这项研究是由院内研究计划的美国国立卫生研究院，国家老龄问题研究所和巴尔的摩纵向研究老龄问题的支持。这种支持的一部分是通过与MEDSTAR研究院的研发合同。标准协议和技术专长是由ATCOR提供。

1。程序<ol><li>通过您的Windows桌面上的快捷方式的图标，双击打开软件。 </li><li>点击病人，激活病人屏幕。 </li><li>要进入一个新的病人到数据库中，单击耐心搜索区域的新建按钮，然后点击Yes按钮确认你想进入一个新的病人。 </li><li>输入患者详细信息，如姓氏，名字，出生日期和性别。点击保存按钮，前进到下一个步骤。 </li><li>点击PWA或PWV按钮来进行测量。如果只有其中的一种模式是可用的，就没有必要去点击该按钮，简单地进行研究画面。 </li></ol> 2。中央血压测量使用脉冲波分析（PWA） <ol><li>点击学习按钮，进入研究的参数。从输入校准血压计，你想包括任何其他细节所采取的肱动脉血压。 </li><li>集团公司K对捕获数据按钮进行测量。连接三个ECG电极和引线的患者中的改性铅II配置或使用患者的肢体如在电缆表示。 </li><li>触诊患者的桡动脉。这是位于在手腕上的横向，即拇指的根部附近的腕关节的上方。轻轻按压到下面的骨的桡骨动脉的中指和食指。 </li><li>将眼压计在脉冲最强点。轻轻按下眼压计，直到您看到的数据捕获屏幕上显示一致的压力波形。 </li><li>如果自动捕捉启用（见注），系统会自动保存测量。要手动保存测量进行分析，按键盘上的空格键（或脚踏开关的步骤，如果使用）。 </li><li>如果重复测量是必需具有相同的研究参数，单击重复按钮返回到拍摄数据屏幕和重复测量按照步骤2.4-2.5上文所述。 </li><li>要在一个新的病人进行测量，点击病人按钮返回到上面的步骤1.3。 </li></ol> 3。动脉僵硬度测量使用脉搏波速度（PWV） <ol><li>点击学习按钮，进入研究的参数。 </li><li>进入肱压力校准血压计采取 输入测量远端（超胸骨切迹到股动脉脉搏）的距离和近端（超胸骨切迹到颈动脉搏动）网站。用药，注意事项和操作字段可以进入，如果需要的话</li><li>点击捕捉按钮进行测量。 </li><li>确保ECG信号是可接受的质量。 </li><li>触诊颈动脉搏动。这是位于颈部喉及胸锁乳突肌之间。它可以通过按肌肉的侧面和按压喉部的动脉被感觉到。 </li><li&gt;将眼压计对颈动脉和轻轻按下眼压计，直到您收到的数据捕获屏幕上显示的一致压力波形。 </li><li>当你有一个最低的13秒的波形一致的，单击确定按钮，或（按下脚踏开关，如果使用）。 </li><li>触诊股动脉搏动。这是位于在腹大腿一半耻骨联合和髂前上棘之间。 </li><li>把眼压计的股动脉，然后轻轻按下眼压计，直到您收到捕获屏幕上显示的一致压力波形。当你有一个最低的13秒的波形一致的，单击确定按钮（或按脚踏开关的，如果使用）。 </li><li>该报告（S）现在可以检讨。这些测量通常是在一式三份进行。如果用户希望以测量颈动脉和桡动脉之间的PWV，只是所示的这些步骤会被重复，而不是在F测量不同之处在于emoral动脉，用户将放置眼压计在桡动脉。要在一个新的病人进行测量，点击研究按钮，并重复这一过程或使用搜索功能来搜索现有病人。 </li></ol> 4。关闭<ol><li>该软件会自动保存所有报告。要关闭该软件，点击系统主菜单，然后单击退出。将张力计在模块托盘贮存。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Najjar, S. S., Scuteri, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulse+wave+velocity+is+an+independent+predictor+of+the+longitudinal+increase+in+systolic+blood+pressure+and+of+incident+hypertension+in+the+Baltimore+Longitudinal+Study+of+Aging.">Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.</a> J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51 (14), 1377-1383 (2008).</li><li>Doonan, R. J., Scheffler, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+arterial+stiffness+and+subendocardial+viability+ratio+in+young+healthy+light+smokers+after+acute+exercise.">Altered arterial stiffness and subendocardial viability ratio in young healthy light smokers after acute exercise.</a> PloS one. 6 (10), (2011).</li><li>Laurent, S., Cockcroft, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expert+consensus+document+on+arterial+stiffness:+methodological+issues+and+clinical+applications.">Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications.</a> Eur. Heart J. 27 (21), 2588-2605 (2006).</li><li>Mitchell, G. F., Hwang, S. -. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+stiffness+and+cardiovascular+events:+the+Framingham+Heart+Study.">Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study.</a> Circulation. 121 (4), 505-511 (2010).</li><li>Abbatecola, A. M., Chiodini, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulse+wave+velocity+is+associated+with+muscle+mass+decline:+Health+ABC+study.">Pulse wave velocity is associated with muscle mass decline: Health ABC study.</a> Age. , (2011).</li><li>Watson, N. L., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+stiffness+and+gait+speed+in+older+adults+with+and+without+peripheral+arterial+disease.">Arterial stiffness and gait speed in older adults with and without peripheral arterial disease.</a> Am. J. Hypertens. 24 (1), 90-95 (2011).</li><li>Mackenzie, I. S., Wilkinson, I. B., Cockcroft, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+arterial+stiffness+in+clinical+practice.">Assessment of arterial stiffness in clinical practice.</a> QJM. 95 (2), 67-74 (2002).</li><li>O'Rourke, M. F., Pauca, A., Jiang, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulse+wave+analysis.">Pulse wave analysis.</a> Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 51 (6), 507-522 (2001).</li><li>Stoner, L., Young, J. M., Fryer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessments+of+arterial+stiffness+and+endothelial+function+using+pulse+wave+analysis.">Assessments of arterial stiffness and endothelial function using pulse wave analysis.</a> Int. J. Vasc. Med. 2012, 903107 (2012).</li><li>Farro, I., Bia, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulse+wave+velocity+as+marker+of+preclinical+arterial+disease:+reference+levels+in+a+uruguayan+population+considering+wave+detection+algorithms,+path+lengths,+aging,+and+blood+pressure.">Pulse wave velocity as marker of preclinical arterial disease: reference levels in a uruguayan population considering wave detection algorithms, path lengths, aging, and blood pressure.</a> Int. J. Hypertens. 2012, (2012).</li><li>Lakatta, E. G., Wang, M., Najjar, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+aging+and+subclinical+arterial+disease+are+fundamentally+intertwined+at+macroscopic+and+molecular+levels.">Arterial aging and subclinical arterial disease are fundamentally intertwined at macroscopic and molecular levels.</a> Med. Clin. N. Am. 93 (3), 583-604 (2009).</li><li>Ambrose, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical Manual (CVMS) Rev. 2, 1-51 (2011).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reference+Values+for+Arterial+Stiffness'+Collaboration+Determinants+of+pulse+wave+velocity+in+healthy+people+and+in+the+presence+of+cardiovascular+risk+factors:+'establishing+normal+and+reference+values.">Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness' Collaboration Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: 'establishing normal and reference values.</a> Eur. Heart J. 31 (19), 2338-2350 (2010).</li><li>van Bortel, L. M., Laurent, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expert+consensus+document+on+the+measurement+of+aortic+stiffness+in+daily+practice+using+carotid-femoral+pulse+wave+velocity.">Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.</a> J. Hypertens. 30 (3), 445-448 (2012).</li><li>Scuteri, A., Brancati, A., Gianni, W., Assisi, A., Volpe, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+stiffness+is+an+independent+risk+factor+for+cognitive+impairment+in+the+elderly:+a+pilot+study.">Arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment in the elderly: a pilot study.</a> J. Hypertens. 23 (6), 1211 (2005).</li><li>Khoshdel, A. R., Carney, S. L., Nair, B. R., Gillies, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Better+management+of+cardiovascular+diseases+by+pulse+wave+velocity:+combining+clinical+practice+with+clinical+research+using+evidence-based+medicine.">Better management of cardiovascular diseases by pulse wave velocity: combining clinical practice with clinical research using evidence-based medicine.</a> Clin. Med. Res. 5 (1), 45-52 (2007).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。作者收到协议描述和研究的SphygmoCor该公司生产所描述这款产品的性能帮助。

脉搏波速度（PWV）的测量是分析中央动脉僵硬度在一个相对简单和可重复的方式3一种非侵入性的方法。为了评估PWV，颈动脉（作为替代降主动脉）和股动脉脉搏波形使用的是高保真眼压计收购;延时脉冲波到达两个站点之间估计引用的同时记录心电图波由符合动脉系统3,10的繁殖模型定制设计的计算机软件。这两个采样点之间的距离，然后由该时间延迟划分到在"PWV"11到达。...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50817">Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging</a>. There was an error with the author, Majd AlGhatrif's, name. The author's name has been corrected to:
Majd AlGhatrif
instead of:
Majd al Ghatrif

A correction to the author list has been made for article <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50817">Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging</a>.

Erratum: Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

脉搏波速度（PWV）被认为是动脉僵硬度2的评估的金标准。而不是用于临床在美国，已经在整个欧洲3验证，并广泛地用于临床环境中。改变PWV已与相关心血管疾病的危险因素，如高血压，肥胖，糖耐量异常，血脂异常和。较高的主动脉僵硬度已经与风险增加了首次心血管事件4，肌肉质量下降5，和较慢的步速的科目与外周动脉疾病的相关联。 PWV的评估是通过分析与血液的脉冲从颈动脉行进到股动脉7的转速来实现的。这是一个相对简单的方法具有高度可重现的结果。技术的进步继续简化程序，减少了操作者的依赖，并降低所需的时间的量考试。在我们的实验室中使用该系统生产的SphygmoCorand利用心电图和高保真眼压计，从颈动脉和股动脉搏动采集波形。该软件然后分析这些变量由1来确定速度）估计，该脉冲波需要通过参考压力波到达各动脉站点相对于所述的心电图波形2的定时的颈动脉和股点之间的旅行除以时间）两个站点的预计时间之间的测量距离。该采样点紧密联系起来，在不准确的PWV，限​​制了这种方法的较大血管，如股动脉和颈动脉。除了 ​​确定PWV时，系统可以通过应用传递函数由径向脉冲8这是"中央压力"和压力所产生的波形计算在升主动脉中的压力，在喷射时间最直接影响心脏。此信息可在对左心室以可靠和非侵入性的方式9在动脉系统的效果评估帮助。通过回声跟踪用于血管硬度的检验替代技术，如颈动脉扩张，需要大量的技术专长和比PWV耗费更多的时间。回声跟踪也普遍采用了视频图像分析，因此，这些测量的精度是有限3。其他技术用于检查血管改变包括颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT），它提供的结果更密切相关的动脉粥样硬化的进展，虽然获得的横截面和横向图像可以提供颈动脉顺应性的粗近似的评估。这个方法，但是，通过相同的一些约束如上所述的扩张性研究的困扰。随着研究人员继续寻找在各种疾病状态的作用动脉僵硬度的戏剧，PWV的测量可能将继续提供一个定量的和可重复的替代终点。

<table><tbody><tr><td>SphygmoCor System</td><td>AtCor</td><td>SPT-304, Module EM3</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pulse wave velocity testing in the baltimore longitudinal study of aging

颈动脉-股动脉脉搏波速度被认为是黄金标准，通过无创方法1获得中央动脉僵硬度的测量。受试者被放置在仰卧位，并允许至少10分钟的考试开始之前悄悄休息。合适的袖带尺寸的选择和使用示波装置获得的血压。一旦一个静息血压已经获得，压力波形被从右侧股动脉和右颈总动脉购入。然后系统会自动计算这两个站点之间的脉冲传输时间（使用颈动脉作为替代降主动脉）。体表测量用于确定由两个采样点之间的脉搏波行进的距离。这个距离，然后由所得的脉搏波传导速度的脉搏传导时间划分。该测量是在一式三份进行，并且平均是用于肛门ysis。

<html><img alt="表1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50817/50817table1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50817/50817table1.jpg" /> 表1中。 PWV结果都产自米每秒。在健康受试者，这些速度范围可以从一个平均每6.2米/秒（在30科目）至10.9米/秒（在科目70岁及以上），这些数值分别建立在健康人的文章"脉搏波传导速度的决定因素和心血管危险因素的存在:"建立正常的和参...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging at JoVE.com

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

脉搏波速度（PWV）测量了眼压为基础的系统，测量与动脉压力波会沿着动脉树，通常近似，它需要这一波从降主动脉（使用颈行驶时的速度评估动脉僵硬度动脉作为替代），以股动脉。颈动脉 - 股动脉脉搏波速度提高两到整个成人寿命三倍。

脉搏波传导速度测试老化的巴尔的摩纵向研究中

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive ...

pulse-wave-velocity-testing-baltimore-longitudinal-study

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Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Nursing

Medicine

Unit 1

Vital Signs: Pulse

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

17.0K 次观看.  National Institute of Aging. 脉搏波速度（PWV）测量了眼压为基础的系统，测量与动脉压力波会沿着动脉树，通常近似，它需要这一波从降主动脉（使用颈行驶时的速度评估动脉僵硬度动脉作为替代），以股动脉。颈动脉 - 股动脉脉搏波速度提高两到整个成人寿命三倍。 

视频: Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

在动物模型揭示神经，血液，创伤后应激障碍和行为相关因素的生物标志物

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

科研

医学

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance

Orthostatic tolerance (OT) refers to the ability to maintain cardiovascular stability when upright, against the hydrostatic effects of gravity, and hence to maintain cerebral perfusion and prevent syncope (fainting). Various techniques are available to assess OT and the effects of gravitational stress upon the circulation, typically by reproducing a presyncopal event (near-fainting episode) in a controlled laboratory environment. The time and/or degree of stress required to provoke this response provides the measure of OT. Any technique used to determine OT should: enable distinction between patients with orthostatic intolerance (of various causes) and asymptomatic control subjects; be highly reproducible, enabling evaluation of therapeutic interventions; avoid invasive procedures, which are known to impair OT1.
In the late 1980s head-upright tilt testing was first utilized for diagnosing syncope2. Since then it has been used to assess OT in patients with syncope of unknown cause, as well as in healthy subjects to study postural cardiovascular reflexes2-6. Tilting protocols comprise three categories: passive tilt; passive tilt accompanied by pharmacological provocation; and passive tilt with combined lower body negative pressure (LBNP). However, the effects of tilt testing (and other orthostatic stress testing modalities) are often poorly reproducible, with low sensitivity and specificity to diagnose orthostatic intolerance7.
Typically, a passive tilt includes 20-60 min of orthostatic stress continued until the onset of presyncope in patients2-6. However, the main drawback of this procedure is its inability to invoke presyncope in all individuals undergoing the test, and corresponding low sensitivity8,9. Thus, different methods were explored to increase the orthostatic stress and improve sensitivity.
Pharmacological provocation has been used to increase the orthostatic challenge, for example using isoprenaline4,7,10,11 or sublingual nitrate12,13. However, the main drawback of these approaches are increases in sensitivity at the cost of unacceptable decreases in specificity10,14, with a high positive response rate immediately after administration15. Furthermore, invasive procedures associated with some pharmacological provocations greatly increase the false positive rate1.
Another approach is to combine passive tilt testing with LBNP, providing a stronger orthostatic stress without invasive procedures or drug side-effects, using the technique pioneered by Professor Roger Hainsworth in the 1990s16-18. This approach provokes presyncope in almost all subjects (allowing for symptom recognition in patients with syncope), while discriminating between patients with syncope and healthy controls, with a specificity of 92%, sensitivity of 85%, and repeatability of 1.1&plusmn;0.6 min16,17. This allows not only diagnosis and pathophysiological assessment19-22, but also the evaluation of treatments for orthostatic intolerance due to its high repeatability23-30. For these reasons, we argue this should be the "gold standard" for orthostatic stress testing, and accordingly this will be the method described in this paper.

We describe a "gold standard" for evaluating orthostatic tolerance (OT) using tilt testing with combined lower body negative pressure (LBNP). This can be combined with non-invasive evaluations of cardiovascular reflex control. Normal and abnormal responses are defined.

倾斜试验结合下体负压测量立位耐力的"金标准"

Orthostatic tolerance (OT)  refers to the ability to maintain cardiovascular stability when upright,  against the hydrostatic effects of gravity, and ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

原位主动脉瓣移植在小鼠血管疾病的研究

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Ultrasound-based Pulse Wave Velocity Evaluation in Mice

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This parameter is being increasingly investigated in small rodent models in which it is used for assessing alterations in vascular function related to particular genotypes/treatments or for characterizing cardiovascular disease progression. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm which leads to non-invasive arterial PWV measurement in mice using ultrasound (US) images only. The proposed technique has been used to assess abdominal aorta PWV in mice and evaluate its age-associated changes.
Abdominal aorta US scans are obtained from mice under gaseous anesthesia using a specific US device equipped with high-frequency US probes. B-mode and Pulse-Wave Doppler (PW-Doppler) images are analyzed in order to obtain diameter and mean velocity instantaneous values, respectively. For this purpose, edge detection and contour tracking techniques are employed. The single-beat mean diameter and velocity waveforms are time aligned and combined in order to achieve the diameter-velocity (lnD-V) loop. PWV values are obtained from the slope of the linear part of the loop, which corresponds to the early systolic phase.
With the present approach, anatomical and functional information about the mouse abdominal aorta can be non-invasively achieved. Requiring the processing of US images only, it may represent a useful tool for the non-invasive characterization of different arterial sites in the mouse in terms of elastic properties. The application of the present technique can be easily extended to other vascular districts, such as the carotid artery, thus providing the possibility to obtain a multi-site arterial stiffness assessment.

Arterial stiffness represents a key factor in cardiovascular disease and pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be considered as a surrogate index for arterial stiffness. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm for calculating PWV in mice based on ultrasound image processing that is applicable at different arterial sites.

基于超声脉搏波速度评价小鼠

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This ...

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively by the measurement of carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) (Class I; Level of Evidence A). In literature, numerous community-based or disease-specific studies have reported that higher cf-PWV is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Here, we discuss strategies to evaluate arterial stiffness with cf-PWV. Following the well-defined steps detailed here, e.g., proper position operator, distance measurement, and tonometer position, we will obtain a standard cf-PWV value to evaluate arterial stiffness. In this paper, a detailed stepwise method to record a good quality PWV and pulse wave analysis (PWA) using a non-invasive tonometry-based device will be discussed.

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

This protocol describes a method to standardize the measurements of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity to evaluate arterial stiffness.

测量颈动脉股脉搏波速度 (Cf PWV) 评价动脉僵硬度

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively ...

Measurement of Pulse Propagation Velocity, Distensibility and Strain in an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Mouse Model

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a localized dilation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds the maximal intraluminal diameter (MILD) by 1.5 times of its original size. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that small aneurysms may rupture, while a subpopulation of large aneurysms may remain stable. Thus, in addition to the measurement of intraluminal diameter of the aorta, knowledge of structural traits of the vessel wall may provide important information to assess the stability of the AAA. Aortic stiffening has recently emerged as a reliable tool to determine early changes in the vascular wall. Pulse propagation velocity (PPV) along with the distensibility and radial strain are highly useful ultrasound-based methods relevant for assessing aortic stiffness. The primary purpose of this protocol is to provide a comprehensive technique for the use of ultrasound imaging system to acquire images and analyze the structural and functional properties of the aorta as determined by MILD, PPV, distensibility and radial strain.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for using high frequency ultrasound imaging to measure luminal diameter, pulse propagation velocity, distensibility and radial strain on a mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

腹部主动脉瘤小鼠模型中脉冲传播速度、失散性和应变的测量

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a localized dilation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds the maximal intraluminal diameter (MILD) by 1.5 ...

免疫与感染

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用超声 BDAT 设备进行皮质骨评估

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Fragility fractures are still a worldwide health burden in the context of population aging. In particular, the global number of hip fractures is expected to double between 2020 and 2050. Therefore, it is essential to detect patients at risk of fragility fracture at the population scale. The current golden standard is dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), providing the areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Ultrasonic devices, usually more portable and cheaper than X-ray devices, represent interesting DXA alternatives as screening tools. However, operator dependency is usually recognized as their main drawback. In this study, the measurement protocol of the bi-directional axial transmission (BDAT) ultrasonic device is presented in detail. The dedicated ultrasonic probe is placed at the one-third distal radius of the non-dominant forearm using conventional coupling gel. The guided interface provides in quasi-real time (about 2 Hz) four parameters of interest: velocities of the first arriving signal (vFAS) and the A0 mode (vA0),&#160;cortical thickness (Ct.Th) and porosity (Ct.Po), as well as four quality parameters. The operator moves the probe slowly at the measurement site, carefully observing the feedback provided by the interface until finding a stable position and starting a series of 10 acquisitions. When at least four consistent series are obtained, the measurement ends, and an automatic report is generated. The measurement usually takes about 5 min to complete. To determine the robustness of this protocol, a reproducibility study was conducted among 3 operators (one expert and two novices) and 14 healthy participants (6 women, 8 men, 21-53 years old). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were found good for vA0 (0.76), Ct.Po (0.80) or excellent for Ct.Th (0.87) and vFAS (0.91). The standard deviations were found to be less than 10% of the total ranges in clinical practice.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用超声导波进行皮质骨评估:健康人群的可重复性研究

Here, we present the measurement protocol of the bi-directional axial transmission (BDAT) ultrasonic device in detail and test it in a reproducibility study, considering 14 healthy participants and 3 operators. Reliability, measured with the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), was good to excellent for four parameters of interest.

使用超声导波进行皮质骨评估:健康人群的可重复性研究

Fragility fractures are still a worldwide health burden in the context of population aging. In particular, the global number of hip fractures is expected ...

生物工程

评估训练工作负载中的腿部血流

Doppler Ultrasound-Based Leg Blood Flow Assessment During Single-Leg Knee-Extensor Exercise in an Uncontrolled Setting

Doppler ultrasound has revolutionized the assessment of organ blood flow and is widely used in research and clinical settings. While Doppler ultrasound-based assessment of contracting leg muscle blood flow is common in human studies, the reliability of this method requires further investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the within-day test-retest, between-day test-retest, and inter-rater reliability of Doppler ultrasound for assessing leg blood flow during rest and graded single-leg knee-extensions (0 W, 6 W, 12 W, and 18 W), with the ultrasound probe being removed between measurements. The study included thirty healthy subjects (age: 33 &#177; 9.3, male/female: 14/16) who visited the laboratory on two different experimental days separated by 10 days. The study did not control for major confounders such as nutritional state, time of day, or hormonal status. Across different exercise intensities, the results demonstrated high within-day reliability with a coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 4.0% to 4.3%, acceptable between-day reliability with a CV ranging from 10.1% to 20.2%, and inter-rater reliability with a CV ranging from 17.9% to 26.8%. Therefore, in a real-life clinical scenario where controlling various environmental factors is challenging, Doppler ultrasound can be used to determine leg blood flow during submaximal single-leg knee-extensor exercise with high within-day reliability and acceptable between-day reliability when performed by the same sonographer.

作者聚焦：评估多普勒超声测量腿部血流的可靠性 

This test-retest study evaluated leg blood flow measured by the Doppler ultrasound technique during single-leg knee-extensor exercise. The within-day, between-day, and inter-rater reliability of the method was investigated. The approach demonstrated high within-day and acceptable between-day reliability. However, the inter-rater reliability was unacceptably low during rest and at low workloads.

脉搏波传导速度测试老化的巴尔的摩纵向研究中

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此视频中的章节

在动物模型揭示神经，血液，创伤后应激障碍和行为相关因素的生物标志物

倾斜试验结合下体负压测量立位耐力的"金标准"

原位主动脉瓣移植在小鼠血管疾病的研究

基于超声脉搏波速度评价小鼠

测量颈动脉股脉搏波速度 (Cf PWV) 评价动脉僵硬度

腹部主动脉瘤小鼠模型中脉冲传播速度、失散性和应变的测量

使用超声导波进行皮质骨评估:健康人群的可重复性研究

使用超声导波进行皮质骨评估:健康人群的可重复性研究

使用超声导波进行皮质骨评估:健康人群的可重复性研究

在不受控制的环境中进行单腿膝伸肌运动期间基于多普勒超声的腿部血流评估