在佐治亚技术研究所在BUNZ的实验室工作，支持部分的国家科学基金会（NSF-CHE 07502753）和资助鲁普雷希特-卡尔斯-UNIVERSITAT海德堡的工作“，结构式和Innovationsfond DES朗德巴登 - 符腾堡”。在休斯敦大学在Miljanić的实验室工作，资助由美国国家科学基金会职业计划（译文-1151292），在韦尔奇基金会（授出没有。ê-1768），在大学休斯顿（UH）和其小格兰特程序，并德州超导中心在UH。

1。羧酸类化合物的检测使用Distyrylbis（基乙炔）苯Cruciforms <ol><li>准备新鲜的原液cruciforms 1-3的浓度为1.0×10 -3 mol / L的在DCM。这是没有必要使用分光质量溶剂; ACS试剂级纯度足够。 </li><li>使用从1.1原液制备100毫升2.0×10 -6 M的溶液1-3在二氯甲烷（DCM），乙酸乙酯（EtOAc）纯化，乙腈（AN），N，N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF），异丙醇（一异丙醇）和甲醇（甲醇）。这是没有必要使用分光质量溶剂; ACS试剂级纯度足够。 </li><li>称出0.65毫摩尔（88.2-124.2毫克）的分析物羧酸A1 - A10在5毫升DRAM小瓶中，加入5毫升2.1编写的解决方案，并摇晃小瓶。如果异构，相应的解决方案应该被静置沉淀（过滤是不必要的），这导致总concent的比为0.13米（31克/升）的羧酸。 </li><li>捕捉在黑暗的房间中没有环境光的荧光数码照片。本发明的照相设置（ 图2）包括一台数码相机（佳能EOS 30D）配有一个客观的（EFS 18-55毫米变焦镜头）和两个UV灯（激发波长365nm处）。不封顶的药瓶应定位在两个UV灯的最大曝光相机镜头和样品瓶之间的距离为60厘米。曝光时间的变化，每个解决方案产生的图像，反映颜色的排放（0.25 - 15秒）。 </li></ol> 2。的硼酸类使用苯并二恶唑Cruciforms的的检测<ol><li>准备1.0×10 -4 M溶液在DCM十字形4。这是没有必要使用溶剂质量分光ACS试剂级纯度足够。 </li><li>每个硼酸待测准备五个单独的解决方案，通过溶解50毫克（0.24-0.41毫摩尔）的被分析物在3毫升的乙腈（AN），1,2,4 - 三氯苯（TCB），二氯甲烷（DCM），环己烷（CH），氯苯（CB）。这将导致约。 16.7 g / L的解决方案相对于每个分析物。这是没有必要使用分光质量溶剂; ACS试剂级纯度足够。 </li><li>传输2.2中制备成五个独立的10×10毫米的石英比色皿（通常用于紫外/可见吸收光谱）分析物溶液各1.8毫升。然后，添加20μl的十字形的溶液在2.1到每一个的5个比色皿中，并搅拌上述两种溶液均匀化。如果观察到任何降水，相应的解决方案应该简单地解决（过滤是不必要的）。 </li><li>所有五个试管放置在玻璃板上，他们手持式紫外线灯（365纳米）从顶部照射。紫外线灯应放置在一个时尚，以确保平等地照射到所有五个小瓶。 </li><li>确保房间是DARK（关灯，块窗户和其他来源的自然和人工光源），并立即采取的排放数码照片色彩的解决方案。 miljanić 等 。使用了两种型号的数码相机：富士FinePix S9000和佳能EOS反叛T3i，相机镜头和样品试管之间用45厘米的距离。快门速度是0.5秒。 </li></ol> 3。胺分析物的检测使用苯并二恶唑十字/硼酸混合传感系统<ol><li>准备（至少）80毫升1.0×10 -6 M 的解决方案十字形4的乙腈（AN），1,2,4 -三氯苯（TCB），环己烷（CH），二氯甲烷（DCM），氯仿（CF ）。 </li><li>将B1（152.6毫克，0.80毫摩尔）溶解在40毫升的3.1中制备的每一个的解决方案。 </li><li> B5（97.6毫克，0.80毫摩尔）溶解在40毫升的3.1中制备的每一个的解决方案。 </li><li>在3.2和3.3所描述的解决方案后，立即编写的，使用米（每次2毫升），溶解所需胺分析物40毫克，（0.19-0.47毫摩尔）。对于每个胺待测，10个解决方案应准备：五B1和B5作为添加剂。这是没有必要使用分光质量溶剂; ACS试剂级纯度足够。 </li><li>对于每个分析物，转让等分的十大准备分析物/硼酸酸/十字形4分为十个不同的石英比色皿的解决方案。这两个五的反应杯套（4/B1 4/B5）放置到玻璃板，由手持式紫外灯在365nm处的照射，并立即使用上述2.5中所述的设置照片。 </li></ol> 4。图像处理和数字分析物歧视<ol><li>使用Adobe Photoshop或类似的图像处理程序，切出的代表方段从每个拍摄小瓶的排放颜色的数码照片。这些切口组织成类似于图3B，4板，5 </s豪华型。在许多情况下，这些面板允许肉眼快速分析物之间的歧视。 </li><li>如果需要量化发光颜色差异，R / G / B值可以提取4.1板，然后统计处理。可自由下载的色彩对比分析器14可以用于此目的。为了获得一种分析物相对于另一个（ 例如，化合物B1和B2， 图4）的发光颜色的相对标准偏差（RSD），使用下面的公式： <img alt="公式1" src="/files/ftp_upload/50858/50858eq1.jpg" /></li><li>从4.2的方程也被用来确定未知的羧酸分析物。因此，每一个未知分析物之间的偏差来确定的校准数据集的所有物质。最小的偏差表示相应的物质。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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我们什么都没有透露。

协议本文和视频描述的定性判别重大潜力在例行的质量分析，甚至是最低水平培训的操作员可以辨别成分差异，或偏离一个明确的公式。这种技术的实用性进一步增强了使用简单的手机，相机，结合图形和图像识别软件，如谷歌护目镜，可以匹配的记录到数据库中已知成分的排放颜色。简单的摄影颜色的发射是约两个数量级的速度严格的荧光发射光谱仪分析，并在许多情况下，可以匹配在其辨别?...

被定义为分子cruciforms的X形交叉共轭分子，其中两个共轭电路相交于中央纤芯。1,2,3与适当的供体-受体取代时，这些分子可以在空间上定位他们的前沿分子轨道（FMOS），从而使最高占据分子轨道（HOMO）驻留显性沿富电子的分子轴，而最低未占据分子轨道（LUMO）具有的缺电子的分子的臂沿其大部分密度。这样的空间隔离FMOS的这些cruciforms作为小分子的传感器应用中​​是必不可少的，因为分析物结合的十字形总是改变它的HOMO-LUMO能隙和相关的光学属性。此行为已被证明在基于1,4 cruciforms的二苯乙烯基-1,5 -双（芳基乙炔）苯，1 1,2,4,5 - tetrakisethynylbenzene的，4和撑苯并二恶唑5,6结构图案。由于所有三类分子固有荧光，这种方法允许用作小分子传感器。在所有这三个例子，cruciforms取代刘易斯基本吡啶和二烷基苯组，因此响应Lewis酸性分析物的质子和金属离子，如1,4,5,7,8,9。 所示BUNZ和他的同事已经在2011年，10，，1,4 -二苯乙烯基-2,5 -双（芳基乙炔基）苯的荧光响应cruciforms 1 - 3个（ 图1）显着变化，这取决于用来诱导的羧酸的结构质子化的十字形。随后，Miljanić 等人证明 ，撑苯并二恶唑cruciforms如4（ 图1），还将显示高度特异性的荧光发射结构上相关的羧酸的反应，也可以看出，类似的区别非常相似的有机硼酸之间11起源高度选择性的发光颜色的变化目前还不清楚，最有可能是复杂的 - ，电子差分析物，残留分析物的荧光，质子诱导转移的cruciforms最大发射荧光猝灭想必发挥作用。然而，在结构上相关的分析物鉴别的能力是显着的，特别是因为可以得到统计相关的区别到执行详尽的UV / Vis吸收或荧光表征的分析物的光学响应cruciforms，而不需要。相反，简单的发射颜色的照片有足够的区别，允许在结构上密切相关的分析物的鉴别，特别是如果该照片是在不同溶剂中，或使用一个以上的十字形传感器。使用这种快速的方法，可以快速分析几十种分析物在一个下午（参见图3-5中的面板），而同样的分析需要星期，如果采用严格的光谱。此外，硼酸，因为是动态的物种，可以协调的亲核试剂通过硼的空p轨道，Miljanić使用此功能开发撑苯并二恶唑十字形4和简单的非荧光硼酸酸添加剂B1和B5（ 图4）构成的混合型传感器。11， 12此方法操作如下：十字形4和硼酸复杂成瞬态络合物4·ÑB1（或4·ÑB5），在此配合物中的精确结构是目前未知的，但其荧光不同于纯十字形。如果此溶液暴露于路易斯碱性分析物，它们可以代替一个或两个-OH基团上的硼酸，13从而显着改变的电子特性的硼，反过来，整个复合体的荧光。使用这个“替代传感方法，传感酚类，有机胺和脲，以及小的有机和无机的阴离子，可以实现的。 在本文中，我们提出了一个直接和替代检测方法使用教程，快速定性区分结构相关（一 ）羧酸（ 图3），（ 二 ），硼酸（ 图4），并，转承，（ 三）有机胺（ 图5）。要说明报告的协议的广泛适用性，，邦茨cruciforms分别用于检测羧酸，而Miljanić的化合物分别检测硼酸，通过混合传感器，小的有机胺。我们推测，这些传感器可以很容易互换，无重大质量分析物的歧视后果。

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cyclohexane (CH)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>4878-02</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chlorobenzene (CB)</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9179-1</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>19390</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane (DCM) - Miljani&#263;</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>4879-06</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (AN)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>2856-10</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chloroform (CF)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>4440-19</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane (DCM) - Bunz</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>24233</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ethyl Acetate (EtOAc)</td>
			<td>Brenntag</td>
			<td>10010447</td>
			<td>Additional distillation</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (AN)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34851</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>38840</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>2-Propanol (iPrOH)</td>
			<td>Ruprecht-Karls Universit&auml;t Heidelberg, Zentralbereich Neuenheimer Feld</td>
			<td>69595</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Methanol (MeOH)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20847.295</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (A1)</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>54630</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetic Acid (A2)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H50004</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ibuprofen (A3)</td>
			<td>ABCR</td>
			<td>AB125950</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aspirine (A4)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Phenylacetic Acid (A5)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P16621</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Chlorophenylacetic Acid (A6)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>139262</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Benzoic Acid (A7)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>8222571000</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid (A8)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D110000</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>2,4-Dichlorobenzoic Acid (A9)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>139572</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>2-Hydroxy-5-iodobenzoic Acid (A10)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I10600</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>2,6-Dichlorophenylboronic Acid (B1)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>D3357</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic Acid (B2)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>471070</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Mercaptophenylboronic Acid (B3)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>524018</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Methoxyphenylboronic Acid (B4)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>M1126</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Benzeneboronic Acid (B5)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A14257</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cyclohexylboronic Acid (B6)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>556580</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>3-Pyridylboronic Acid (B7)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>512125</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Nitrophenylboronic Acid (B8)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>673854</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pentafluorophenylboronic Acid (B9)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>465097</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Triethylamine (N1)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12646</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Piperidine (N2)</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>2895-05</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Piperazine (N3)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>P45907</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1,4-Diaminobenzene (N4)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A15680</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1,3-Diaminobenzene (N5)</td>
			<td>Eastman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1,2-Diaminobenzene (N6)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>P0168</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Methoxyaniline (N7)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10946</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aniline (N8)</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>22173-2500</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Nitroaniline (N9)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10369</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>N,N-Diphenylurea (N10)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A18720</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>N,N-Dimethylurea (N11)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B21329</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Urea (N12)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>8648-04</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Canon EOS 30D (objective EFS 18-55 mm zoom lens)</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Canon EOS Rebel T3i (objective EFS 18-55 mm zoom lens)</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>FujiFilm FinePix S9000</td>
			<td>Fuji</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

qualitative identification of carboxylic acids, boronic acids, and amines using cruciform fluorophores

分子cruciforms的X形的系统，在该系统中，两个共轭轴相交于中央纤芯。如果这些分子的一个轴被取代的电子给体，电子受体与其他，cruciforms的HOMO本地化富电子和LUMO沿缺电子的轴。此空间隔离of cruciforms&#39;的前沿分子轨道（FMOS）其作为传感器的使用是必不可少的，因为分析物结合的十字形总是改变它的HOMO-LUMO能隙和相关的光学属性。利用这个原理，1,4 - 二苯乙烯基-2,5 - 双（芳基乙炔）苯和苯并二恶唑cruciforms，分别作为荧光传感器的金属离子，羧酸，硼酸，酚类，胺类，BUNZ和Miljanić团队开发的阴离子。观察到的发光颜色时，这些十字形的混合，分析物的分析物的结构的细节是高度敏感的 - 因为cruciforms电荷没有相分离激发态 - 到溶剂中，观察到发光。在结构上密切相关的物种，可以定性区分于一些分析物类：（ 一 ）的羧酸;（二）硼酸，及（c）的金属。使用从苯并二恶唑cruciforms的硼酸添加剂组成的混合传感系统，我们也能分辨之间的结构相似：（D）小的有机和无机阴离子，（五）胺类，酚类及（f）。用于这种质的区别的方法是极其简单的。的cruciforms一些的，现成的溶剂的稀溶液中（通常为10 -6 M）被放置在紫外/可见小瓶。然后，被分析物的添加，可直接作为固体或在浓溶液中。荧光的变化几乎是在瞬间发生，可以使用半专业数码相机在暗室里通过标准的数字摄影记录。最小的图形操作，面板允许快速待测物之间的区别肉眼可布置成代表切口发射彩色照片。量化的目的，红/绿/蓝值可以从这些照片中提取得到的数字数据进行统计处理。

为了说明的电位十字形在感测和识别密切相关的分析物的荧光基团，3类结果。首先，1,4 -二苯乙烯基-2 -1,5 -双（芳基乙炔）苯cruciforms 1-3（ 图1）用来区分羧酸的结构上相关的图3所示的A1-A10之间。然后，基于撑苯并二恶唑的十字形4（ 图1）已被用来分析硼酸B1-B9（ 图4）。最后，十字形4中使用硼酸B1和B5分析图5中所示的分析物胺的结合...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores at JoVE.com

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

交叉共轭的十字形基于1,4 - 二苯乙烯基-2,5 - 双（芳基乙炔）苯撑苯并二恶唑核的荧光基团可用于定性识别多样化的路易斯酸和路易斯碱的分析物。此方法依赖于添加的分析物时所观察到的cruciforms的发光颜色的差异。在结构上密切相关的物种，可以彼此区分开来。

使用十字型荧光基团的羧酸，硼酸，胺的定性鉴别

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with ...

qualitative-identification-carboxylic-acids-boronic-acids-amines

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Organic Chemistry

Chemistry

Unit 1

Carboxylic Acids

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

15.4K 次观看.  Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. 交叉共轭的十字形基于1,4 - 二苯乙烯基-2,5 - 双（芳基乙炔）苯撑苯并二恶唑核的荧光基团可用于定性识别多样化的路易斯酸和路易斯碱的分析物。此方法依赖于添加的分析物时所观察到的cruciforms的发光颜色的差异。在结构上密切相关的物种，可以彼此区分开来。

视频: Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

The Use of Gas Chromatography to Analyze Compositional Changes of Fatty Acids in Rat Liver Tissue during Pregnancy

Gas chromatography (GC) is a highly sensitive method used to identify and quantify the fatty acid content of lipids from tissues, cells, and plasma/serum, yielding results with high accuracy and high reproducibility. In metabolic and nutrition studies GC allows assessment of changes in fatty acid concentrations following interventions or during changes in physiological state such as pregnancy. Solid phase extraction (SPE) using aminopropyl silica cartridges allows separation of the major lipid classes including triacylglycerols, different phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters (CE). GC combined with SPE was used to analyze the changes in fatty acid composition of the CE fraction in the livers of virgin and pregnant rats that had been fed various high and low fat diets. There are significant diet/pregnancy interaction effects upon the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid content of liver CE, indicating that pregnant females have a different response to dietary manipulation than is seen among virgin females.

Pregnancy leads to significant changes to the fatty acid composition of maternal tissues. Lipid profiles can be obtained via gas chromatography to allow identification and quantification of fatty acids in individual lipid classes among rats fed various high and low fat diets during pregnancy.

使用气相色谱怀孕期间分析脂肪酸组成的变化在大鼠肝组织

Gas chromatography (GC) is a highly sensitive method used to identify and quantify the fatty acid content of lipids from tissues, cells, and plasma/serum, ...

科研

化学

Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of Particle-particle Interactions Using Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy

Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy (CPN), the study of the nano-scale interactive forces between a specifically prepared colloidal probe and any chosen substrate using the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), can provide key insights into physical interactions present within colloidal systems. Colloidal systems are widely existent in several applications including, pharmaceuticals, foods, paints, paper, soil and minerals, detergents, printing and much more.1-3 Furthermore, colloids can exist in many states such as emulsions, foams and suspensions. Using colloidal probe nanoscopy one can obtain key information on the adhesive properties, binding energies and even gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of the colloids present within. Additionally, colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used with biological cells to aid in drug discovery and formulation development. In this paper we describe a method for conducting colloidal probe nanoscopy, discuss key factors that are important to consider during the measurement, and show that both quantitative and qualitative data that can be obtained from such measurements.

Colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used within a variety of fields to gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of colloidal systems and aid in drug discovery and formulation sciences using biological systems. The method described within provides a quantitative and qualitative means to study such systems.

粒子粒子相互作用采用胶体探针纳米显微定量和定性检查

Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy (CPN), the study of the nano-scale interactive forces between a specifically prepared colloidal probe and any chosen substrate ...

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)

Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as char and soot. PyC is ubiquitous in the environment due to its long persistence, and its abundance might even increase with the projected increase in global wildfire activity and the continued burning of fossil fuel. PyC is also increasingly produced from the industrial pyrolysis of organic wastes, which yields charred soil amendments (biochar). Moreover, the emergence of nanotechnology may also result in the release of PyC-like compounds to the environment. It is thus a high priority to reliably detect, characterize and quantify these charred materials in order to investigate their environmental properties and to understand their role in the carbon cycle.
Here, we present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method, which allows the simultaneous assessment of PyC&#39;s characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) on a molecular level. The method is applicable to a very wide range of environmental sample materials and detects PyC over a broad range of the combustion continuum, i.e., it is sensitive to slightly charred biomass as well as high temperature chars and soot. The BPCA protocol presented here is simple to employ, highly reproducible, as well as easily extendable and modifiable to specific requirements. It thus provides a versatile tool for the investigation of PyC in various disciplines, ranging from archeology and environmental forensics to biochar and carbon cycling research.

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA

We present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for assessing pyrogenic carbon (PyC) in the environment. The compound-specific approach uniquely provides simultaneous information about the characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) of PyC.

表征，气相炭用苯聚羧酸的定量和特定化合物同位素分析（BPCA）

Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as ...

Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Quantify Organic Acids from Plant Tissue: A Test Case Examining Coffea arabica Seeds

Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more terminal carboxyl (COOH) functional groups. Short chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs; carboxylic acids containing three to six carbons), such as malate and citrate, are critical to the proper functioning of many biological systems, where they function in cellular respiration and can serve as indicators of cell health. In foods, organic acid content can have significant impact on taste, with increased SCCA levels resulting in a sour or &#34;acid&#34; taste. Because of this, methods for the rapid analysis of organic acid levels are of particular interest to the food and beverage industries. Unfortunately, however, most methods used for SCCA quantification are dependent on time-consuming protocols requiring the derivatization of samples with hazardous reagents, followed by costly chromatographic and/or mass spectrometric analyses. This method details an alternate method for the detection and quantification of organic acids from plant material and food samples using free zonal capillary electrophoresis (CZE), sometimes simply referred to as capillary electrophoresis (CE). CZE provides a cost-effective method for measuring SCCAs with a low limit of detection (0.005 mg/ml). This article details the extraction and quantification of SCCAs from plant samples. While the method provided focuses on measurement of SCCAs from coffee beans, the method provided can be applied to multiple plant-based food materials.

Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Quantify Organic Acids from Plant Tissue: A Test Case Examining Coffea arabica Seeds

This article presents a method for the detection and quantification of organic acids from plant material using free zonal capillary electrophoresis. An example of the potential application of this method, determining the effects of a secondary fermentation on organic acid levels in coffee seeds, is provided.

利用毛细管电泳从植物组织量化有机酸：一个测试用例检查<em&gt;小粒种咖啡</em&gt;种子

Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more terminal carboxyl (COOH) functional groups. Short chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs; carboxylic ...

Insights into the Interactions of Amino Acids and Peptides with Inorganic Materials Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals leads to the formation of composite materials with unique properties. In addition, the undesirable process of biofouling is initiated by the adsorption of biomolecules, mainly proteins, on surfaces. This organic layer is an adhesion layer for bacteria and allows them to interact with the surface. Understanding the fundamental forces that govern the interactions at the organic-inorganic interface is therefore important for many areas of research and could lead to the design of new materials for optical, mechanical and biomedical applications. This paper demonstrates a single-molecule force spectroscopy technique that utilizes an AFM to measure the adhesion force between either peptides or amino acids and well-defined inorganic surfaces. This technique involves a protocol for attaching the biomolecule to the AFM tip through a covalent flexible linker and single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscope. In addition, an analysis of these measurements is included.

Here we present a protocol to measure the force of interactions between a well-defined inorganic surface and either peptides or amino acids by single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The information obtained from the measurement is important to better understand the peptide-inorganic material interphase.

洞察氨基酸和多肽与无机材料的使用相互作用的单分子力谱

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals ...

Green and Low-cost Production of Thermally Stable and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils Using Highly Recyclable Dicarboxylic Acids

Here we demonstrate potentially low cost and green productions of high thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrils (CNF) from bleached eucalyptus pulp (BEP) and unbleached mixed hardwood kraft pulp (UMHP) fibers using highly recyclable dicarboxylic solid acids. Typical operating conditions were acid concentrations of 50 - 70 wt% at 100 &#176;C for 60 min and 120 &#176;C (no boiling at atmospheric pressure) for 120 min, for BEP and UMHP, respectively. The resultant CNCs have a higher thermal degradation temperature than their corresponding feed fibers and carboxylic acid group content from 0.2 - 0.4 mmol/g. The low strength (high pKa of 1.0 - 3.0) of organic acids also resulted in CNCs with both longer lengths of approximately 239 - 336 nm and higher crystallinity than CNCs produced using mineral acids. Cellulose loss to sugar was minimal. Fibrous cellulosic solid residue (FCSR) from the dicarboxylic acid hydrolysis was used to produce carboxylated CNFs through subsequent mechanical fibrillation with low energy input.

Here we demonstrate a novel method for green and sustainable productions of highly thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibrils (CNF) using highly recyclable solid dicarboxylic acids.

热稳定和羧基化纤维素纳米晶和纳米原纤维使用高度可回收的二元羧酸绿色和低成本生产

Here we demonstrate potentially low cost and green productions of high thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrils ...

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

Disaccharide nucleosides, which consist of disaccharide and nucleobase moieties, have been known as a valuable group of natural products having multifarious bioactivities. Although chemical O-glycosylation is a commonly beneficial strategy to synthesize disaccharide nucleosides, the preparation of substrates such as glycosyl donors and acceptors requires&#160;tedious protecting&#160;group manipulations and a purification at each synthetic step. Meanwhile, several research groups have reported that boronic and borinic esters serve as a protecting or activating group of carbohydrate derivatives to achieve the regio- and/or stereoselective acylation, alkylation, silylation, and glycosylation. In this article, we demonstrate the procedure for the regioselective O-glycosylation of unprotected ribonucleosides utilizing boronic acid. The esterification of 2&#39;,3&#39;-diol of ribonucleosides with boronic acid makes the temporary protection of diol, and, following O-glycosylation with a glycosyl donor in the presence of p-toluenesulfenyl chloride and silver triflate, permits the regioselective reaction of the 5&#39;-hydroxyl group to afford the disaccharide nucleosides. This method could be applied to various nucleosides, such as guanosine, adenosine, cytidine, uridine, 5-metyluridine, and 5-fluorouridine. This article and the accompanying video represent&#160;useful (visual) information for the O-glycosylation of unprotected nucleosides and their analogs for the synthesis of not only disaccharide nucleosides, but also a variety of biologically relevant derivatives.

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2&#039;,3&#039;-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

Here, we present protocols for the synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides by the regioselective O-glycosylation of ribonucleosides via a temporary protection of their 2&#39;,3&#39;-diol moieties utilizing a cyclic boronic ester. This method applies to several unprotected nucleosides such as adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, 5-methyluridine, and 5-fluorouridine to give corresponding disaccharide nucleosides.

苷 2 ', 3 ' -二醇酯对双糖苷合成的选择性O-糖基化

Disaccharide nucleosides, which consist of disaccharide and nucleobase moieties, have been known as a valuable group of natural products having ...

Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxidized Metabolites of Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Arachidonic Acids

The epoxidized metabolites of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), termed epoxy fatty acids, have a wide range of roles in human physiology. These metabolites are produced endogenously by the cytochrome P450 class of enzymes. Because of their diverse and potent biological effects, there is considerable interest in studying these metabolites. Determining the unique roles of these metabolites in the body is a difficult task, as the epoxy fatty acids must first be obtained in significant amounts and with high purity. Obtaining compounds from natural sources is often labor intensive, and soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH) rapidly hydrolyze the metabolites. On the other hand, obtaining these metabolites via chemical reactions is very inefficient, due to the difficulty of obtaining pure regioisomers and enantiomers, low yields, and extensive (and expensive) purification. Here, we present an efficient enzymatic synthesis of 19(S),20(R)- and 16(S),17(R)-epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) from DHA via epoxidation with BM3, a bacterial CYP450 enzyme isolated originally from Bacillus megaterium (that is readily expressed in Escherichia coli). Characterization and determination of purity is performed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS). This procedure illustrates the benefits of enzymatic synthesis of PUFA epoxy metabolites, and is applicable to the epoxidation of other fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to produce the analogous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs), respectively.

We present a method useful for large-scale enzymatic synthesis and purification of specific enantiomers and regioisomers of epoxides of arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with the use of a bacterial cytochrome P450 enzyme (BM3).

多克沙六烯、环氧体和阿拉奇酮酸的环氧代谢物酶合成

The epoxidized metabolites of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), termed epoxy fatty acids, have a wide range of roles in human physiology. These ...

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it efficient in both time and resources and utilizes water as the solvent. 3-Aminocrotononitrile or an appropriate &#945;-cyanoketone is combined with an aryl hydrazine and dissolved in 1 M HCl. The mixture is then heated in a microwave reactor at 150 &#176;C, typically for 10-15 min. The product can be readily obtained by basifying the solution with 10% NaOH and isolating the desired compound with a simple vacuum filtration. The use of water as a solvent in this reaction lends to its ease and utility in production, and this method is easily reproducible with a variety of functional groups. Typical isolated yields range from 70-90%, and reactions can be performed on the milligram to gram scale with little to no change in observed yields. Some of the applications of these molecules and their derivatives include pesticides, anti-malarials, and chemotherapeutics, among many others.

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines are prepared from aryl hydrazines combined with either 3-aminocrotononitrile or an &#945;-cyanoketone in a 1 M HCl solution using a microwave reactor. Most reactions are done in 10-15 minutes and pure product can be obtained via vacuum filtration with typical isolated yields of 70-90%.

微波辅助制备1-Aryl-1 H-pyrazole-5胺

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it ...

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Methine-bridged conjugated bicyclic aromatic compounds are common constituents of a range of biologically relevant molecules such as porphyrins, dipyrrinones, and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, restricted rotation of these systems often results in highly to moderately fluorescent systems as observed in 3H,5H-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2',1'-f]pyrimidin-3-ones, xanthoglows, pyrroloindolizinedione analogs, BODIPY analogs, and the phenolic and imidazolinone ring systems of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). This manuscript describes an inexpensive and operationally simple method of performing a Claisen-Schmidt condensation to generate a series of fluorescent pH dependent pyrazole/imidazole/isoindolone dipyrrinone analogs. While the methodology illustrates the synthesis of dipyrrinone analogs, it can be translated to produce a wide range of conjugated bicyclic aromatic compounds. The Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction utilized in this method is limited in scope to nucleophiles and electrophiles that are enolizable under basic conditions (nucleophile component) and non-enolizable aldehydes (electrophile component). Additionally, both the nucleophilic and electrophilic reactants must contain functional groups that will not inadvertently react with hydroxide. Despite these limitations, this methodology offers access to completely novel systems that can be employed as biological or molecular probes.

The Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction is an important methodology for the generation of methine-bridged conjugated bicyclic aromatic compounds. Through utilizing a base-mediated variant of the aldol reaction, a range of fluorescent and/or biologically relevant molecules can be accessed through a generally inexpensive and operationally simple synthetic approach.