这项工作得到了NIH（1 R01 AI095338-01A1）的财政支持。

作者宣称他们没有相互竞争的经济利益。

中微霉素在粘膜上皮表面的迁移是感染细菌病原体后疾病病理学的一个常见特征。本文描述的方法提供了一种快速、直接的方法，利用人类细胞衍生的体外人工造影检测系统，对细菌感染引发的炎症过程的一个特征进行实验隔离。该系统最初是利用极化肠道上皮细胞开发的，该细胞感染了肠道病原体，包括沙门氏菌、西盖拉弹性内膜和各种致病性大肠杆菌8?...

粘胶表面作为物理和免疫屏障，为防止外部威胁在环境中普遍存在提供保护。当致病生物入侵2时，这种保护性上皮屏障可能会受到损害。在细菌病原体的情况下，这种相遇往往通过激活先天免疫系统和触发被称为嗜中性粒细胞2-4的第一反应器颗粒细胞的快速动员煽动炎症过程。促进中性粒细胞招募的化学诱因剂部分由粘膜上皮细胞产生，试图摆脱宿主的违规病原体2-4。粘膜上皮表面过度或未解决的中性粒细胞渗透可引起重大病理学1，5。这是抗菌中性粒细胞库5-7造成的非特异性组织损伤的结果。在这种情况下，中性粒细胞的细菌清除能力因传染性侮辱期间宿主组织的破坏而黯然失色。 保护性上皮屏障功能的破坏可导致基础组织对微生物和/或毒素的进一步暴露，进一步加剧疾病病理学8，9。这些后果可以在多个器官系统中观察到，包括肺和消化道1，5。此外，非感染性炎症条件，如严重的哮喘发作，慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD），急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）和炎症性肠病（IBD）的特点是，通过过度的嗜中性反应4，5，10-12的粘膜上皮屏障的病理突破。
粘体感染后中性粒细胞招募的复杂过程涉及几个分门别化步骤1，5，13，14。首先，嗜中性粒细胞必须通过一系列细胞对细胞的相互作用来脱离循环，促进跨内皮迁移1，13。中性粒细胞接下来导航现有的间歇空间，其中包含细胞外基质1，14。要到达受感染的粘膜的流明，中性粒细胞必须迁移穿过上皮屏障1，4，5。这种复杂的多步骤现象往往被综合使用体内动物模型感染15。这些模型有助于确定特定因素的必要性，如化疗因子、粘附分子或参与整个过程的信号通路，但在很大程度上不足以解决对每个不同分门别析步骤16至关重要的分子贡献。培养体外系统建模跨内皮，转矩阵，或中性粒细胞的跨上皮迁移在这方面特别有用1，14，16，17。
已发展出一套强大的共生检测系统，以破译负责中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移的机制，以应对18-22年的致病性感染。该模型涉及用细菌病原体感染极化人类上皮细胞层的 apical 表面，然后将新分离的人类中微子应用到基底层表面 18-22。中性粒细胞迁移跨越上皮屏障，以响应18，21-23年致病性感染后分泌的上皮衍生化学产品。该系统采用肠道和肺上皮培养物，暴露于适当的组织特定细菌病原体，并揭示了新的分子机制可能重要的中性粒细胞招募过程中，粘膜感染3，8，19，24-28。这种 体外 共生模式的优点是，一种还原方法使研究者能够在控制良好、可重现、相当便宜的系统中实验性地操纵病原体、上皮屏障和/或中性粒细胞。从这种方法中收集的见解可以有效地利用在中性粒细胞招募期间使用 体内 感染模型22，29，30进行分门别析事件的集中分析。
本文演示了成功建立这种可重复模型以探索病原体诱发的中微子跨上皮迁移所需的多个步骤。本文介绍了感染病原体 伪多莫纳斯动脉鲁吉诺萨的 肺上皮屏障：然而，其他组织表皮和病原体可以替代与轻微的修改。在倒置胶原蛋白涂层透气透水过滤器上对极化肺上皮细胞层的播种和培养进行了详细的介绍，致病性 P.aeruginosa 的生长和中微粒细胞从全血中分离也详细介绍了这一点。这些组件如何结合观察病原体诱发的中微子跨上皮迁移，并结合适当的正负对照组进行，以建立可重复的检测。本文结合文献中的具体研究，探讨了这种方法研究病原体诱导中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移各个方面的多功能性。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1470">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">NCl-H292 cells</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">CRL-1848</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">RPMI-1640 medium</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">30-2001</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#47085</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Escherichia coli MC1000</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#39531</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">D-PBS (1x) liquid</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Heat Inactivated Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">10082-147</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">10% added to culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">100x: 10,000 units of penicillin and 10,000 &#181;g of streptomycin per ml.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">25300-062</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">50 ml aliquots are stored frozen at -20 &#186;C.&#160; Aliquot in use can be stored at 4 &#186;C short-term.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution - HBSS(-)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">14175-079</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Sterile, without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Trypan Blue Solution</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">15250-061.</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Stock = 0.4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Collagen, Rat Tail</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">A10483-01</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Can also be isolated in the laboratory directly from the tails of rats using standard protocols</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C1909-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of 1 M citrate buffer and acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Sodium Citrate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">S4641-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of 1 M citrate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Dextrose anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">D8066-250G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Ammonium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">213330-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">S6014-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">ED-100G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">HBSS(+) powder</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">H1387-10L</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Key component of HBSS+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">H3375-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of HBSS+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Sigmacote</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">SL2-25ML</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Follow vendor instructions to coat glass pipette tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">T-9284</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">2,2&#39;-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">A9941-50TAB</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Key component of ABTS substrate solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">30% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">H1009-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of ABTS substrate solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP or fMLF)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">F-3506</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">A Stock solution of 10 mM in DMSO should be prepared and aliquots stored at -20 &#186;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Gelatin Type B</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">M-12026</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Pseudomonas isolation agar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">DF0927-17-1</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Follow manufacturer&#8217;s instructions to make PIA plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Ficoll-Paque PLUS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">45-001-749</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Optional, can improve neutrophil purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Name of Material / Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">24-well migration plate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#3524</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">24-well wash plate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">35-1147</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Can be reused if soaked in 70% ethanol and washed thoroughly prior to reuse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">96-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#12565501</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:520px;">Transwell Permeable Supports&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#3415</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Polycarbonate; Diameter: 6.5 mm; Growth area: 0.33 cm2; Dish style: 24-well plate; Pore size: 3.0 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">35-1013</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Each Petri dish holds 24 inverted 0.33 cm2 Transwells.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">500 ml 0.2 &#956;m filter / flask</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">09-740-25A</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">To sterilize acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">5-3/4 in glass Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">13-678-20A</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Coat tips with Sigmacote prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Hemostat</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">13-812-14</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Curved, Serrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Invertoskop Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#342222</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Versa-Max Microplate Reader</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#432789</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro coculture assay to assess pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration

粘性表面是预防致病生物的防护屏障。当感应病原体导致组织与迁移的炎症细胞（主要是嗜中性粒细胞）的渗透时，先天免疫反应被激活。如果过度或处于未解决状态，此过程可能会对组织造成破坏性破坏。 可利用 体外 培养模型研究病原体诱导中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移中涉及的独特分子机制。这种类型的模型在实验设计中提供了多功能性，为控制病原体、上皮屏障或中性粒细胞提供了机会。在透水转井过滤器上生长的极性上皮单层的气质表面的致病感染，在生理上与玄武岩相关，对应用于玄武岩表面的嗜中性嗜血杆菌进行肛盖跨上皮迁移。此处描述的 体外 模型演示了在极化肺上皮单层中演示中性粒细胞迁移所需的多个步骤，该单层已感染致病性 P. aeruginosa （PAO1）。描述了用人类衍生的肺上皮细胞对透水转井进行播种和培养，同时从整个人类血液中分离中性粒细胞，并培养PAO1和非致病性K12 大肠杆菌 （MC1000）。 移民过程和对成功迁移的嗜中性粒细胞的定量分析，已动员起来应对致病性感染，并显示具有代表性的数据，包括正对照和负对照。这种 体外 模型系统可以操纵并应用于其他粘性表面。涉及中性粒细胞过度渗透的炎症反应可能对宿主组织具有破坏性，并且可能发生在没有致病性感染的情况下。通过实验操纵本文所述的 体外 共生检测系统，更好地了解促进中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移的分子机制，对于确定一系列粘膜传染病和炎症性疾病的新治疗目标具有重大潜力。

多项研究表明，病原体感染的上皮层促进中微子跨上皮迁移3，8，19，24-28，31，32。这发生在一个上皮细胞衍生的中性粒细胞化学梯度3，23的病原体特异性诱导。例如，致病 性P.aeruginosa 与肺上皮细胞的顶层相互作用，导致大量嗜中性粒细胞在上皮层18，22，25，26，33，34迁移。这种临床相关的检测系统可以以多种方式进行操作，在与适当的控制配对时，揭开关键病原?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration at JoVE.com

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移，以应对粘膜细菌感染，有助于上皮损伤和临床疾病。已经开发出一种 体外 模型，结合了病原体、人类嗜中性粒细胞和在转井过滤器上生长的极化人类上皮细胞层，以促进研究，以解开协调这一现象的分子机制。

体外 共生分析评估病原体诱导中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

17.4K 次观看.  Harvard Medical School. 中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移，以应对粘膜细菌感染，有助于上皮损伤和临床疾病。已经开发出一种 体外 模型，结合了病原体、人类嗜中性粒细胞和在转井过滤器上生长的极化人类上皮细胞层，以促进研究，以解开协调这一现象的分子机制。

视频: In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)-Triggered Immunity (PTI) in Plants

To perceive potential pathogens in their environment, plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present on their plasma membranes. PRRs recognize conserved microbial features called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and this detection leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), which effectively prevents colonization of plant tissues by non-pathogens1,2. The most well studied system in PTI is the FLS2-dependent pathway3. FLS2 recognizes the PAMP flg22 that is a component of bacterial flagellin. 
Successful pathogens possess virulence factors or effectors that can suppress PTI and allow the pathogen to cause disease1. Some plants in turn possess resistance genes that detect effectors or their activity, which leads to effector-triggered immunity (ETI)2.
We describe a cell death-based assay for PTI modified from Oh and Collmer4. The assay was standardized in N. benthamiana, which is being used increasingly as a model system for the study of plant-pathogen interactions5. PTI is induced by infiltration of a non-pathogenic bacterial strain into leaves. Seven hours later, a bacterial strain that either causes disease or which activates ETI is infiltrated into an area overlapping the original infiltration zone. PTI induced by the first infiltration is able to delay or prevent the appearance of cell death due to the second challenge infiltration. Conversely, the appearance of cell death in the overlapping area of inoculation indicates a breakdown of PTI. 
Four different combinations of inducers of PTI and challenge inoculations were standardized (Table 1). The assay was tested on non-silenced N. benthamiana plants that served as the control and plants silenced for FLS2 that were predicted to be compromised in their ability to develop PTI.

Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern PAMP-Triggered Immunity PTI in Plants

A cell death-based assay for PTI in Nicotiana benthamiana plants is described.

含量为病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）触发免疫功能的植物（公共交通交汇处）

To perceive potential pathogens in their environment, plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present on their plasma membranes. PRRs recognize ...

科研

免疫与感染

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular matrix proteins. The precise spatiotemporal activation of integrins from a low affinity state to a high affinity state at the cell leading edge is important for T lymphocyte migration 1. Likewise, retraction of the cell trailing edge, or uropod, is a necessary step in maintaining persistent integrin-dependent T lymphocyte motility 2. Many therapeutic approaches to autoimmune or inflammatory diseases target integrins as a means to inhibit the excessive recruitment and migration of leukocytes 3. To study the molecular events that regulate human T lymphocyte migration, we have utilized an in vitro system to analyze cell migration on a two-dimensional substrate that mimics the environment that a T lymphocyte encounters during recruitment from the vasculature. T lymphocytes are first isolated from human donors and are then stimulated and cultured for seven to ten days. During the assay, T lymphocytes are allowed to adhere and migrate on a substrate coated with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a ligand for integrin LFA-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Our data show that T lymphocytes exhibit a migratory velocity of ~15 &mu;m/min. T lymphocyte migration can be inhibited by integrin blockade 1 or by inhibitors of the cellular actomyosin machinery that regulates cell migration 2.

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

T lymphocyte migration occurs during homing to lymphoid organs, exit from the vasculature, and entering into peripheral tissues. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to analyze T lymphocyte migration in vitro.

迁移人T淋巴细胞分离，培养和分析<em在体外</em

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular ...

Tracking Neutrophil Intraluminal Crawling, Transendothelial Migration and Chemotaxis in Tissue by Intravital Video Microscopy

The recruitment of circulating leukocytes from blood stream to the inflamed tissue is a crucial and complex process of inflammation1,2. In the postcapillary venules of inflamed tissue, leukocytes initially tether and roll on the luminal surface of venular wall. Rolling leukocytes arrest on endothelium and undergo firm adhesion in response to chemokine or other chemoattractants on the venular surface. Many adherent leukocytes relocate from the initial site of adhesion to the junctional extravasation site in endothelium, a process termed intraluminal crawling3. Following crawling, leukocytes move across endothelium (transmigration) and migrate in extravascular tissue toward the source of chemoattractant (chemotaxis)4. Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo and revealing cellular and molecular mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment2,5. In this report, we provide a comprehensive description of using brightfield intravital microscopy to visualize and determine the detailed processes of neutrophil recruitment in mouse cremaster muscle in response to the gradient of a neutrophil chemoattractant. To induce neutrophil recruitment, a small piece of agarose gel (~1-mm3 size) containing neutrophil chemoattractant MIP-2 (CXCL2, a CXC chemokine) or WKYMVm (Trp-Lys-Tyr-Val-D-Met, a synthetic analog of bacterial peptide) is placed on the muscle tissue adjacent to the observed postcapillary venule. With time-lapsed video photography and computer software ImageJ, neutrophil intraluminal crawling on endothelium, neutrophil transendothelial migration and the migration and chemotaxis in tissue are visualized and tracked. This protocol allows reliable and quantitative analysis of many neutrophil recruitment parameters such as intraluminal crawling velocity, transmigration time, detachment time, migration velocity, chemotaxis velocity and chemotaxis index in tissue. We demonstrate that using this protocol, these neutrophil recruitment parameters can be stably determined and the single cell locomotion conveniently tracked in vivo.

We describe a protocol of brightfield intravital microscopy for measuring dynamic neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions during neutrophil recruitment in response to the source of a neutrophil chemoattractant in vivo. Neutrophil intraluminal crawling, transendothelial migration and chemotaxis in mouse cremaster muscle tissue are visualized with time-lapsed video photography and tracked with ImageJ.

追踪中性粒细胞腔内的爬行，活体视频显微镜Transendothelial组织中的迁移和趋化

The recruitment of circulating leukocytes from blood stream to the inflamed tissue is a crucial and complex process of inflammation1,2. In the ...

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

The vascular endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by host mediators or directly by conserved microbial components or host-derived danger molecules. Activated ECs express cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules that mobilize, activate and retain leukocytes at the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive, and adhere to the endothelium through a variety of adhesion molecules present on the surfaces of both cells. The main functions of neutrophils are to directly eliminate microbial threats, promote the recruitment of other leukocytes through the release of additional factors, and initiate wound repair. Therefore, their recruitment and attachment to the endothelium is a critical step in the initiation of the inflammatory response. In this report, we describe an in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay using calcein AM-labeled primary human neutrophils to quantitate the extent of microvascular endothelial cell activation under static conditions. This method has the additional advantage that the same samples quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry can also be visualized directly using fluorescence microscopy for a more qualitative assessment of neutrophil binding.

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Neutrophil adherence to the activated endothelium at sites of infection is an integral component of the host's inflammatory response. Described in this report is a neutrophil binding assay that allows for the in vitro quantitation of primary human neutrophil binding to endothelial cells activated by inflammatory mediators under static conditions.

量<em在体外</em&gt;激活的主人微血管内皮细胞在静态条件下测量的检测，以中性粒细胞粘附

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

Quantitative Assessment of Human Neutrophil Migration Across a Cultured Bladder Epithelium

The recruitment of immune cells from the periphery to the site of inflammation is an essential step in the innate immune response at any mucosal surface. During infection of the urinary bladder, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN; neutrophils) migrate from the bloodstream and traverse the bladder epithelium. Failure to resolve infection in the absence of a neutrophilic response demonstrates the importance of PMN in bladder defense. To facilitate colonization of the bladder epithelium, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the causative agent of the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs), dampen the acute inflammatory response using a variety of partially defined mechanisms. To further investigate the interplay between host and bacterial pathogen, we developed an in vitro model of this aspect of the innate immune response to UPEC. In the transuroepithelial neutrophil migration assay, a variation on the Boyden chamber, cultured bladder epithelial cells are grown to confluence on the underside of a permeable support. PMN are isolated from human venous blood and are applied to the basolateral side of the bladder epithelial cell layers. PMN migration representing the physiologically relevant basolateral-to-apical direction in response to bacterial infection or chemoattractant molecules is enumerated using a hemocytometer. This model can be used to investigate interactions between UPEC and eukaryotic cells as well as to interrogate the molecular requirements for the traversal of bladder epithelia by PMN. The transuroepithelial neutrophil migration model will further our understanding of the initial inflammatory response to UPEC in the bladder.

We developed an in vitro model that mimics an important component of the acute inflammatory response during infection of the bladder with uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The transuroepithelial neutrophil migration assay enables quantitative assessment of human neutrophil migration across bladder epithelia, cultured on permeable supports, in response to bacterial infection or chemoattractant substances.

人中性粒细胞迁移的跨越培养膀胱上皮定量评价

The recruitment of immune cells from the periphery to the site of inflammation is an essential step in the innate immune response at any mucosal surface. ...

Human Neutrophil Flow Chamber Adhesion Assay

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion involves many different adhesion molecules including members of the &beta;2 integrin family and their counter-receptors of the ICAM family. Recently, naturally occurring genetic variants in both &beta;2 integrins and ICAMs are reported to be associated with autoimmune disease. Thus, the quantitative adhesive capacity of neutrophils from individuals with varying allelic forms of these adhesion molecules is important to study in relation to mechanisms underlying development of autoimmunity. Adhesion studies in flow chamber systems can create an environment with fluid shear stress similar to that observed in the blood vessel environment in vivo. Here, we present a method using a flow chamber assay system to study the quantitative adhesive properties of human peripheral blood neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and to purified ligand substrates. With this method, the neutrophil adhesive capacities from donors with different allelic variants in adhesion receptors can be assessed and compared. This method can also be modified to assess adhesion of other primary cell types or cell lines.

A method of quantitating neutrophil adhesion is reported. This method creates a dynamic flow environment similar to that encountered in a blood vessel. It allows the investigation of neutrophil adhesion to either purified adhesion molecules (ligand) or endothelial cell substrate (HUVEC) in a context similar to the in vivo environment with sheer stress.

人中性粒细胞流动室粘附实验

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They are key players in the innate immune system and play major roles in cancer biology. Neutrophils have been proposed as key mediators of malignant transformation, tumor progression, angiogenesis and in the modulation of the antitumor immunity; through their release of soluble factors or their interaction with tumor cells. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a fast and reliable method is coveted for in vitro isolation of neutrophils from human blood. Here, a density gradient separation method is demonstrated to isolate neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells from the blood. The procedure consists of layering the density gradient solution such as Ficoll carefully above the diluted blood obtained from patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), followed by centrifugation, isolation of mononuclear layer, separation of neutrophils from RBCsby dextran then lysis of residual erythrocytes. This method has been shown to isolate neutrophils &#8805; 90 % pure. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, 3-dimensional (3D) experiments were performed using basement membrane matrix such as Matrigel. Given the short half-life of neutrophils in vitro, 3D experiments with fresh human neutrophils cannot be performed. For this reason promyelocytic HL60 cells are differentiated along the granulocytic pathway using the differentiation inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA). The aim of our experiments is to study the role of neutrophils on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents. However these methods can be generalized to study the interactions of neutrophils or neutrophil-like cells with a large range of cell types in different situations.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. The isolation of neutrophils from human blood by density gradient separation method and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells along the granulocytic pathway are described here; to test their role on sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents.

中性粒细胞分离和分析，以确定他们的淋巴瘤细胞的敏感性对治疗药物的作用

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

A Novel In Vitro Wound Healing Assay to Evaluate Cell Migration

The aim of this work is to show a novel method to evaluate the ability of some immunomodulatory molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), to stimulate cell migration. Importantly, cell migration is a rate-limiting event during the wound-healing process to re-establish the integrity and normal function of tissue layers after injury. The advantage of this method over the classical assay, which is based on a manually made scratch in a cell monolayer, is the usage of special silicone culture inserts providing two compartments to create a cell-free pseudo-wound field with a well-defined width (500 &#956;m). In addition, due to an automated image analysis platform, it is possible to rapidly obtain quantitative data on the speed of wound closure and cell migration. More precisely, the effect of two frog-skin AMPs on the migration of bronchial epithelial cells will be shown. Furthermore, pretreatment of these cells with specific inhibitors will provide information on the molecular mechanisms underlying such events.

A Novel In Vitro Wound Healing Assay to Evaluate Cell Migration

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the effect of peptides on the migration of bronchial epithelial cells. This method allows for the rapid and highly reproducible obtainment of quantitative data on the speed of cell migration and wound closure.

一种新的体外创面愈合试验评价细胞迁移

The aim of this work is to show a novel method to evaluate the ability of some immunomodulatory molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), to ...

Analysis of Shear Flow-induced Migration of Murine Marginal Zone B Cells In Vitro

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) are a population of B cells that reside in the mouse splenic marginal zones that envelop follicles. To reach the follicles, MZBs must migrate up the shear force of blood flow. We present here a method for analyzing this flow-induced MZB migration in vitro. First, MZBs are isolated from the mouse spleen. Second, MZBs are settled on integrin ligands in flow chamber slides, exposed to shear flow, and imaged under a microscope while migrating. Third, images of the migrating MZBs are processed using the MTrack2 automatic cell tracking plugin for ImageJ, and the resulting cell tracks are quantified using the Ibidi chemotaxis tool. The migration data reveal how fast the cells move, how often they change direction, whether the shear flow vector affects their migration direction, and which integrin ligands are involved. Although we use MZBs, the method can easily be adapted for analyzing migration of any leukocyte that responds to the force of shear flow.

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) respond to the force of shear flow by re-orienting their migration path up the flow. This protocol shows how to record and analyze the migration using a fluidics unit, pump, microscope imaging system, and free software.

小鼠边缘区 b 细胞剪切流诱导迁移的体外分析

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) are a population of B cells that reside in the mouse splenic marginal zones that envelop follicles. To reach the follicles, ...

A High-throughput Assay to Assess and Quantify Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. NETs have been demonstrated to serve as an important host defense mechanism that traps and kills microorganisms. On the other hand, they have been implicated in diverse systemic autoimmune diseases. NETs are immunogenic and toxic structures that contain a pool of relevant autoantigens including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Different forms of NETs can be induced depending on the stimulus. The amount of NETs can be quantified using different techniques including measuring DNA release in supernatants, measuring DNA-complexed with NET-molecules like myeloperoxidase (MPO) or neutrophil elastase (NE), measuring the presence of citrullinated histones by fluorescence microscopy, or flow cytometric detection of NET-components which all have different features regarding their specificity, sensitivity, objectivity, and quantity. Here is a protocol to quantify ex vivo NET formation in a highly-sensitive, high-throughput manner by using three-dimensional immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. This protocol can be applied to address various research questions about NET formation and degradation in health and disease.

This protocol describes a highly sensitive and high throughput neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) assay for the semi-automated quantification of ex vivo NET formation by immunofluorescence three-dimensional confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used to evaluate NET formation and degradation after different stimuli and can be used to study potential NET-targeted therapies.

一种评估和定量中性粒细胞外细胞陷阱形成的高通量检测

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. ...

体外 共生分析评估病原体诱导中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移

体外共生分析评估病原体诱导中性粒细胞跨上皮迁移