the+Baltimore+Longitudinal+Study+of+Aging.">Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.</a> J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51 (14), 1377-1383 (2008).</li><li>Doonan, R. J., Scheffler, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+arterial+stiffness+and+subendocardial+viability+ratio+in+young+healthy+light+smokers+after+acute+exercise.">Altered arterial stiffness and subendocardial viability ratio in young healthy light smokers after acute exercise.</a> PloS one. 6 (10), (2011).</li><li>Laurent, S., Cockcroft, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expert+consensus+document+on+arterial+stiffness:+methodological+issues+and+clinical+applications.">Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications.</a> Eur. Heart J. 27 (21), 2588-2605 (2006).</li><li>Mitchell, G. F., Hwang, S. -. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+stiffness+and+cardiovascular+events:+the+Framingham+Heart+Study.">Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study.</a> Circulation. 121 (4), 505-511 (2010).</li><li>Abbatecola, A. M., Chiodini, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulse+wave+velocity+is+associated+with+muscle+mass+decline:+Health+ABC+study.">Pulse wave velocity is associated with muscle mass decline: Health ABC study.</a> Age. , (2011).</li><li>Watson, N. L., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+stiffness+and+gait+speed+in+older+adults+with+and+without+peripheral+arterial+disease.">Arterial stiffness and gait speed in older adults with and without peripheral arterial disease.</a> Am. J. Hypertens. 24 (1), 90-95 (2011).</li><li>Mackenzie, I. S., Wilkinson, I. B., Cockcroft, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+arterial+stiffness+in+clinical+practice.">Assessment of arterial stiffness in clinical practice.</a> QJM. 95 (2), 67-74 (2002).</li><li>O'Rourke, M. F., Pauca, A., Jiang, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulse+wave+analysis.">Pulse wave analysis.</a> Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 51 (6), 507-522 (2001).</li><li>Stoner, L., Young, J. M., Fryer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessments+of+arterial+stiffness+and+endothelial+function+using+pulse+wave+analysis.">Assessments of arterial stiffness and endothelial function using pulse wave analysis.</a> Int. J. Vasc. Med. 2012, 903107 (2012).</li><li>Farro, I., Bia, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulse+wave+velocity+as+marker+of+preclinical+arterial+disease:+reference+levels+in+a+uruguayan+population+considering+wave+detection+algorithms,+path+lengths,+aging,+and+blood+pressure.">Pulse wave velocity as marker of preclinical arterial disease: reference levels in a uruguayan population considering wave detection algorithms, path lengths, aging, and blood pressure.</a> Int. J. Hypertens. 2012, (2012).</li><li>Lakatta, E. G., Wang, M., Najjar, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+aging+and+subclinical+arterial+disease+are+fundamentally+intertwined+at+macroscopic+and+molecular+levels.">Arterial aging and subclinical arterial disease are fundamentally intertwined at macroscopic and molecular levels.</a> Med. Clin. N. Am. 93 (3), 583-604 (2009).</li><li>Ambrose, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical Manual (CVMS) Rev. 2, 1-51 (2011).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reference+Values+for+Arterial+Stiffness'+Collaboration+Determinants+of+pulse+wave+velocity+in+healthy+people+and+in+the+presence+of+cardiovascular+risk+factors:+'establishing+normal+and+reference+values.">Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness' Collaboration Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: 'establishing normal and reference values.</a> Eur. Heart J. 31 (19), 2338-2350 (2010).</li><li>van Bortel, L. M., Laurent, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expert+consensus+document+on+the+measurement+of+aortic+stiffness+in+daily+practice+using+carotid-femoral+pulse+wave+velocity.">Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.</a> J. Hypertens. 30 (3), 445-448 (2012).</li><li>Scuteri, A., Brancati, A., Gianni, W., Assisi, A., Volpe, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+stiffness+is+an+independent+risk+factor+for+cognitive+impairment+in+the+elderly:+a+pilot+study.">Arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment in the elderly: a pilot study.</a> J. Hypertens. 23 (6), 1211 (2005).</li><li>Khoshdel, A. R., Carney, S. L., Nair, B. R., Gillies, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Better+management+of+cardiovascular+diseases+by+pulse+wave+velocity:+combining+clinical+practice+with+clinical+research+using+evidence-based+medicine.">Better management of cardiovascular diseases by pulse wave velocity: combining clinical practice with clinical research using evidence-based medicine.</a> Clin. Med. Res. 5 (1), 45-52 (2007).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。作者收到协议描述和研究的SphygmoCor该公司生产所描述这款产品的性能帮助。

脉搏波速度（PWV）的测量是分析中央动脉僵硬度在一个相对简单和可重复的方式3一种非侵入性的方法。为了评估PWV，颈动脉（作为替代降主动脉）和股动脉脉搏波形使用的是高保真眼压计收购;延时脉冲波到达两个站点之间估计引用的同时记录心电图波由符合动脉系统3,10的繁殖模型定制设计的计算机软件。这两个采样点之间的距离，然后由该时间延迟划分到在“PWV”11到?...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50817">Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging</a>. There was an error with the author, Majd AlGhatrif's, name. The author's name has been corrected to:
Majd AlGhatrif
instead of:
Majd al Ghatrif

A correction to the author list has been made for article <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50817">Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging</a>.

Erratum: Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

脉搏波速度（PWV）被认为是动脉僵硬度2的评估的金标准。而不是用于临床在美国，已经在整个欧洲3验证，并广泛地用于临床环境中。改变PWV已与相关心血管疾病的危险因素，如高血压，肥胖，糖耐量异常，血脂异常和。较高的主动脉僵硬度已经与风险增加了首次心血管事件4，肌肉质量下降5，和较慢的步速的科目与外周动脉疾病的相关联。 PWV的评估是通过分析与血液的脉冲从颈动脉行进到股动脉7的转速来实现的。这是一个相对简单的方法具有高度可重现的结果。技术的进步继续简化程序，减少了操作者的依赖，并降低所需的时间的量考试。在我们的实验室中使用该系统生产的SphygmoCorand利用心电图和高保真眼压计，从颈动脉和股动脉搏动采集波形。该软件然后分析这些变量由1来确定速度）估计，该脉冲波需要通过参考压力波到达各动脉站点相对于所述的心电图波形2的定时的颈动脉和股点之间的旅行除以时间）两个站点的预计时间之间的测量距离。该采样点紧密联系起来，在不准确的PWV，限​​制了这种方法的较大血管，如股动脉和颈动脉。除了 ​​确定PWV时，系统可以通过应用传递函数由径向脉冲8这是“中央压力”和压力所产生的波形计算在升主动脉中的压力，在喷射时间最直接影响心脏。此信息可在对左心室以可靠和非侵入性的方式9在动脉系统的效果评估帮助。通过回声跟踪用于血管硬度的检验替代技术，如颈动脉扩张，需要大量的技术专长和比PWV耗费更多的时间。回声跟踪也普遍采用了视频图像分析，因此，这些测量的精度是有限3。其他技术用于检查血管改变包括颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT），它提供的结果更密切相关的动脉粥样硬化的进展，虽然获得的横截面和横向图像可以提供颈动脉顺应性的粗近似的评估。这个方法，但是，通过相同的一些约束如上所述的扩张性研究的困扰。随着研究人员继续寻找在各种疾病状态的作用动脉僵硬度的戏剧，PWV的测量可能将继续提供一个定量的和可重复的替代终点。

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			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:64px;">SphygmoCor System</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">AtCor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">SPT-304, Module EM3</td>
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pulse wave velocity testing in the baltimore longitudinal study of aging

颈动脉-股动脉脉搏波速度被认为是黄金标准，通过无创方法1获得中央动脉僵硬度的测量。受试者被放置在仰卧位，并允许至少10分钟的考试开始之前悄悄休息。合适的袖带尺寸的选择和使用示波装置获得的血压。一旦一个静息血压已经获得，压力波形被从右侧股动脉和右颈总动脉购入。然后系统会自动计算这两个站点之间的脉冲传输时间（使用颈动脉作为替代降主动脉）。体表测量用于确定由两个采样点之间的脉搏波行进的距离。这个距离，然后由所得的脉搏波传导速度的脉搏传导时间划分。该测量是在一式三份进行，并且平均是用于肛门ysis。

<html><img alt="表1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50817/50817table1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50817/50817table1.jpg" /> 表1中。 PWV结果都产自米每秒。在健康受试者，这些速度范围可以从一个平均每6.2米/秒（在30科目）至10.9米/秒（在科目70岁及以上），这些数值分别建立在健康人的文章“脉搏波传导速度的决定因素和心血管危险因素的存在：“建立正常的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging at JoVE.com

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

脉搏波速度（PWV）测量了眼压为基础的系统，测量与动脉压力波会沿着动脉树，通常近似，它需要这一波从降主动脉（使用颈行驶时的速度评估动脉僵硬度动脉作为替代），以股动脉。颈动脉 - 股动脉脉搏波速度提高两到整个成人寿命三倍。

脉搏波传导速度测试老化的巴尔的摩纵向研究中

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive ...

pulse-wave-velocity-testing-baltimore-longitudinal-study

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JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

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Medicine

Unit 1

Vital Signs: Pulse

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

16.9K 次观看.  National Institute of Aging. 脉搏波速度（PWV）测量了眼压为基础的系统，测量与动脉压力波会沿着动脉树，通常近似，它需要这一波从降主动脉（使用颈行驶时的速度评估动脉僵硬度动脉作为替代），以股动脉。颈动脉 - 股动脉脉搏波速度提高两到整个成人寿命三倍。 

视频: Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

在动物模型揭示神经，血液，创伤后应激障碍和行为相关因素的生物标志物

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

科研

医学

Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing factor in the overall outcome. Immunoblotting, flow cytometry and fixed cell experiments are often used to study how cells respond to anti-cancer drugs. These methods are important, but they have several shortcomings. Variability in drug responses between cancer and normal cells, and between cells of different cancer origin, and transient and rare responses are difficult to understand using population averaging assays and without being able to directly track and analyze them longitudinally. The microscope is particularly well suited to image live cells. Advancements in technology enable us to routinely image cells at a resolution that enables not only cell tracking, but also the observation of a variety of cellular responses. We describe an approach in detail that allows for the continuous time-lapse imaging of cells during the drug response for essentially as long as desired, typically up to 96 hr. Using variations of the approach, cells can be monitored for weeks. With the employment of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors numerous processes, pathways and responses can be followed. We show examples that include tracking and quantification of cell growth and cell cycle progression, chromosome dynamics, DNA damage, and cell death. We also discuss variations of the technique and its flexibility, and highlight some common pitfalls.

Here, we describe a method of long-term time-lapse microscopy to longitudinally track single cells in response to anti-cancer therapeutics.

透过玻璃看：时间推移显微镜和单细胞的纵向跟踪研究抗癌治疗

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing ...

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Age-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent and the burden continues to grow as our population ages. Effective treatments are necessary to lessen the impact of debilitating conditions but remain elusive in many cases. Only by understanding the causes and pathology of diseases associated with aging, can scientists begin to identify potential therapeutic targets and develop strategies for intervention. The most common age-related conditions are neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and blindness. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Genome wide association studies have previously identified loci that are associated with increased susceptibility to this disease and identified two regions of interest: complement factor H (CFH) and the 10q26 locus, where the age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) and high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HtrA1) genes are located. CFH acts as a negative regulator of the alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system while HtrA1 is an extracellular serine protease. ARMS2 is located upstream of HtrA1 in the primate genome, although the gene is absent in mice. To study the effects of these genes, humanized knock-in mouse lines of Cfh and ARMS2, knockouts of Cfh, HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3 and HtrA4 as well as a conditional neural deletion of HtrA2 were generated. Of all the genetically engineered mice produced only mice lacking HtrA2, either systemically or in neural tissues, displayed clear phenotypes. In order to examine these mice thoroughly and systematically, an initial phenotyping schedule was established, consisting of a series of tests related to two main diseases of interest: AMD and Parkinson's. Genetically modified mice can be subjected to appropriate experiments to identify phenotypes that may be related to the associated diseases in humans. A phenotyping regimen with a mitochondrial focus is presented here alongside representative results from the tests of interest.

A reverse-genetics approach to understanding gene families associated with human disease is presented, using mouse as a model system, and the subsequent mouse phenotyping schedule is described. Because mice defective in a gene of interest, HtrA2, manifested Parkinsonian symptoms, the phenotyping regimen is focused on identifying neurological defects.

一个表型养生为用于研究衰老的人类疾病基因牵连转基因小鼠

Age-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent and the burden continues to grow as our population ages. Effective treatments are necessary to ...

Ultrasound-based Pulse Wave Velocity Evaluation in Mice

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This parameter is being increasingly investigated in small rodent models in which it is used for assessing alterations in vascular function related to particular genotypes/treatments or for characterizing cardiovascular disease progression. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm which leads to non-invasive arterial PWV measurement in mice using ultrasound (US) images only. The proposed technique has been used to assess abdominal aorta PWV in mice and evaluate its age-associated changes.
Abdominal aorta US scans are obtained from mice under gaseous anesthesia using a specific US device equipped with high-frequency US probes. B-mode and Pulse-Wave Doppler (PW-Doppler) images are analyzed in order to obtain diameter and mean velocity instantaneous values, respectively. For this purpose, edge detection and contour tracking techniques are employed. The single-beat mean diameter and velocity waveforms are time aligned and combined in order to achieve the diameter-velocity (lnD-V) loop. PWV values are obtained from the slope of the linear part of the loop, which corresponds to the early systolic phase.
With the present approach, anatomical and functional information about the mouse abdominal aorta can be non-invasively achieved. Requiring the processing of US images only, it may represent a useful tool for the non-invasive characterization of different arterial sites in the mouse in terms of elastic properties. The application of the present technique can be easily extended to other vascular districts, such as the carotid artery, thus providing the possibility to obtain a multi-site arterial stiffness assessment.

Arterial stiffness represents a key factor in cardiovascular disease and pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be considered as a surrogate index for arterial stiffness. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm for calculating PWV in mice based on ultrasound image processing that is applicable at different arterial sites.

基于超声脉搏波速度评价小鼠

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This ...

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their lifetime. NAION results in optic nerve edema, selective loss of the retinal ganglion cell neurons (RGCs) and atrophy of the optic nerve. A rodent model of NAION that expresses most NAION features and sequelae has been developed, which is applicable to both rats and mice. This model utilizes a focal laser application of 532 nm wavelength to illuminate a photoactive dye, Rose Bengal (RB), to cause capillary damage and leakage at the targeted anterior optic nerve (the laminar region). After rNAION induction, there is an early optic nerve ischemia, optic nerve edema, and intraneural inflammation, followed by selective RGC and axonal loss. Since the optic nerve is a CNS white matter tract, the rNAION model is applicable to mechanistic studies of selective white matter ischemia, as well as neuroprotective analyses and short and long-term mechanisms of glial and neuronal response to ischemia.

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION

The following report describes how to replicate the rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION), using the appropriate dye, contact lens and laser parameters. We also reveal the appropriate steps for evaluating the rNAION lesion in vivo.

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变的啮齿动物模型（rNAION）

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular plasticity or damage occurring overtime and in relation to neuronal activity or blood flow. In vivo two-photon microscopy allows the study of the structural and functional plasticity of large cellular units in the living brain. In particular, the thinned-skull window preparation allows the visualization of cortical regions of interest (ROI) without inducing significant brain inflammation. Repetitive imaging sessions of cortical ROI are feasible, providing the characterization of disease hallmarks over time during the progression of numerous CNS diseases. This technique accessing the pial structures within 250 &#956;m of the brain relies on the detection of fluorescent probes encoded by genetic cellular markers and/or vital dyes. The latter (e.g., fluorescent dextrans) are used to map the luminal compartment of cerebrovascular structures. Germane to the protocol described herein is the use of an in vivo marker of amyloid deposits, Methoxy-O4, to assess Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression. We also describe the post-acquisition image processing used to track vascular changes and amyloid depositions. While focusing presently on a model of AD, the described protocol is relevant to other CNS disorders where pathological cerebrovascular changes occur.

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

This manuscript describes a procedure to track the remodeling of the cerebrovasculature during amyloid plaque accumulation in vivo using longitudinal two-photon microscopy. A thinned-skull preparation enables the visualization of fluorescent dyes to assess the progression of cerebrovascular damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer&#39;s disease.

纵<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;的Cerebrovasculature影像：相关性疾病CNS

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular ...

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is often capped with biocompatible materials in order to expedite pulpal wound healing. The ultimate goal is to regenerate reparative dentin, a physical barrier that functions as a "biological seal" and protects the underlying pulp tissue. Although this direct pulp-capping procedure has long been used in dentistry, the underlying molecular mechanism of pulpal wound healing and reparative dentin formation is still poorly understood. To induce reparative dentin, pulp capping has been performed experimentally in large animals, but less so in mice, presumably due to their small sizes and the ensuing technical difficulties. Here, we present a detailed, step-by-step method of performing a pulp-capping procedure in mice, including the preparation of a Class-I-like cavity, the placement of pulp-capping materials, and the restoration procedure using dental composite. Our pulp-capping mouse model will be instrumental in investigating the fundamental molecular mechanisms of pulpal wound healing in the context of reparative dentin in vivo by enabling the use of transgenic or knockout mice that are widely available in the research community.

We describe a step-by-step method of performing direct pulp capping on mice teeth for the evaluation of pulpal wound healing and reparative dentin formation in vivo.

伤口的牙髓评价一个直接盖髓模型的开发和治疗小鼠中修复性牙本质形成

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is ...

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.&#160; The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment.&#160; This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

利用视网膜成像研究痴呆

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central ...

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively by the measurement of carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) (Class I; Level of Evidence A). In literature, numerous community-based or disease-specific studies have reported that higher cf-PWV is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Here, we discuss strategies to evaluate arterial stiffness with cf-PWV. Following the well-defined steps detailed here, e.g., proper position operator, distance measurement, and tonometer position, we will obtain a standard cf-PWV value to evaluate arterial stiffness. In this paper, a detailed stepwise method to record a good quality PWV and pulse wave analysis (PWA) using a non-invasive tonometry-based device will be discussed.

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

This protocol describes a method to standardize the measurements of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity to evaluate arterial stiffness.

测量颈动脉股脉搏波速度 (Cf PWV) 评价动脉僵硬度

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively ...

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF). However, in clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cerebral hemodynamics is not assessed. NIRS is used to measure cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) in the frontal lobe. This method is reliable and valid and has been utilized in several studies. SctO2 is lower during both rest and peak exercise in patients with HF than in healthy controls (66.3 &#177; 13.3% and 63.4 &#177; 13.8% vs. 73.1 &#177; 2.8% and 72 &#177; 3.2%). SctO2 at rest is significantly linearly correlated with peak VO2 (r = 0.602), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (r = 0.501), and brain natriuretic peptide (r = -0.492), all of which are recognized prognostic and disease severity markers, indicating its potential prognostic value. SctO2 is determined mainly by end-tidal CO2 pressure, mean arterial pressure, and hemoglobin in the HF population. This article demonstrates a protocol that integrates SctO2 using NIRS into incremental CPET on a calibrated bicycle ergometer.

This protocol integrated near-infrared spectroscopy into conventional cardiopulmonary exercise testing to identify the involvement of the cerebral hemodynamic response in exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure.

心力衰竭患者心肺运动测试中脑组织饱和监测的集成

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ...