我们通过自然科学和加拿大，加拿大创新基金会，以及安大略省研究基金工程研究理事会承认的支持。我们感谢华刘援助在纳米孔制备和表征，L. Andrzejewski的有价值的讨论和技术支持，和A. Marziali帮助与纳米孔的软件和仪器的设计。

1。纳米孔加工和清洁注意：一旦纳米孔中存在的绝缘膜，它可以直接安装在液晶单元而无需进一步处理或清洗时，如步骤2所述。或者通过暴露于氧等离子体2：然而，如果有必要除去实验之间的污染物的痕迹，纳米孔芯片可以使用任一食人鱼溶液3,15,16（H 2 O 2 3点01分的H 2 SO 4）清洗。因此，步骤1.2至1.9在下面的协议是可选的，如果通过暴露于食人鱼溶液预洗是没有必要的。 <ol><li>脱气过滤的去离子（DI）水在真空下放置在超声波仪30分钟，在40℃下</li><li>通过小心加入3ml硫酸然后加入1毫升氢过氧化物制备食人鱼溶液在一个10毫升烧杯中。回流在吸管调匀。注意：食人鱼的解决方案是很危险的。请TA<html>柯所有注意事项。 </li><li>采用耐酸镊子，小心地边先插入含有纳米孔膜芯片到食人鱼解决方案完全淹没芯片和避免它浮于表面。 </li><li>在过滤后的水彻底冲洗镊子。 </li><li>将烧杯在热板预置到90℃，并允许它来清洗至少30分钟。 </li><li>小心地使用一个干净的玻璃吸管将烧杯取出食人鱼解决方案，并丢弃大量的水。 </li><li>使用干净的玻璃吸管从步骤1.1加入5毫升脱气的去离子水倒入烧杯中冲洗。除去水，并重复至少5倍。 </li><li>小心地使用清洁锋利的尖镊子烧杯中取出纳米孔的芯片。搬运时非常小心的纳米孔膜是很脆弱的。 </li><li>通过使用抽吸轻轻施加抽吸到它的边缘吹干芯片。存放在一个干净的培养皿中的芯片，直到准备使用。 </li></ol>ve_title“&gt; 2。安装的纳米孔<ol><li>通过放置在20％的硝酸溶液中，煮沸10分钟清洗聚四氟乙烯纳米孔的细胞（ 图1）。注意：使用所有必要的个人防护设备和处理酸时要小心。 </li><li>小心地从在沸腾的去离子水中的硝酸和地方除去细胞10分钟。 </li><li>煮沸的去离子水为额外的10分钟的细胞以确保完全除去硝酸。从热板上取下烧杯中，并使其冷却至室温。 </li><li>从烧杯中取出电池，并吹干用过滤后的空气或氮气 。存储单元在一个干净的培养皿中。 </li><li>脱气过滤KCl溶液（缓冲HEPES，在pH 8）通过在真空下放置在超声波仪30分钟，在40℃下</li><li>干净2有机硅弹性体垫片由声波处理的乙醇，至少10分钟的每个纳米孔的芯片。 </li><li>放在一个干净的弹性体垫圈的存在carefu纳米孔的芯片升与垫片开口对准膜窗口。放置和对齐第二垫片芯片之上。 </li><li>放置在一个半清洁的纳米孔细胞的容器入口的芯片和垫片。通过拧到位的另一半装配的单元格。纳米孔的细胞成分的分解图显示在图1。 </li><li>通过吸取乙醇进入细胞水库和放置在真空室中，直到几个气泡被看作退出入口润湿纳米孔芯片。 </li><li>通过冲洗水库至少有3毫升脱气过滤KCl溶液除去乙醇。小心使用抽吸去除溢出。 </li></ol> 3。表征纳米孔<ol><li>将纳米孔的细胞在电屏蔽的实验装置，并把Ag / AgCl电极在每个容器。这种设置是相似的， 如图2所示，除了外部电源和电流放大器，它是具有低噪声电阻反馈放大器代替。 </li><li>使用在电压钳模式中的低噪声放大器，适用电位从-200 mV的扫至200毫伏，并记录IV特性。 </li><li>适合的IV曲线，得到纳米孔电导，它可以被用来计算在溶液17其直径。如果计算出的直径要小得多从TEM成像于预期，毛孔很可能不完全润湿和/或包含的碎片或污染。 </li><li>施加200毫伏电位穿过纳米孔，并记录离子电流，持续30秒。 </li><li>执行一个功率谱密度的离子电流的（PSD）分析和整合到量化纳米孔的电气噪声特性。如果噪声是高于15 pA的RMS在5 kHz的带宽，则该孔隙可能不完全润湿和/或载有污染，不能在实验中可靠地使用。 </li></ol> 4。空调使用纳米孔高电器呸LDS 注意：如果IV曲线生成展出不对称或低于预期的传导，或者当前的跟踪显示，不稳定和高噪声水平低的频率，有必要调节纳米孔的高电场，以消除任何污染的孔隙表面和/或润湿的孔。虽然这种方法不影响所造成的膜电容或耦合到测量过程中使用的电流放大器的输入端的寄生电容，高频噪声，低频噪声（也称为1 / f噪声）18可以被大大降低。用于执行此调节设置的示意图如图2所示。 <ol><li>从膜片钳放大器断开电极。 </li><li>将上述电极连接到计算机控制的电源能够生成的1&gt; 6 V（&gt; 0.2 V /纳米的电场强度为这里所使用的30-nm厚的膜），另一个电子xternal电流放大器，可以实时地监视。 注意：高电场的应用可以被用于调节纳米孔中的各种膜的材料和厚度。尽管这两个30纳米和10纳米的膜是这里所讨论的，所述电压是指使用30-nm厚的膜，除非另有说明。 </li><li>申请400毫伏（测量电压）横跨纳米孔的电势差为至少5秒。 </li><li>从最后1秒的数据来确定纳米孔的电导计算的平均电流值。计算基于此电导纳米孔，这应该自动使用基于最可能的几何软件和所选择的纳米孔电导模型来完成的直径。它应该对应于从IV曲线测量的直径。 </li><li>适用于6V的200毫秒脉冲（润湿电压）横跨纳米孔产生的电场0.2 V /纳米后跟一个5秒的测量周期在400毫伏。再次，计算直径使用最终1秒的数据的纳米孔，并与由TEM测定的预期值进行比较，以确保纳米孔是完全湿润。必要时可重复数次。 </li><li>如果需要的话，在测量期间重复的高电场脉冲的应用随着电压直到电流信号是稳定的，并示出了预期的电导。我们不建议超过10伏（ 即 &gt; 0.3 V /纳米），因为这可以显著放大或快速破坏纳米孔。 </li></ol> 5。扩大使用纳米孔高电场注意：纳米孔的直径是确定其对特定的生物分子传感应用程序的功能是至关重要的。为此，纳米孔用TEM可以放大到所需的大小通过施加高电场，直到适当的直径，实现与用于清洁和润湿相同的设置创建的纳米孔（ 图2）。 <ol><li>使用相同的电子配置，在第4部分，应用200〜500 mV的偏置跨毛孔得到直径测量。而不是嵌合的IV曲线不那么精确，单点测量可以用来快速地大致估计的纳米孔的尺寸。 </li><li>申请的8 V跨越纳米孔后面至少5秒，在400毫伏的测量周期的2秒脉冲。新径的计算通常会出现在纳米孔的大小增加很少（&lt;0.1 ​​nm）的。 </li><li>重复此过程循环，放大和测量电压之间的交流，以获得在原地 ，增加纳米孔直径的实时测量。 </li><li>如果较快增长速度是可取的，增加高达10 V.生长增量施加的电压的幅值通常会加速作为孔隙扩大与增加的电导率范围为0.03纳秒/秒EC＆＃160;到10纳秒/秒，这取决于纳米孔，强度的电场和电解质溶液性质的大小。 </li><li>当达到所需直径，停止高电场的应用。这可以自动使用计算机程序来完成。 </li><li>重新连接膜片钳放大器的电极。 </li><li>获得新的IV和电流跟踪数据，在200 mV到确认纳米孔的直径和验证的低噪声电流信号，如步骤3.2 - 3.5以上。如有必要，重复调节和扩大协议（步骤4.1 - 5.5）。 </li></ol> 6。 DNA的易位<ol><li>之前增加一个生物分子样品，进行对照实验，以确保有在储没有污染。根据收购+150〜+300 mV的在没有任何样品的施加电位的电流跟踪来验证目前没有封锁2分钟后检​​测。 </li><li>添加λDNA（48.5 KBP双链）到&lt;em&gt;的顺式储为0.5-2纳克/微升的最终浓度。用移液管为至少10秒回流轻轻以确保在整个容器中的样品的均匀分布。 </li><li>对于一个30纳米厚的纳米孔，适用+150〜+300 mV的一个潜在的偏见，以反水库和测量离子电流通过纳米孔。对于非常短的易位事件，最好是在一个较高的频率（250 kHz或更高）具有相对高的低通滤波频率（100 kHz）下采样。 </li><li>使用监控软件来检测瞬态电流封锁作为分子通过纳米孔转运的离子电流。分子易位的离子电流的痕迹可以分析，以确定堵塞深度，持续时间和频率来推断大约感兴趣的样本信息。相反地​​，如果有关的易位分子信息是已知的，该数据可以被用于研究纳米孔本身的性质。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

纳米孔大小的控制是极为重要的生物分子传感应用。纳米孔的直径必须被探测分子的大小的数量级，它们必须足够大，以容纳样品但足够小，以实现最佳的信号 - 噪声。而大小的控制使用呈现施加高电场的方法是单向在于，纳米孔直径仅在整个过程中增加 ，纳米孔具有3-100纳米之间的直径可以是老式的，具有亚纳米精度。为3-4纳米的孔隙，可以使用TEM 23可以容易地制造，这允许的固态纳米孔，适用范围广的由探测单链DNA结构的笨重的蛋白-配体复合物的相互作用的应用程序的可靠制造。而纳米孔的增长100nm以上可以非常快速和精确的少，更温和放大的条件可以被用来达到更好的控制过程。为sUCH，为了实现有效的大小控制的最重要的步骤是为了平衡扩效率和在实现所期望的孔径要求的精度水平的脉冲强度和持续时间的选择。这是由较薄的纳米孔（10纳米厚），在那里放大观察较低偏压但可比的电场强度的增大进一步凸显。取决于最终的尺寸，它通常是可能的纳米孔扩大到几分钟亚100纳米的直径。 同样，较大的低频电流波动排除单分子研究，因为它是几乎不可能从背景噪声区分易位信号。不完全润湿24，初始制造25和吸附于纳米孔壁13的碎片后残留的碳残留物的存在会降低信号的质量，因此需要额外的清洁与苛刻的化学处理，往往是我nefficacious。有趣的是，它是常见的固态纳米孔的协议来强调清洁纳米孔在食人鱼溶液或用氧等离子体安装，以帮助润湿剂或除去从钻孔，成像和处理过程遗留下来的任何污染前的重要性。即使有这样的待遇，然而，纳米孔往往不湿或继续表现出高噪声，以及失败的尝试建议的解决方案是进行额外的清洗可以是非常耗时14。具有高电场的应用，根据不同的应用中，这些冗长的协议可能不是必要的。结果发现，大多数设备能够在原地使用本文描述的方法进行复原，从而减少准备时间和需要处理苛刻的化学品。在缓解电噪声的最重要的步骤是在电压和/或脉冲持续时间一个简单的增加完全湿润毛孔和去除松散结合的碎片。以这种方式处理过的纳米孔可以可靠地在生物分子易位实验，如DNA和蛋白质的通道被使用。如果这些分子粘附在孔壁导致堵塞，嘈杂的电信号，高电场脉冲可以重新应用到解除梗阻，恢复为进一步的实验低噪声性能，而无需卸载从流体细胞的纳米孔的芯片。 使用所描述的安装高电场的应用是由该最多可应用10 V和电流放大器，它缺乏在高带宽（&gt; 1千赫）的灵敏度和低噪声特性对外部电源的要求限定单分子检测。虽然典型的生物分子实验依靠一个低噪声电流放大器，它被限制为±1伏，它是简单的设计一个单系统，可以用ADJU做到既高电场调节和灵敏的电流测量稳定的增益。尽管有此限制，从一个设置到另一个的转换是快速，简单。在与用于控制纳米孔尺寸，如使用扫描电镜5，热氧化膜和重塑8的现有技术相比，高电场提供可以在实验室工作台上使用标准设备来执行，并提供更快速，更精确和更便宜的方法范围更广的纳米孔的大小。快速和可重复地降低低频噪声的能力也使得初始制造更可靠和延长的固态纳米孔的寿命，如先前所用的孔，可以振兴用于进一步的实验。总而言之，不同厚度空调与高电场的纳米孔的95％以上表现出非常小的低频噪声特性，使它们适合用于生物分子检测。制造是如此容易，更可靠，使固态纳米孔实验更accessi竹叶提取研究人员和可能允许通过实现更强大的制造工艺商业化的纳米孔技术的路径。

生物和固态纳米孔提供的检测生物分子的分析物单分子水平1的装置。单个纳米孔通常嵌入在薄的绝缘膜，为离子电流双液水库之间传递的唯一管道。利用的较大规模的库尔特计数器的原理，纳米孔实验涉及变化的离子电流来确定带电生物分子的长度，大小，电荷和构型，因为它们是通过纳米孔在外部电场的存在下电泳驱动。 而生物纳米孔，如α-溶血素通常提供更高的灵敏度和低噪声特性如图3所示 ，支承脂质双层是脆弱的固定尺寸的，并且限制了其适用性。固态纳米孔，在另一方面，被制造在薄（10-50 nm）的氮化硅或氧化硅膜，可以制成不同的SIZES，可以容易地与晶片规模技术6,7集成，并且更健壮，允许更大范围的实验条件。尽管有这些优点，固态纳米孔技术受到限制其效用为生物分子研究几个实际的缺点。而纳米孔尺寸的控制是可能的，但通常是昂贵和费力的实现，需要专门的设备和技术人员。例如，纳米孔通过聚焦离子束钻出最近已显示的特定的实验条件下在扫描电子显微镜（SEM）5收缩。在其他方法中，纳米孔用透射电子显微镜（TEM）钻出可以扩大或缩小取决于光束的条件和随后暴露于水性溶剂8。在这些情况下，纳米孔尺寸的可达到的范围是有限的，难以控制，甚至不可靠的纳米孔的尺寸可以改变下列化学处理或当浸没在一个特定的液体环境9。 离子电流通过固态纳米孔也可以从高噪声苦，这来源是在纳米孔文献2,3,10,11激烈探讨的话题。而各种方法已经被提出来减小电噪声，可靠的，稳定的低噪声的纳米孔的产率通常很低。碳质残渣的钻孔和成像期间沉积可以对电信号的质量产生不利影响，往往使完全润湿了挑战，并造成纳米气泡，可以是难以除去12的形成。此外，通过纳米孔的分子分析物的堵塞会降低信号质量的渲染毛孔无法用于进一步的实验13,14。总之，这些影响大大降低功能性纳米孔器件成品率，增加固态纳米孔研究相关的成本。 该应用程序用Ag / AgCl电极的电压，以产生在0.15-0.3伏/ nm范围内的高电场化提出了一个非常简单的解决方案，这些挑战。经过短暂的电压脉冲，一个清洁，低噪音纳米孔的表面非常适用于单分子研究中的循环应用就产生了。长时间暴露于高电场发起去除构成孔壁膜材料，从而增加了纳米孔的直径。这个增长可通过调整脉冲的强度和持续时间进行精确控制。为流动痕迹降解过一个实验的过程中，由于纳米孔的堵塞的分子吸附到纳米孔表面，这个过程可以被重复以恢复否则将被丢弃堵塞装置。因此，功能性纳米孔的产率进一步提高至使用同一设备多次的能力。这种方法提供了，因为它是在液态下的实验迅速地进行几个优点的条件下，仅需要标准的实验室设备，也可以用软件实现自动化，并产生功能性的高品质纳米孔具有超过95％的产率。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="516">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">JEM-2100F TEM</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">JEOL</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Drilling requires 200 kV accelerating voltage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Axon Axopatch 200B patch-clamp amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td>Low-noise voltage and current amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">X-Series data acquisition card</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">PCI-6351</td>
			<td>Interfacing with setup, apply of high electric fields</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LabVIEW 2012 software</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td>Apply voltages, record current, data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Current amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Keithley</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td>Current amplification during high electric field pulses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">30-nm thick silicon nitride TEM membrane windows</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Norcada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">NT005X</td>
			<td>Substrate in which nanopores are created</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10-nm thick silicon nitride TEM membrane windows</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Norcada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">NT005Z</td>
			<td>Substrate in which nanopores are created</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Silicone elastomer O-rings</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Marian Chicago</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">HT6135</td>
			<td>Punched for sealing the nanopore chip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ag/AgCl electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">In Vivo Metric</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">E255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nitric acid</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">52004P</td>
			<td>Used for cleaning cells - handle with caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">H323</td>
			<td>Used for piranha solution - handle with caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">A300</td>
			<td>Used for piranha solution - handle with caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">P335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">BP310</td>
			<td>Buffering KCl solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primary Faraday cage</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td>Shielding nanopore cell, electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Secondary Faraday cage</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td>Shielding headstage, electrode wires</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Teflon cell</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td>To hold nanopore chip and reservoirs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hot plate</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td>Heating piranha solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fine-tuning the size and minimizing the noise of solid-state nanopores

固态纳米孔已经成为一个多功能的工具，单个生物分子，如核酸和蛋白质1的特征。然而，建立在薄的绝缘膜纳米孔中仍然充满挑战。涉及专门聚焦的电子束系统的制造方法可以制作良好定义的纳米孔，但在市售的膜可靠和低噪音的纳米孔产量仍然很低，2,3和大小的控制是平凡4,5。这里，高电场的应用，以微调，同时确保最佳的低噪声性能的纳米孔的尺寸被证实。这些短的高电场脉冲被用来产生一个原始电信号，并允许在长时间暴露放大纳米孔具有亚纳米精度。 在原位进行在使用标准实验室设备的含水环境中，该方法中，改进s的产率和再现性Olid酒店态纳米孔加工。

在本研究中使用的纳米孔被钻在30纳米或10纳米厚的氮化硅膜的窗口。而所述的协议可以被应用到各种材料的固态纳米孔用任何方法来制造，它们通常通过TEM使用先前建立的方案11,14钻出。纳米孔通过TEM钻孔通常是直径为4-8纳米（ 图2）之间。尽管这两个30纳米和10纳米厚的膜可以被安装和使用上述协议的空调，所述电压偏压是指那些除另有注明外，30纳米厚的膜的需要。对于不同尺寸的膜，所施加的电压应进行调整，以产生在0.15-0.3 V /纳米的纳米孔内侧的范围内的电场。 图3a示出了一个30纳米厚的膜10纳米的纳米孔的前，并与高电场处理后两种典型的电导迹线。当安装一个新Ðrilled纳米孔，从而获得一种不稳定和嘈杂的离子电流信号，表现出的低频波动的程度高，发生的可能性通常很高。在图3a所示的纳米孔突出了这种行为。其电导是由于不完整的润湿性大大低于预期，其规模，最有可能的纳米孔。时的0.27 V /纳米的由8 V脉冲（90脉冲2秒持续时间）产生的幅度高电场的应用，纳米孔变得完全润湿并随后扩大至直径为21纳米。在这点上，孔呈现出稳定的电导低噪音性能。在类似的纳米孔噪声的定量分析显示为功率谱密度曲线在图3b中。 unwet和/或堵塞毛孔的低频噪声幅度非常高（&gt; 20 pA的有效值），使它们无法使用的实验。经调理的高电场，噪声功率在低频率（&lt;10千赫）是diminis由幅度可达3个数量级，并准备低噪声实验海德。 图4a示出了一个典型的电流测量作为所施加的电位是脉冲高电场之间，用于放大和低电场的测量周期。每个后续脉冲之后，所得到的离子电流通过纳米孔的测量电压（ 例如纳米孔电导）增加量有限。这表明，该纳米孔的尺寸增加，由于直径d可以从它的电导 G的电导率σ的溶液中可以推断，接近纳米孔具有的有效长度 l EFF的圆柱形几何形状。而其他各种型号的有关纳米孔电导其几何17,19-21存在，下面的关系，其中包括了一个几何术语和接入电阻期限，已被证明有效的在高盐TEM-钻出孔洞浓度下，在很宽范围的直径为双链DNA易位17,22的兴趣。 <img alt="" src="/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081eqn.jpg" width="150px" />一旦所希望的直径为止，该过程是由软件自动停止。所得到的纳米孔直径然后，可以使用精确的IV测量证实， 如图4b所示 。 要注意，使用高电场处理的纳米孔是完全功能是重要的。这是通过λDNA转运的检测验证，如图在图5a给出的电导迹线。在该图中，双链DNA，通过使用所描述的方法被扩大到11纳米和32纳米的两个孔洞驱动。在每种情况下，基线电导是极其稳定和清晰的封锁被观察为双链DNA分子通过纳米孔转位，并显示高信号噪声单分子易位事件相比，未经处理的毛孔，表现出高噪声。 如图5a的插图，多个离散的堵塞级别观察为单个折叠的分子转运，因为预期这些尺寸的纳米孔。期间通过每个孔易位事件的纳米孔电导的直方图示于图5b。纳米孔的低噪声性能显示与基线相应层次分明，容易分辨峰（无DNA），单（一个DNA链 - 折叠）和双堵塞状态（两条DNA链 - 折叠）。注意到的事实是，在电导的变化对应于一个单一的双链DNA分子占据的孔隙是在大的和小的纳米孔不同。这提供了间接证据表明，高电场中的应用实际上是在扩大现有的纳米孔，作为同一堵塞振幅将被观察到的，如果其他的孔或裂纹中吨被创建他的过程中17膜。 类似地， 图6示出了高电场，用于放大纳米孔制作不同厚度的膜的有效性。这里，在一个10-nm的氮化硅膜中创建一个纳米孔是最初部分unwet，显示不稳定的，相对较小的电导。当交替±3 V的应用程序（±0.3 V /纳米）的4秒的持续时间（30个）的脉冲，纳米孔变湿并表现出理想的IV特性为3 nm的孔隙。该方法是将重复400后续脉冲和纳米孔扩大到8纳米。这个放大，在可比较的电场进行，但较低的施加电压偏压比为纳米孔制作30nm的膜，表明该过程主要是电场驱动。通过较薄的膜通过易位产生的电流阻断比在较厚的孔隙，孔洞在薄膜产生较大的以这种方式处理过的，可以用来学习较短的分子，如具有增加的敏感性的蛋白质。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig1.jpg" width="600px" /> 图1。纳米孔电池组装。含纳米孔硅氮化膜置于有机硅弹性体垫圈，而这些又由两个铁氟龙含有电解质水库半电池压缩之间。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig2.jpg" width="600px" /> 图2。纳米孔调节和扩大设置。钻在一个30纳米厚的硅氮化膜（左）纳米孔连接两个电解质水库。一计算机，用于控制任一膜片钳放大器或外部电源供应器（DAQ卡），它通过浸在电解液储Ag / AgCl电极施加电势偏置穿过纳米孔。电流放大器中继实时测量用计算机软件来进行监测的离子电流。这个数字已经被修改[11]。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig3.jpg" width="600px" /> 图3。前，后应用高电场电流的痕迹。（一 ）安装后，即使清洗后，用Piranha溶液，纳米孔的电导是不稳定的，低于预期的圆柱形10纳米孔（蓝色）。 2秒脉冲的8 V，报名后，纳米孔被充分润湿并放大，显示出稳定的电导和可用于生物分子传感实验（绿色）。 （二）功率谱密度图不完全润湿和纳米孔堵塞（蓝色和橙色，分别）的。在施加的8 V 200毫秒脉冲，纳米孔被浸湿和碎片去除（绿色和红色，分别）。这个数字已经被修改[11]。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig4.jpg" width="600px" /> 图4。纳米孔采用高电场增大。（一 ）放大和测量潜在偏差（红色）之间交替显示，离子电流通过纳米孔（蓝色）的增加在有限的步骤。由此产生的行为ANCE测量可以用来推断纳米孔直径。一旦所需的直径已达到，则过程停止。 （二）电导的精确IV测量证实，纳米孔的尺寸有所增加。这样的情节提供的孔径比单点电流值更准确的估计，因为他们可以配合和他们的对称和欧姆行为可以被确认。这个数字已经被修改[11]。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig5.jpg" width="600px" /> 图5。通过调节纳米孔的DNA易位。（一 ）除双链DNA（48.5 kbp的）到纳米孔在150毫伏的偏压的一侧产生了11纳米（蓝色）的传导迹线的瞬态封锁和32纳米PORES（红色）。 （b）各纳米孔的电导直方图显示对应的基线分离峰，单，双易位事件。这个数字已经被修改[11]。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig6.jpg" width="600px" /> 图6。扩大在10纳米膜纳米孔。在10纳米膜原本的展品很少电导和非对称的IV特性（橙色）纳米孔。在完成30个脉冲交替之间±3 V（4秒持续时间），纳米孔润湿和应用表现出理想的IV特性具有与预期的3纳米孔（蓝色）相一致的电导。再一个400个脉冲的±3 V增大纳米孔的直径为8nm（绿色）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51081/51081fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores at JoVE.com

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

一种用于生物分子转运试验液制备固态纳米孔方法呈现。通过施加高电场的短脉冲，纳米孔直径可控制地增大以亚纳米精度和电气噪声特性显著改善。使用的实验条件下的标准实验室设备中原位进行此过程。

微调尺寸和最小化固态纳米孔的噪音

Solid-state nanopores have emerged as a versatile tool for the characterization of single biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins1. However, the ...

fine-tuning-the-size-and-minimizing-the-noise-of-solid-state-nanopores

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

13.3K 次观看.  University of Ottawa. 一种用于生物分子转运试验液制备固态纳米孔方法呈现。通过施加高电场的短脉冲，纳米孔直径可控制地增大以亚纳米精度和电气噪声特性显著改善。使用的实验条件下的标准实验室设备中原位进行此过程。 

视频: Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

控制的大小，形状和稳定性超分子聚合物在水

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

科研

工程学

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma polymerization of isopropanol on various solid substrates, including silica and potassium chloride. This versatile technique is used to treat nanoparticles and nanopowders with sizes ranging from 37 nm to 1 micron, by depositing films whose thickness can be anywhere from 1 nm to upwards of 100 nm. Dissolution of the core allows us to study the rate of permeation through the film. In these experiments, we determine the diffusion coefficient of KCl through the barrier film by coating KCL nanocrystals and subsequently monitoring the ionic conductivity of the coated particles suspended in water. The primary interest in this process is the encapsulation and delayed release of solutes. The thickness of the shell is one of the independent variables by which we control the rate of release. It has a strong effect on the rate of release, which increases from a six-hour release (shell thickness is 20 nm) to a long-term release over 30 days (shell thickness is 95 nm). The release profile shows a characteristic behavior: a fast release (35% of the final materials) during the first five minutes after the beginning of the dissolution, and a slower release till all of the core materials come out.

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

等离子体聚合空心颗粒的封装和渗透特征

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Battery safety has been a very important research area over the past decade. Commercially available lithium ion batteries employ low flash point (&lt;80 &deg;C), flammable, and volatile organic electrolytes. These organic based electrolyte systems are viable at ambient temperatures, but require a cooling system to ensure that temperatures do not exceed 80 &deg;C. These cooling systems tend to increase battery costs and can malfunction which can lead to battery malfunction and explosions, thus endangering human life. Increases in petroleum prices lead to a huge demand for safe, electric hybrid vehicles that are more economically viable to operate as oil prices continue to rise. Existing organic based electrolytes used in lithium ion batteries are not applicable to high temperature automotive applications. A safer alternative to organic electrolytes is solid polymer electrolytes. This work will highlight the synthesis for a graft copolymer electrolyte (GCE) poly(oxyethylene) methacrylate (POEM) to a block with a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) poly(oxyethylene) acrylate (POEA). The conduction mechanism has been discussed and it has been demonstrated the relationship between polymer segmental motion and ionic conductivity indeed has a Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) dependence. Batteries containing commercially available LP30 organic (LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC):dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at a 1:1 ratio) and GCE were cycled at ambient temperature. It was found that at ambient temperature, the batteries containing GCE showed a greater overpotential when compared to LP30 electrolyte. However at temperatures greater than 60 &deg;C, the GCE cell exhibited much lower overpotential due to fast polymer electrolyte conductivity and nearly the full theoretical specific capacity of 170 mAh/g was accessed.

Lithium ion batteries employ flammable and volatile organic electrolytes that are suitable for ambient temperature applications. A safer alternative to organic electrolytes are solid polymer batteries. Solid polymer batteries operate safely at high temperatures (&gt;120 &deg;C), thus making them applicable to high temperature applications such as deep oil drilling and hybrid electric vehicles. This paper will discuss (a) the polymer synthesis, (b) the polymer conduction mechanism, and (c) provide temperature cycling for both solid polymer and organic electrolytes.

接枝共聚物固态电解质的锂离子电池的应用

Battery safety has been a very important research area over the past decade. Commercially available lithium ion batteries employ low flash point (&lt;80 ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many cases validated experimentally, for light weight or impact energy absorbing structures, as high surface area heat exchangers or electrodes, as implants to the body, and many more. Although great progress has been made in understanding their structure-properties relationships, the large number of different processing techniques, each producing material with different characteristics and structure, means that understanding of the individual effects of all aspects of structure is not complete. The replication process, where molten metal is infiltrated between grains of a removable preform material, allows a markedly high degree of control and has been used to good effect to elucidate some of these relationships. Nevertheless, the process has many steps that are dependent on individual &#8220;know-how&#8221;, and this paper aims to provide a detailed description of all stages of one embodiment of this processing method, using materials and equipment that would be relatively easy to set up in a research environment. The goal of this protocol and its variants is to produce metal foams in an effective and simple way, giving the possibility to tailor the outcome of the samples by modifying certain steps within the process. By following this, open cell aluminum foams with pore sizes of 1&#8211;2.36 mm diameter and 61% to 77% porosity can be obtained.

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

铸造协议的开孔泡沫铝通过复制技术的生产和孔隙率的影响

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

通过与核反应分析深度剖面的表面和界面层和颗粒材料氢含量的定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Capillary-based Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Size-controllable Formation of Monodisperse Microdroplets

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal microfluidic device. W/O microdroplets have recently been used in powerful methods that enable miniaturized chemical experiments. Therefore, developing a versatile method to yield monodisperse W/O microdroplets is needed. We have developed a method for generating monodisperse W/O microdroplets based on a capillary-based centrifugal axisymmetric co-flowing microfluidic device. We succeeded in controlling the size of microdroplets by adjusting the capillary orifice. Our method requires equipment that is easier-to-use than with other microfluidic techniques, requires only a small volume (0.1-1 &#181;l) of sample solution for encapsulation, and enables the production of hundreds of thousands number of W/O microdroplets per second. We expect this method will assist biological studies that require precious biological samples by conserving the volume of the samples for rapid quantitative analysis biochemical and biological studies.

Here, we demonstrate a simple production method for size-controllable, monodisperse, water-in-oil (W/O) microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal microfluidic device. This method requires only a small sample volume and enables high-yield production. We expect this method will be useful for rapid biochemical and cellular analyses.

基于毛细管的离心微流体装置单分散微滴的大小可控的形成

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal ...

Use of Sacrificial Nanoparticles to Remove the Effects of Shot-noise in Contact Holes Fabricated by E-beam Lithography

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has been attributed to statistical fluctuations in the number of photons/electrons arriving at a given nano-region arising from shot-noise (SN). The SN varies inversely to the square root of a number of photons/electrons. For a fixed dosage, the SN is larger in EUV and E-beam lithographies than for traditional (193 nm) optical lithography. Bottom-up and top-down patterning approaches are combined to minimize the effects of shot noise in nano-hole patterning. Specifically, an amino-silane surfactant self-assembles on a silicon wafer that is subsequently spin-coated with a 100 nm film of a PMMA-based E-beam photoresist. Exposure to the E-beam and the subsequent development uncover the underlying surfactant film at the bottoms of the holes. Dipping the wafer in a suspension of negatively charged, citrate-capped, 20 nm gold nanoparticles (GNP) deposits one particle per hole. The exposed positively charged surfactant film in the hole electrostatically funnels the negatively charged nanoparticle to the center of an exposed hole, which permanently fixes the positional registry. Next, by heating near the glass transition temperature of the photoresist polymer, the photoresist film reflows and engulfs the nanoparticles. This process erases the holes affected by SN but leaves the deposited GNPs locked in place by strong electrostatic binding. Treatment with oxygen plasma exposes the GNPs by etching a thin layer of the photoresist. Wet-etching the exposed GNPs with a solution of I2/KI yields uniform holes located at the center of indentations patterned by E-beam lithography. The experiments presented show that the approach reduces the variation in the size of the holes caused by SN from 35% to below 10%. The method extends the patterning limits of transistor contact holes to below 20 nm.

Uniformly sized nanoparticles can remove fluctuations in contact hole dimensions patterned in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) photoresist films by electron beam (E-beam) lithography. The process involves electrostatic funneling to center and deposit nanoparticles in contact holes, followed by photoresist reflow and plasma- and wet-etching steps.

牺牲纳米颗粒使用删除散粒噪声的影响通过电子束光刻装配式接触孔

Nano-patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or electron-beam (E-beam) lithography exhibit unexpected variations in size. This variation has ...

Preparation of Liquid-exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets with Controlled Size and Thickness: A State of the Art Protocol

We summarize recent advances in the production of liquid-exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets with controlled size and thickness. Layered crystals of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and tungsten disulphide (WS2) are exfoliated in aqueous surfactant solution by sonication. This yields highly polydisperse mixtures containing nanosheets with broad size and thickness distributions. However, for most purposes, specific sizes (in terms of both lateral dimension and thickness) are required. For example, large and thin nanosheets are desired for (opto) electronic applications, while laterally small nanosheets are interesting for catalytic applications. Therefore, post-exfoliation size selection is an important step that we address here. We provide a detailed protocol on the efficient size selection in large quantities by liquid cascade centrifugation and the size and thickness quantification by statistical microscopic analysis (atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy). The comparison of MoS2 and WS2 shows that both materials are size-selected in a similar way by the same procedure. Importantly, the dispersions of size-selected nanosheets show systematic changes in their optical extinction spectra with size due to edge and confinement effects. We show how these optical changes are related quantitatively to the nanosheets dimensions and describe how mean nanosheets length and layer number can be extracted reliably from the extinction spectra. The exfoliation and size selection protocol can be applied to a broad range of layered crystals as we have previously demonstrated for graphene, gallium sulphide (GaS) and black phosphorus.

A protocol for the liquid exfoliation of layered materials to nanosheets, their size selection and size measurement by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques is presented.

与尺寸可控液体剥离的过渡金属二硫属化物纳米片和厚度的制备：艺术议定书的国家

We summarize recent advances in the production of liquid-exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets with controlled size and thickness. ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, a number of setbacks prevent their integration into commercial devices. The main limiting factor is due to nanoscale phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, ultimately leading to degradation of battery operation. These key problems are highly challenging to observe and characterize as these batteries contain multiple buried interfaces. One approach for direct observation of interfacial phenomena in thin film batteries is through the fabrication of electrochemically active nanobatteries by a focused ion beam (FIB). As such, a reliable technique to fabricate nanobatteries was developed and demonstrated in recent work. Herein, a detailed protocol with a step-by-step process is presented to enable the reproduction of this nanobattery fabrication process. In particular, this technique was applied to a thin film battery consisting of LiCoO2/LiPON/a-Si, and has further been previously demonstrated by in situ cycling within a transmission electron microscope.

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

A protocol for the fabrication of electrochemically active LiPON-based solid-state lithium-ion nanobatteries using a focused ion beam is presented.

基于 LiPON 的固态锂离子 Nanobatteries 的聚焦离子束制备方法在原位测试中的研究

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...